Microenvironments surrounded with various extracellular matrix (ECM) components can decide specifically the fate of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and integrin heterodimers recognizing directly ECM proteins play an important role in transporting ECM-derived signals into cytoplasm, resulting in inducing a variety of biological functions such as cell attachment, self-renewal and differentiation. However, to date, studies on type of integrin heterodimers expressed functionally on the undifferentiated SSCs derived from mouse with hybrid strain remain unclear. Therefore, we tried to investigate systematically what kind of integrin heterodimers are expressed transcriptionally, translationally and functionally in the SSCs derived from testis of hybrid (B6CBAF1) mouse. For these, magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) using Thy1 antibody was used for isolating SSCs from testis, and real-time PCR or fluorescence immunoassay was conducted for measuring transcriptional or translational level of integrin α and β subunits in the isolated SSCs. Subsequently, antibody inhibition assay was conducted for confirming functionality of presumed integrin heterodimers. As the results, transcriptional levels of genes encoding total 25 integrin subunits were quantified, 7 integrin α (α4, α6, α7, α9, αV, αL and αE) and 2 integrin β (β1 and β5) subunit genes showed significantly increased transcriptional up-regulation, compared to the other integrin subunit genes. In contrast, integrin α3, α5, α10 and α11, and integrin β2, β3, β4 and β7 were weakly transcribed. When translational levels of the integrin α subunits showing high transcription level (α4, α6, α7, α9, αV, αL and αE) were measured, significantly strong translational up-regulation of integrin α6, α7, α9, αV and αL subunit genes were detected, whereas integrin α4 and αE subunit genes were weakly. In case of integrin β subunit, β1 evaluated more expression than β5. Based on these results, we speculated that the undifferentiated SSCs derived from B6CBAF1 mouse might express integrin α4β 1, α6β1, α7β1, α9β1, αVβ1 or αVβ5 on plasma membrane. Subsequently, the hybrid strain SSCs showed significantly increased adhesion to fibronectin, laminin, tenascine-C and vitronectin and functional blocking of integrin α4β1, α6β1, α9β1, and αVβ1 or αVβ5 in SSCs significantly inhibited attachment to fibronectin, laminin, tenascin-C and vitronectin, respectively. Accordingly, we could identify that the hybrid (B6CBAF1) mouse-derived SSCs had integrin α4β1, α6β1, α9β1, αVβ1 or αVβ5 on plasma membrane. Moreover, this information will greatly contribute to constructing non-cellular niche supporting self-renewal of SSCs in the future.

Thrips from the genus Frankliniella (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) are a serious insect pest of various crops, including vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants. Thrips cause significant economic damage plants directly by feeding, and indirectly by acting as vectors for the tospoviruses such as Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV) in chrysanthemum. To investigate the associations of thrips with tospoviruses and their ability to transmit, we have developed a protocol for identifying tospovirus and thrips species simultaneously in an individual thrips sample was successfully conducted. Total RNA was extracted from thrips according to manufacturer’s insturctions of RNeasy mini kit (Quiagen co.), and then TSWV was identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using TSWV specific primers for the N genes. The residual genomic DNA in thrips RNA extract was used as a template to identify thrips species by PCR using universal primers for ITS2 region and subsequently digesting the PCR product by an restriction enzyme (RsaI) In addition, a classification into the species of thrips was confirmed using the nucleotide sequence of PCR products. The developed protocol was applied to investigate the occurrence of viruliferous thrips species in thrips populations collected from chrysanthemum fields. In this study, most of thrips were identified to Frankliniella spp. and thirps that acquire TSWV was 14 % of 65 thrips.

국내에서 재배하는 주요 핵과류(복숭아, 자두, 매실, 체리)에 발생하는 깍지벌레는 뽕나무깍지벌레(Pseudaulacaspis pentagona), 말채나무공깍지벌레(Lecanium corni), 무화과깍지벌레(Coccus hesperidum), 가루깍지벌레류(Pseudococcus sp.) 4종이 발견되었으나, 뽕나무깍지 벌레는 2017년에 총 113과원 중 103과원(발생과원율 91.2%), 2018년에는 77과원 중 64과원(발생과원율 83.1%) 모든 핵과류에서 가장 많이 발생하여 우점종으로 확인되었다. 2017년도에는 5월 상순부터 부화를 시작하여 암컷성충 1마리가 평균 75.5개(47∼159개)의 알을 낳으며 모든 알이 부화하는데 약 19일이 소요되었으며 5월 20일경에 월동성충의 모든 알이 부화하였다. 그러나, 2018년에는 4월 하순부터 부화를 시작하여 (부화율 72%) 부화유충(1령)으로 이동 후 5월 중순부터 고착유충(2~3령), 6월 중순부터 2세대 성충이 활동하기 시작하였다. 부화유충기(1령)에 약제 살포를 하면 살충율이 100.0%이었으나, 고착유충기(2~3령)에는 살충율은 2.7%에 불과하였다. 부화약충기를 제외한 모든 단계에서 몸체가 밀납깍지로 덮여 있어 약제를 살포하여도 직접 접촉되지 않아 치사율이 낮았다. 따라서 반드시 부화약충기에 약제를 살포하여야 방제효과를 높일 수 있다.

기후변화에 따른 시설토마토의 해충 발생 추이를 비교해 보고자, 작물의 주산지를 중심으로 2015년부터 시작하여 현재까지 논산, 부여, 익산, 장수에서 해충 발생 및 밀도를 조사하였다. 논산, 부여, 익산은 2월 중순 이후부터 5월 상순까지, 작기가 다른 장수지역은 6월 상순부터 현재까지 가루이류, 총채벌레류, 아메리카잎굴파리가 주로 발생하였다. 특히, 가루이는 2017년은 4월 중순에 가장 밀도가 높았으나, 작년 대비 고온다습한 기후를 보인 2018년에는 약 한 달 앞 당겨진 3월 중순에 발생최성기를 보였다. 가루이는 모든 농가에서 발생하였으며 발생밀도도 높았다. 총채벌레는 논산, 부여, 익산지역에서는 3월 중순부터 발생하기 시작하여 작기가 종료되는 5월까지 발생밀도가 증가하였으며, 장수지역에서는 6월 중순에 최성기를 보였다. 발생밀도의 정도는 같은 지역 내에서도 농가간의 차이는 있었으며 이는, 농가마다 방제시기나 방법에서의 차이로 보여진다.

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a key gene involved in multiple stress tolerance in all living organisms, though it is still to be disclosed the gene function in teff grass [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)Trotter].The objectives of this study were to clone and molecular characterization of GST gene in teff grass. We characterized GST1 from teff grass (EtGST1), it composed of a 645-bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded 195 amino acid residue. Further, we transformed EtGST1 in E.coli BL21 (DE3) cells. This recombinant EtGST1 in E.coli BL21(DE3) induced at 37°C temperature. In addition, Growth of cells overexpressing EtGST1 rapidly increased in the presence of polyethylene glycol (5%), heat (46°C), NaCl (0.6%), and arsenic (1 mM) than that of cells harboring an empty vector. These results suggest that EtGST1 would be suitable candidate for improving tolerance in forages and/or grasses species against multiple abiotic stresses.

A self-powered time-temperature indicator (TTI) was optimized to enhance the performance of the TTI by modifying a biofuel cell using different immobilization, redox mediators, and status of electrode. The performance of the TTI was measured by output voltage of the TTI. The enzymes and combinations of lacasse mediators (HBT (1-hydroxybenzotriazole), Rupy (Bis-(bipyridine)-(5-aminophenanthroline) ruthenium bis (hexafluorophosphate)), MB (Methylene blue), SDP (4,4- sulfonyldiphenol)) and glucose oxidase mediators (FA (Ferroceneboxaldehyde), DBQ(2,5-dihydroxybenzoquinone), HQS (8-hydroxyquinoline-5sulfonic acid hydrate), FHFP (Ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate)) were immobilized with stabilizers (pyrrole) on a glassy carbon electrode by electrodeposition by applying a square wave, cross-linking and physical immobilization. MWCNTs were used to modify glassy carbon electrodes. MWCNTs coated electrodes produced higher output voltage than uncoated electrodes. The optimum and stable performance of the self-powered TTI was that the output voltage of 64 mV and duration time was 3hr at 25°C, when the combination of Rupy, MB for laccase mediators and HQS, FHFP for glucose oxidase mediators were immobilized on MWCNTs coated electrodes by applying a square wave method. In the application, the concentrations of enzyme and glucose were adjusted to prolong the shelf-life of TTI at much lower output voltage.

The pasteurization is employed for extending shelf-life and keeping the quality of products constant. However the pasteurization undesirably accelerates the oxidation of beer which renders volatile compounds concerning off-flavor. The pasteurization conditions was optimized to avoid off-flavor of beer during pasteurization. Under the isothermal condition, thermal destruction kinetics such as D and Z value of Lactobacillus brevis which is reported the most common beer spoilage, was determined. The binomial data (detected or non-detected of off-flavor) was treated with logistic regression to estimate off-flavor development (OFD) times. The temperature dependence of OFD times was established in terms of Arrhenius relationships. Optimized pasteurization temperature and time were found at which OFD times was not detected. The constraint for optimization was that the pasteurization degree should be larger than 5 decimal reduction time. The optimization was conducted through mathematical simulation using kinetics and temperature-dependent models for microbial death and OFD times. The optimized results were validated by the corresponding experimentations, which met the requirements that the concentration of Lactobacillus brevis was 5-Log reduction and the OFD times not detected.

A novel nanocomposite LDPE film with UV protective properties was developed for active packaging applications. Initially, undoped and Mn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by the sol-gel method and the resulting particles were characterized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed an agglomerated nature and spherical morphology. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicated that all products were crystalline and in the form of rutile. The reflectance spectrum of undoped TiO2 NPs demonstrated a characteristic sharp edge at 410 nm. Subsequently, nanocomposite (NC) LDPE samples were prepared with the NPs by solvent precipitation followed by film casting. The optical and thermal properties of the NC samples were investigated. Incremental increases in Mn concentration from 0.25 mol % to 1.00 mol % were associated with progressive decreases in light transmission in the UV region. The melting and maximum decomposition temperatures of all NCs were 107 and 442-449 °C, respectively. The UV protective LDPE-based NC films exhibited superior photostability. Absorption in the FTIR spectra at 1716 and 1734 cm-1 changed after 4-wk exposure to UV for all film samples as a consequence of photodegradation. Finally, the photooxidation of perilla oil was assessed as an example of a UV protective packaging application. After 12 days, protection with 1.00 mol% Mn-doped TiO2-LDPE was associated with a gradual increase in PV, while protection with TiO2-LDPE was associated with a significant increase and protection with the control treatment was associated with a dramatic increase in PV. Hence, a 1.00 mol% Mn-doped TiO2-LDPE NC showed promise for UV shielding packaging applications.

Makgeolli is rich in nutrients such as beneficial microbial species, essential amino acids, oligosaccharides, and organic acids. The lactic acid bacteria contained in Makgeolli provides a healthy function as probiotics for customers. The purpose of this study was to enhance the nutritional properties, lactic acid bacteria propagation and alcohol contents of makgeolli by controlling redox potential balance. An automatic control system was created using ORP sensor, Labview control kit, and air supplier, in which air concentration was controlled by on & off mode. Makgeolli was fermented at three different redox potentials -50 mV, -100 mV, -150 mV. Regulating of aeration according to the redox potentials could give prominence to nutritional benefits of Makgeolli. The profiles of redox potential appeared bathtub curves, and related to lactic acid bacteria growth curve and byproducts. We could find the optimum redox potential balance that affects the factors such as LAB’s, alcohol contents and byproducts. In conclusion it was essential to control redox potential balance in order to produce nutrients rich Makgeolli.

Time-temperature indicators or integrators (TTIs) indicate food quality changes based on time-temperature history. Whilst many types of TTIs have been developed and commercialized, educated consumers often refuse to purchase food products with attached TTI labels showing even a slight color change. In this study, a novel on-off diffusion-based TTI coupled with polydiacetylene/silica nanocomposites has been proposed. The prototype TTI tag has a multilayer structure comprised of a self-adhesive base layer, a middle microporous sheet, and an upper opaque white layer coupled with a square reservoir of Tween 20 attached to an activation stripe. At the end of the diffusion path, polydiacetylene/silica nanocomposites were injected into a loading site as a fine blue stripe. After activation, Tween 20 diffused and reached the loading site, where it rapidly changed from blue-to-red via solvatochromism. This alternative and innovative TTI continuously showed a blue color until reaching the end point, at which stage a red color rapidly appeared, indicating product rejection. Thus, this novel TTI it is of great benefit to the brand owner. The developed prototype was characterized and evaluated for its ability to monitor microbial quality based on published, isothermal, microbial growth data of modified-atmosphere packaged minced beef, Mediterranean fish, and ground pork. The diffusion of Tween 20 in the TTI system was measured under various isothermal conditions and a kinetic model, based on the association between diffusion and time-temperature, was investigated. The Gaussian-estimated activation energy value was 51.082kJ mol-1. Tween 20 diffusion of 6.10, 5.15 and 6.15mm along the TTI systems were considered to be end points and the 95% confidence interval between the times taken for TTI to display OFF and for the foods to reach their deterioration thresholds were 23.30-23.70, 23.00-23.50 and 23.44-24.05h for total aerobic bacteria, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Pseudomonas spp. respectively. The TTI performance test for reproducibility and accuracy revealed a normal frequency distribution with 35004.90, 1200.254.82 and 549.811.09min at 0, 11 and 25C, respectively in accordance with the investigation of diffusion in the TTI.

Microbe have been considered as potential control agents for pest, as alternative to chemical control methods. Among entomopathogens, fungi cause the mortality by penetrating the cuticle of pest and/or by metabolites such as toxin. Not only this direct control effect of fungi, but repellency of fungi also may be used to prevent the pest. Repellence effect of fungi is considered as inhibitory factor to control termite. A study was reported in Japan that termite was able to detect and remove the conidia of fungi on their surface. The termite can escape from fungal infection and protect their colony. There is few study that insect pest such as moth can detect and avoid the virulence fungi. Therefore, we has been conducting the detection and avoidance of beet armyworm to high pathogenic fungi, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Adult of the beet armyworm avoided oviposition at Chinese cabbage treated with P. fumosoroseus compare to control. This result may be used to prevent the infestation of moth in crop production.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) developed into sperms through spermatogenesis have been utilized as a useful tool in the field of regenerative medicine and infertility. However, a small number of highly qualified SSCs are resided in the seminiferous tubule of testis, resulted in developing effective in-vitro culture system of SSCs for solving simultaneously quantitative and qualitative problems. Presently, SSCs can be enriched on testicular stromal cells (TSCs), but there are no systematic researches about TSC culture. Therefore, we tried to optimize culture condition of TSCs derived from mouse with different strains. For these, proliferation and viability were measured and compared by culturing ICR outbred or DBA/2 inbred mouse-derived TSCs at 35 or 37℃. In case of ICR strain, primary TSCs cultured at 37℃ showed significantly higher proliferation and viability than those at 35℃ and significant increase of proliferation and viability in sub-passaged TSCs was detected in the 35℃ culture condition. Moreover, sub-passage of primary TSCs at 35℃ induced no significant effects on proliferation and viability. In contrast, in case of DBA/2 strain, significantly improved proliferation were detected in the primary TSCs cultured at 35℃, which showed no significant difference in the viability, compared to those at 37℃. Furthermore, sub-passaged TSCs cultured at 37℃ showed no significant differences in proliferation and viability, compared to those at 35℃. However, with significant decrease of proliferation induced by sub-passage of primary TSCs at 35℃, no significant effects on proliferation and viability were resulted from sub-passage of primary TSCs at 37℃. From these results, culture temperature of primary TSCs derived from outbred and inbred strain of mouse could be separately optimized in primary culture and subculture.

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is post-translational modification of cellular proteins related to cell survival, cell death, cellular proliferation and epigenetic events. It has recently been shown to be important for pre-implantation development of mouse embryos. However, its function during early embryonic development of pig is not clear. This study investigated the importance of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation during in vitro development of pig embryos produced by in vitro fertilization(IVF) or parthenogenetic activation (PA). Results showed that, chemical inhibition of PARP by 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) did not influence the in vitro development of pig embryos up to morula stage (20±3.1 vs. 28.1±1.2%; p>0.05) but significanlty reduced the rate of blastocyst formation (5.2±2.1 vs. 20±3.1%; p<0.05) when compared to non-treated controls. Furthermore, culture of morula stage embryos in the pressence of 3-AB for 24h significantly reduced the rate of blastocyst formation (19.6± 4.6 vs. 41.4±5.3%; p<0.05) and expansion (4.7±3.0 vs. 28.1±6.1; p<0.05). The proportion of large-sized blastocyst (>200 μm) having higher blastocoel volume (15.3×106 μm3) was significantly reduced (p<0.05) in treatment group (32.2±7.8%) compared to non-treated control group (65.7±9.0%). TUNEL assay revealed that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation-inhibited blastocyst had significantly increased indices of apoptosis than those of non-treated controls (10.88±0.02 vs. 2.71±0.01; p<0.05). These data suggest that Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation may be important for blastocyst formation in pig embryo.