진딧물의 조기 방제를 위해 유시충의 동정이 필요하나 적절한 분류 동정법이 존재하지 않아 분류동정법의 기초자료로써 진딧물의 앞날개의 시맥을 형태계측학을 통하여 분석하여 진딧물의 앞날개로 분류가능성을 제시하고자 한다. 현재 우리나라에 알려진 감자 비래 진딧물 10종 중, Aphis craccivora, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis spiraecola, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale, Myzus persicae, Brachycaudus helichrysi 총 7종의 유시충 표본에서 앞날개 부분을 25x 배율의 사진을 촬영하여 앞날개 이미지 파일을 확보했으며, 이미지 파일은 tpsDig2를 사용하여 앞날개 맥의 Landmarks를 표시하고, PASTsoftware 를 사용하여 각 진딧물의 Landmarks에 대한 주성분분석(Principle component analysis;PCA)을 수행하였다. 총 7종에 대한 PCA 결과, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale 는 다른 6종과 확연하게 구별할 수 있었으며, Myzus persicae 또한 다른 종들과 구별될 수 있었다. Aphis 속 4종과 Brachycaudus helichrysi 는 밀집되어 서로 구별하기 힘들어, 이 5종에 대한 PCA 수행하였다. 그 결과, Aphis fabae 와 Brachycaudus helichrysi 는 서로 구별될 수 있나 다른 3종에 대해서는 구별하기가 어려웠다. 위 분석결과 진딧물의 앞날개 맥으로 주요종의 감자 비래 진딧물의 분류동정이 가능할 것으로 보인다.

꽃매미(Lycorma delicatula White, 1845)는 노린재목 꽃매미과에 위치한 곤충으로 중국 남부와 동남아시아의 아열대 지역이 원산지이며, 식물을 흡즙하여 광합성 저해와 배설물로 인한 그을음병을 유발시켜 과수 및 농작물 등에 피해를 주는 해충이다. 한국에서는 2006년에 대발생하여 문제가 되었으며 매 년 분포와 밀도가 증가하여 포도농장을 중심으로 피해가 확산되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 종분포모델 중 하나인 MaxEnt 를 이용하여 꽃매미의 잠재 분포지역을 예측하고 분포에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 출현정보는 현장조사와 문헌조사를 통해 수집하였고 환경변수데이터는 기상청에서 제공하는 기후데이터로 19개의 Bioclimatic variables 를 만들어 사용하였다. 추가로 인간영향 요인을 확인하기 위해 Socioeconomic data and applications center (SEDAC)에서 제공하는 Population density 와 Global human footprint 를 다운받아 인간 영향 변수데이터로 사용하였다. 각 변수간의 Correation 을 고려하여 Model set 를 만들어 Model selection 을 수행하였다. 가장 적절한 모델은 Bio4, Bio6, Bio10, Human footprint 이었으며 분포 예측에 대한 기여도가 가장 높은 환경변수는 Human footprint 이었다. 예측한 잠재 분포지역은 경기도, 충청도, 전라도, 경상남도와 대구 인근지역이 높은 서식확률이 예측되었고, 강원도 지역과 같은 고산지역은 분포확률이 낮았다.

For economic effect on an import prohibition for the buff-tailed bumblebee, income of the bumblebee products, function, economic effect of pollinating insects and bumblebee were analyzed. The largest incremental gain was observed when using domestic bumblebees. Incremental revenue showed a larger incremental revenue in pollination than artificial pollination, the cost of artificial pollination was lowest for incremental cost, followed by domestic bumblebees, honeybees and imported bumblebees. Consequently, higher economic value can be achieved when domestic bumblebees and honeybees are used. According to this study, as it is used to make policy decisions on the prohibition of import of buff-tailed bumblebee, other alternative plan can be utilized due to its import prohibition.

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), has potential of serious damage to various vegetables or fruits, especially genus of Citrus, such as mandarin orange and tangerine in Korea, where its larvae do damages. Animal and Plant Quarantin Agency of Korea and Animsl Systematics Laboratory of Kunsans National University have collected the samples of oriental fruit fly in East Asian countries, Vietnam, Philippines, Myanmar, China, Cambodia, India Nepal and Laos. To confirm genetic differences and structure of B. dorsalis population samples collected from those countries, we analyzed 192 individuals from 28 locations over 7 countries using 15 microsatellite loci. In total samples, number of different alleles, number of effective alleles and Shannon's Information Index were 6.421±0.364 (standard error, SE), 3.664±0.137 (SE) and 0.902±0.030 (SE), respectively. Grand means (±SE) of observed and expected heterozygosity over all loci and populations were 0.534 (±0.018) and 0.597 (±0.017), respectively. Among all populations, Fst values ranged from 0.016 to 0.705 with averaging 0.194 (±0.026).

One species of the genus Schizoprymnus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Helconinae) is reported in this study. The genus Schizoprymnus is a braconid group distributed in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, which include currently nine species in South Korea. In this study, Schizoprymnus terebralis Snoflk, 1953 is recognized for the first time in South Korea. Descriptions, diagnosis distribution and illustration are provided.

꽃매미(Lycorma delicatula)는 중국 남부와 동남아시아 지역에서 비롯된 국내 침입해충으로 식물을 흡즙하고 배설물 을 배출하여 식물의 광합성을 저해하거나, 그을음병 등을 유발시켜 주로 농작물에 피해를 주는 해충이다. 본 연구에서 는 종분포모델 중 MaxEnt를 이용하여 꽃매미의 분포에 영향을 미치는 요소 분석하고, 잠재적서식지와 향후 꽃매미의 확산을 예측하였으며, 환경변수 데이터는 WorldClim 에서 PCP85의 Bioclim과 Socioeconomic data and applications center 에서 인구의 밀도와 이동범위 자료를 활용하였다. 결과로 잠재서식지 예측에는 기온의 계절적 변동과 인구밀도가 가장 기여도가 높았다. 예측된 잠재서식지는 주로 경기도, 충청도, 전라도, 경상북도와 동해안 인근지역이며 전반적으로 대한민국 전체에 넓게 분포되어 있는 것으로 예측되었다. 현재와 2050년도의 잠재서식지 확산을 비교했을 때 전 지역에서 확산되는 것으로 보이고, 특히 경상북도 지역의 확산이 넓을 것으로 예측되었다.

In the 21st century, the risk of the exotic pest being invaded is increasing due to the rise of trading activities. Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), has been considered to very destructive invader as it is highly intrusive and has a wide host range. In this study, 2,299 samples were collected from 88 locations in 12 countries by quarantine and investigation. Among them, 608 individuals were used for COI DNA barcoding analysis based on Neighbor Joining method with P-distance model. Population genetics analysis was conducted for 510 individuals selected from 47 locations of 12 Southeast Asian countries using 15 microsatellite markers. COI DNA barcoding results showed that B. dorsalis did not support any clade as a geographical isolation but almost indicated mixed populations of each country. Population genetics analysis showed similar pattern of genetic structure between neighboring countries across borders. Most domestic quarantine groups were more similar in genetic structure to Taiwan, China and Thailand in the order of appearance.

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), has potential of serious damage to various vegetables or fruits,especially genus of Citrus, such as mandarin orange and tangerine in Korea, where its larvae do damages. Animal andPlant Quarantine Agency of Korea and Animal Systematics Laboratory of Kunsan National University have collected thesamples of oriental fruit fly in East Asian countries, Vietnam, Philippines, Myanmar, China, Cambodia, India, Nepal andLaos. To confirm genetic differences and structure of B. dorsalis population samples collected from those countries, weanalyzed 192 individuals from 28 locations over 7 countries using 15 microsatellite loci. In total samples, number ofdifferent alleles, number of effective alleles and Shannon's Information Index were 6.421±0.364 (standard error, SE), 3.664±0.137(SE) and 0.902±0.030 (SE), respectively. Grand means (±SE) of observed and expected heterozygosity over all loci andpopulations were 0.534 (±0.018) and 0.597 (±0.017), respectively. Among all populations, Fst values ranged from 0.016to 0.705 with averaging 0.194 (±0.026).

The objectives of this study are to examine the genetic variation and the origin elucidation in oriental fruit flies (Diptera:Tephritidae) using DNA barcode, in prepartion for their future introductions into Korea. About 1,600 specimens of B.dorsalis sp. complex and B. correcta were collected from 10 countries, the Indochina peninsula, the Philippines, Taiwanand South China. A total of 182 cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences were obtained and aligned from these regionalspecimens. Three chinese sequences from the GenBank reference were also included. Six hundreds base pair fragmentswere aligned and trimmed and used for a barcode. The phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbor-joining methodwith 1,000 bootstrap replicates. There were two distinct groups in the phylogenetic tree, Bactrocera dorsalis sp. complexand B. correcta. Three specimen, intercepted in the hand-carried mango at the airport inspection and collected in the confiscatedmango, smuggled from Vietnam were included for a test. The DNA sequences from the airport were 100% identical toone of various Vietnam specimens, and that from the confiscated mango was mostly similar to those of Vietnam, suggestingthe usefulness of the barcode for elucidating the origin of oriental fruit fly.

The genus Testudobracon (Braconidae: Braconinae) is reported for the first tine in Korea. The genus is a small genuswith 12 species distributed in the world, of which species are known as ectoparasitoids of the cecidomyiid (Diptera).Testudobracon species are distinguished from other braconid genus by the following characters: terminal flagellomere pointedbut without a prominent spine; mesoscutum largely setae, notauli well developed.In this study, a braconid genus, Testudobracon, is recorded from Korea for the firs time based on Testudobracon pleuralis(Ashmead, 1906). we provided diagnosis, host list and photographs of diagnostic characteristics for this species.

The objectives of this study are to examine the genetic variation in oriental fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and to use it as a barcode for the origin elucidation, in preparation for the their incursions into Korea. About 1,600 specimens of B. dorsalis sp. complex and B. correcta were collected from 10 countries, the Indochina peninsula, the Philippines, Taiwan and South China. A total of 182 cytochrome c oxidase (COI) sequences were obtained and aligned from these regional specimens. Three sequences from the Genebank reference were also included. Six hundreds base pair fragments were aligned and trimmed and used for a barcode. The phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbor-joining method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. There were two distinct groups in the phylogenetic tree, Bactrocera dorsalis sp. complex and B. correcta. Three specimen, intercepted in the hand-carried mango at the airport inspection and collected in the confiscated mango, smuggled from Vietnam were included for a test. The DNA from the airport were 100% identical to that of one of various Vietnam specimens, and that from the confiscated mango was mostly similar to those of Vietnam, suggesting the usefulness of the barcode for the origin elucidation tool of oriental fruit fly.

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), has potential of serious damage to various vegetables or fruits, especially genus of Citrus, such as mandarin orange and tangerine in Korea, where its larvae do damages. Animal and Plant Quarantin Agency of Korea and Animsl Systematics Laboratory of Kunans National University have collected the samples of oriental fruit fly in East Asian countries, Vietnam, Philippines, Myanmar, China, Cambodia, India and Nepal. To confirm genetic differences and structure of B. dorsalis population samples collected from those countries, we analyzed 192 individuals from 28 locations over 7 countries using 15 microsatellite loci. In total samples, number of different alleles, number of effective alleles and Shannon's Information Index were 6.421±0.364 (standard error, SE), 3.664±0.137 (SE) and 0.902±0.030 (SE), respectively. Grand means (±SE) of observed and expected heterozygosity over all loci and populations were 0.534 (±0.018) and 0.597 (±0.017), respectively. Among all populations, Fst values ranged from 0.016 to 0.705 with averaging 0.194 (±0.026).

The lantern fly, Lycorma delicatula (White), was firstly introduced at least around ten years ago in the Korean Peninsula, and is now distributed throughout the mainland. We collected 37 L. delicatula isolates, totally 762 individuals from various locations in Korea, China, and Japan. Our results, based on molecular comparison showed multiple introductions of L. delicatula into Korea from China as followed; 1) The population which was spreaded and prevalent in a wide area after 2008 was identical to that of Shanghi, suggesting that main routes was the seedlings of Ailanthus altissima imported a few times from Shanghi into Incheon port in 2004~2005. 2) The populations in Changwon and Samcheok collected in 2011 were from Beijing and Tianjin, respectively. 3) The population in Cheonan collected in 2006 was different from other populations.

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson), is a serious insect pest of blueberries and cranberries in North America. which was firstly found and identified on blueberris in Sanju-city, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. For epidemiological investigation of this pest, DNA barcoding and microsatellite markers were used. First, mitochondrial COⅠ(658 bp) was analyzed with 292 D. oxycoccana individuals, which were 163 individuals from 32 regions in 25 counties, Korea and 102 individuals from 10 regions in 4 states, USA and 26 individuals from USA, Canada and UK in GenBank. Genetic distance of seven individuals from Cheonan and two from Bonghwa was 10.5% and that of two individuals from Sunchang and New Jersey was 16.6%, which are considered to be different species within the genus Dasineura. Second, population genetics of 632 D. oxycoccana individuals 29 locations was analyzed using 12 microsatellites newly developed by next-generation sequencing. The results showed that some of the populations in Korea genetically close to those in USA. Fst of Hweongseong, Bonghwa, Jeju populations compared to remaining local pops. were ranged from 0.15 to 0.24, whereas average Fst between Georgia, Michigan, and New Jersey pops. were 0.14. The origins of Hweongseong, Bonghwa and Jeju populations were assessed as Michigan, Florida (southern part of Georgia), respectively.

Aphidiinae in Braconidae includes more than 400 species within approximately 60 genera worldwide. Species of Aphidiinae are mostly known as solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids specifically associated with aphid hosts, and some of them are used for biological control. In the present study, two aphiniine species are newly recognized from South Korea based on morphological and molecular study: Aphidius rhopalosiphi de Stefani-Perez 1902 and A. uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki 1960. Although It was very difficult to discriminate two species morphologically, we cleary identified them by using COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) DNA Barcode sequences. Here we present their morphological descriptions, illustrations and barcoding results.

One species of the genus Coleopius (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: opiinae) are reported in this study. The genus Coleopius is a small braconid group distributed in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, which has three species in the korea in current. In this study, Coleopioides postpectalis Li and van Achterberg is recognized for the first time in South Korea, which had been recently recorded from China. Descriptions, diagnosis distribution and illustration are provided

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, was introduced from East Asia (EA) into North America (NA) and is now widely established in NA. To compare soybean aphid populations between the native and invasive regions, we examined 689 individuals obtained from 28 different collections in NA and EA. A total of 8 microsatellite loci were used for population genetics statistics. Gene diversity and mean number of alleles in NA populations averaged 0.40 and 2.70, respectively, whereas in EA they averaged 0.55 and 4.32, respectively. Structure analysis of all populations revealed two distinct structures in the invaded and in the native regions. Among EA populations, certain Korean populations were genetically closest to NA populations, especially those from Ohio and Delaware. An approximate Bayesian computation test also supports an introduction into NA from Korea.

Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are well known as micro-insect pests, which are very specific to their host plants, sucking phloem for acquiring nutrients, and most of them have successfully maintained parthenogenetic generations cyclically or permanently. In the world, the approximately 5,000 described aphid species belong to the family Aphididae, which has taxonomically been subdivided into 27 subfamilies. We have revised the checklist of the Korean aphids based on 54 publications which include the catalogues, checklists, faunistic researches, and taxonomic reports treating the aphids in the Korean Peninsula since 1927. As results, we confirmed that a total of 438 valid species (species names) of 143 genera in 16 subfamilies had been historically recognized in the Korean Peninsula after checking classifications and invalid names (misidentifications, synonyms, and etc.). We also will introduce the diversity of the Korean aphids.

Many species of braconids play an important role in controlling the populations of insects in agricultural and natural ecosystems, which parasitize pests. Nevertheless, the family Braconidae was scarcely research and DNA barcoding of Braconidae has not been studied in Korea. DNA barcoding can rapidly perform species identification, and classify difficult species in morphological identification. Because most braconids are very small and cryptic in morphology, DNA barcoding is useful in Braconidae taxonomy. In this study, genomic DNA of 280 individual samples were extracted, and, among them, 208 samples were obtained COI (cytochrome c oxidase I) barcode sequences. As a consequence of blast, 48 samples were identified in genus-level, and 51 sample were identified in species-level. Among them, 4 species were revealed as unrecorded in Korea.

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, was introduced about a decade ago from Asia into North America where it has become a serious pest of soybeans. This invasive pest has rapidly spread throughout the midwestern United States and southern Canada since 2000. We examined 689 individuals obtained from 23 different collections in USA, Korea, China and Japan for testing eight microsatellite loci. To estimate the relative likelihood of alternative introduction scenarios of the soybean aphid, an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) was performed for microsatellite data as implemented in DIYABC. The ABC analysis tested for three scenarios (B1, B2, and B3) hypothesizing an introduction from one of the Asian countries. In this analysis, scenario B1 obtained the highest posterior probability ranging from 0.90 to 0.91 with a 95% CI of 0.81-0.99 and 0.88-0.94, which assumes an introduction from Korea. The ABC analysis revealed that one hypothetical scenario, which assumes an introduction of the soybean aphid into USA from Korea, was very robustly suggested than the other two scenarios (from China or Japan).