The goal of this study was to assess the effect of a group exercise program on cognitive function of elderly people. Subjects were chosen to be elders with dementia having minor to moderate degrees of cognitive function. Study was started out by randomly dividing the 16 subjects into two groups, each with 8 people; the group exercise group and the control group. The group exercise group performed 8 weeks of group exercise program and general physiotherapy while the control group only performed general physiotherapy. Cognitive function was measured by Korean version mini-mental state examination. The study group's attention and calculation statistically significantly improved but the control group saw no statistically significant change. The group exercise program affected improvement in cognitive function of elderly people with dementia and in particular, was effective for enhancing their attention and calculation.

잎들깨의 해충인 차응애(Tetranychus kanzawai)와 들깨진딧물(Aphis egomae)에 효과적인 약제를 선발하기 위하여 진주와 밀양의 하우스 잎들깨에서 약제선발 실험을 실시하였다. 차응애에 대해서는 milbemectin 유제, abamectin 유제, cyenopyrafen 액상수화제, chlorfenapyr+cyenopyrafen 액상수화제, hexythiazox 수화제, azocyclotin 수화제의 여섯 약제가 두 지역에서 90% 이상의 방제가를 나타내었고, 들깨진딧물에 대해서는 bifenthrin+clothianidin 액상수화제, spirotetramat 액상수화제, thiacloprid 액상수화제 등 3종의 약제가 두 지역에서 93.7% 이상의 우수한 효과를 나타내었다. 이들약제는 기준량과 배량에서 들깨잎에 어떠한 약해도 나타나지 않았다.

This study was conducted to estimate the contents of heavy metals in salted vegetable foods from diverse origin in Korea which were sold in Korea. The levels of heavy metals were determined using an ICP-MS. The values of metals [minimum~maximum (mean), mg/kg] in kimchi were as follows; Pb 0.0~0.074(0.018), Cd 0.0~0.027 (0.004), As 0.0~0.024(0.002), Hg 0~0.002(0.0). The weekly average intakes of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury from kimchi take 0.06~0.13% PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes) that the FAO/WHO Joint Food Additive and Contaminants Committee has set to evaluate their safeties.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of auditory biofeedback training and kicking training on walking times in patients with hemiplegia to determine if the effects of such training would be maintained even after stopping the intervention. Thirty hemiplegia patients were selected and randomly assigned to a control group of 10 patients to receive general exercise treatment; an auditory biofeedback training group of 10 patients to receive auditory biofeedback training, along with general exercise; and a kicking training group to receive kicking training, along with general exercise. All the patients received their respective training 12 times in total, three times per week for four weeks. In addition, all those in the control and experimental groups received the same general exercise treatment 12 times in total, three times per week for four weeks, and underwent follow-up tests thereafter. The patients’10m walking times were measured using a stopwatch. The significance was analyzed using repeated-ANOVAs. In cases where there were interactions between measuring times and groups, in each group were examined using repeated-ANOVAs. In cases where there were differences, post-hoc tests were conducted using repeated of contrast test. The 10m walking times of the control and experimental groups were significant differences in 10m walking times were shown between measurement times(p<.05), and significant differences in the interactions between measuring times and groups were shown between the groups(p <.05). However, no significant differences in 10m walking times were shown between the groups(p>.05). The auditory biofeedback training group showed significant decreases in walking times four weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05) and significant increases eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05). The kicking training group showed significant decreases in walking time four weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05) and maintained the walking times without showing any significant differences eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p>.05). The walking speeds of only the kicking training group were maintained until eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of auditory biofeedback training and kicking training on walking times in patients with hemiplegia to determine if the effects of such training would be maintained even after stopping the intervention. Thirty hemiplegia patients were selected and randomly assigned to a control group of 10 patients to receive general exercise treatment; an auditory biofeedback training group of 10 patients to receive auditory biofeedback training, along with general exercise; and a kicking training group to receive kicking training, along with general exercise. All the patients received their respective training 12 times in total, three times per week for four weeks. In addition, all those in the control and experimental groups received the same general exercise treatment 12 times in total, three times per week for four weeks, and underwent follow-up tests thereafter. The patients’10m walking times were measured using a stopwatch. The significance was analyzed using repeated-ANOVAs. In cases where there were interactions between measuring times and groups, in each group were examined using repeated-ANOVAs. In cases where there were differences, post-hoc tests were conducted using repeated of contrast test. The 10m walking times of the control and experimental groups were significant differences in 10m walking times were shown between measurement times(p<.05), and significant differences in the interactions between measuring times and groups were shown between the groups(p <.05). However, no significant differences in 10m walking times were shown between the groups(p>.05). The auditory biofeedback training group showed significant decreases in walking times four weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05) and significant increases eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05). The kicking training group showed significant decreases in walking time four weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05) and maintained the walking times without showing any significant differences eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p>.05). The walking speeds of only the kicking training group were maintained until eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention.

The purpose of this study is to provide the case of influence of myofacial release(MFR) and cryotherapy in acute whiplash injury. The subjects were consisted of 3 adults(2 males, 1 female) who had been diagnosed with whiplash injury. The performance period was 1 weeks, 6 times and 1 time is 40min(MFR: 20min, cryotherapy: 20min). We measured neck pain(Visual analogue scale, VAS) and cervical alignment(cervical curvature & line of gravity). All measurements of each subject were measured at pre-treatment and post-treatment. The results are listed below. The neck pain(VAS) index decreased from 7.54cm to 4.11cm. The cervical curvature increased from 23.62°to 29.76°. The line of gravity decreased from 8.03mm to 3.66mm. Based on the results, it can be suggested that both MFR and cryotherapy can be used to neck pain and alignment in acute whiplash injury.

The fact that flip-flops, one of many different types of unstable shoes, are light and relatively easy to put on, accounts for their popularity among people. But because flip-flops rely heavily on the support of a single thong between your first and second toes, they impose a huge amount of pressure onto lower leg. Thus in the following experiment we tried to examine the different effects of flip-flops and running shoes in terms of their effect on muscle activity and fatigue of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius during walking. In order to measure an electromyogram we used Free EMG system. 10 men and 10 women in running shoes ran on treadmills for 15 minutes at 4.8km/h, 2 days later the same experiment was carried out, but this time, in flip-flops. p value turned out to be greater than .05 and thus there was no considerable difference between the effects of flip-flops and running shoes on muscle activity and fatigue during walking. Therefore we conclude that despite the fact that flip-flops are considered unstable, their effects on muscle activity and fatigue of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius are negligible.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of six different leguminous seeds a) cowpea, b) white kidney bean c) soybean (Cheongja) d) soybean (Daepung) e) mung bean and f) azuki bean on the nymphal development, mortality, adult longevity, fecundity and hatchability of Riptortus pedestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae). Total developmental time ranged from 18 to 25 days; R. pedestris fed on white kidney bean took the longest time. There was no difference in mortality among the bugs fed on the legumes except those fed on white kidney bean which had the highest mortality (94%). Also, adult bugs fed on white kidney bean showed the shortest longevity. Total number of eggs laid by adult female and the hatchability of the eggs were highest from the bugs fed on cowpea. Higher reproductive success of R. pedestris fed on cowpea suggests that cowpea could be very suitable legume for the bug and it can be used as a trap crop against the bean bug.

Several pentatomids and an alydid are reported inflicting losses in several host plants ranging from leguminous crops to fruit orchards in Korea. Understanding their visual preference would help develop mass trapping or efficient monitoring device. Visual preference of the major pentatomids and an alydid bugs to different colors and light emitting diodes (LED) of different wavelengths were observed. Adults of pentatomid such as Halyomorpha halys Stål, Plautia Stali Scott, and Nezara sp., and an alydid Riptortus pedestris (F.) were exposed to seven different colors (black, yellow, green, blue, white, cream, orange) in a multiple choice tests. Also, adult and second instar nymphs of the bugs were released inside a hexagonal LED boxes consisting of LED lamps of six different wavelengths (375 to 630 nm). Most of the pentatomids showed highest preference to blue color followed by yellow and 530 nm LED. However, R. pedestris showed higher preference to the yellow color followed by blue and black. Second instar nymphs of all the tested species also showed higher preference to 530 nm. Their color and LED lamp preference would help in development of mass trapping device.

Monochamus saltuarius, which mediates Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is one of the important vector of pine wilt disease recently. M. saltuarius showed difference with weight, growth, and oviposition according to species of trees. The most feeding amount and feeding area were determined in P. koraiensis. However, M. saltuarius almost did not feed and longevity was observed very short time only for 10 day in Sciadopitys verticillata. Weight, length and head width were measured the highest growth of M. saltuarius in P. koraiensis. Female of M. saltuarius was determined more growing than male of M. saltuarius in all species of trees. Tree preference for oviposition of M. saltuarius was the highest choice in P. densiflora. However, lots of scar for oviposition have observed but M. saltuarius laid less eggs in P. rigida. This result is related to bark thickness of trees. Ovipositional frequency has been consistently maintained to P. densiflora and P. koraiensis at 20 day intervals. In this study, physiological and ecological characteristic of M. saltuarius to preference of trees were researched could be helpful for managing of M. saltuarius.

Silk fibroin can be damaged or degraded during degumming process. Therefore, it is expected that different structure and properties of silk fibroin can be obtained by different degumming method. However, effect of degumming method on the structure and properties of regenerated silk has not been considered, yet. In this study, Effect of degumming method on the structure and properties of solution, film, and electrospun fiber of regenerated silk was examined. Order of viscosity of regenerated silk solution as follows : Urea method > Acid method, HTHP method > Soap/soda method, Soda method. This viscosity difference among the degumming method strongly influenced the electro-spinning performance of regenerated silk perpared from different degumming method. Also, solution turbidity, crystallinity index (from FTIR), mechanical properties of silk were remarkably affected by degumming method.

It has been demonstrated in a previous study that carbon nanotube (CNT)/epoxy/basalt composites produce better flexural properties than epoxy/basalt composites. In this study, mode I fracture tests were conducted using CNT/epoxy/basalt composites with and without seawater absorption in order to investigate the effect of the seawater absorption on the mode I fracture toughness (GIC) of the CNT/epoxy/basalt composites. The results demonstrated that the compliance of the seawater-absorbed specimen was larger than that of the dry specimen at the same crack length, while the opposite result was obtained for the fracture load. The GIC value of the seawater-absorbed CNT/epoxy/basalt composites was approximately 20% lower than that of the dry CNT/epoxy/basalt composites.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of high concentrations of glucose on porcine parthenotes developing in vitro. Addition of 55 mM glucose to the culture medium of embryos at the four-cell-stage significantly inhibited blastocyst formation, resulting in fewer cells in blastocyst-stage embryos and increased levels of apoptosis and autophagy compared to control. Quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR analysis revealed that the expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Caspase 3, Bax and Bak) and autophagy genes (Atg6 and Atg8/Lc3) were increased significantly by the addition of 55 mM glucose to the culture medium compared to control. MitoTracker Green fluorescence revealed a decrease in the overall mitochondrial mass compared to control. However, the addition of 55 mM glucose had no effect on mRNA expression of the nuclear DNA-encoded mitochondrial-related genes, cytochrome oxidase (Cox) 5a, Cox5b and Cox6b1. These results suggest that hyperglycemia reduced the mitochondrial content of porcine embryos developing in vitro and that this may hinder embryonic development to the blastocyst stage and embryo quality by increasing apoptosis and autophagy in these embryos.

Experts of medicine, philosophy and psychology found that human somatotypes were related to personality or physical characteristics and classified somatotypes into various forms. This study explored the changes and types of somatotyping methods from Before Christ to present day and identified the status of studies of somatotypes in the area of physical therapy. This study covered the methods applied in various majors with a focus on those provided in books and papers of Heath BH. and Carter JEL. Based on the results, there are officially twelve assessment methods. Currently, the method of Heath & Carter is most widely applied. Somatotypes are studied in many areas. It is actively explored in the area of pain physical therapy, thermotherapy and integumentary physical therapy. Also, the soft tissue physical therapy area seeks interdisciplinary studies. This study found that there were various assessment methods in diverse areas. It is likely that continuous studies will develop new assessment methods. It is hoped that in the area of physical therapy, somatotypes shall be applied more amply.

This study aims to address the effect of interferential current therapy and thereby to provide basic resources to physical therapies for internal medicine by identifying symptoms for functional dyspepsia and serum gastrin level that shows gastric motility. Following results were obtained by performing interferential current therapy to 16 subjects composed of 8 for functional dyspepsia group and 8 for control group for 20 minutes a day, 3 days a week, for 6 weeks. In control group, serum gastrin level was significantly( p<.01), lowered after the therapy whereas there was no significant difference observed in all questions from questionnaire for symptoms of functional dyspepsia between before and after the therapy. In functional dyspepsia group, serum gastrin level was significantly(p<.01), lowered after the therapy and there was also significant(p<.01) reduction in every question from questionnaire for symptoms of functional dyspepsia between before and after the therapy. There was more significant decrease in serum gastrin level and reduction in questionnaire for symptoms of functional dyspepsia in the functional dyspepsia group compared to the control group(p<.01). This study confirms the interferential current therapy as an effective therapeutic method for internal diseases including functional dyspepsia since it not only improves the symptoms of functional dyspepsia but also allows the gastric motility close to normal.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between the stature and the muscle performance ratings and the subjective discomfort rations at performing lower arm's pronation and supination according to change sin the height of working table for more efficient performance at designing a working table and performing a work. For the purpose, this study conducted an experiment targeting 40 people in their 20s, who were classified into 4 groups each group composing 10 people at intervals of 5cm from the standard stature of 166.5cm. The experiment measured the maximum isometric pronation and the supination muscular power, and at measuring the factors, the heights of working tables were set as 800mm, 850mm, and 900mm. From the measurement results, it was found that the stature and the maximum muscular power was correlated. That is, as the experiment groups's average stature is higher, the maximum muscular power was higher. For the correlation between the motion patterns(pronation and supination) and the maximum muscular power, it was seen that the maximum muscular power was higher at performing the pronation than the supination. In the correlation between motion patterns and the subjective discomfort ratings, it was seen that the subjective discomfort rating was higher at performing the supination than the pronation. For the correlation between height adjustment and the subjective discomfort ratings, as the height of working table was lower, the subject discomfort rating was lower. Therefore there was no difference in the maximum muscular power according to the height changes of working table, but it was found that as the working table was higher, the user felt more comfortable.

For reconstituting genetic resource(Korean Native Chicken: KNC) with grem-line chimeric chicken made with cryopreserved biastdermal cells, the experiments were carried out to optimize cryopreservating conditions. Stage X biastdemal cells were collected from KNC embryos and dissociated. Cells were susupended in medium containing cyopretectant and fetal bovine serum(FBS), and distributed into plastic ampules. Cell susupensions were seeded to induce ice formation at — 7℃ to — 35℃ at in the experiments, the effect of modification of dissociation way, concentration of FBS and cell density on the vaibility of frezen-thawed cells were investigated by trypan blue exclusion. Then change the way of cell dissociation from pipetting to short time vortexing, viability of frozen- thawed cell tended to be increaced from 29 % to 52 %. Increase concentraition of FBS in frozen medium from 20 % to 80 % made viability of thawed cell from 28 % to 35 %. The viability of thawed cells were 33.9% frozen at 2 embryos/ 0.5 ml, and 43.6 % frozen at 20embryos/0.5 ml. Furthermore, combination of three modifications make big improvement. The viability of frozen-thawed cell was 60 % for combinated method, and 41 % for general method. This result means the advance to practical cryoreservation of blastdermal cell of the KNC(Ogolgye breed).

Oral squamous cell papillomas(OSCPs) showed various features in their etiology, histology, and prognosis. Therefore, it is necessary to diagnose differentially according to their pathological examinations. In the present study total 14 cases of OSCPs were evaluated and characterized to be three types of OSCPs, i.e., papillary papilloma, verrucous papilloma, and inverted papilloma. The present study demonstrated that among 14 cases of OSCPs papillary papilloma (n＝6) showed the typical papillary projection of squamous epithelium with severe acanthosis of upper spinous layer cells, accompanying frequent nuclear vacuolization. And verrucous papilloma (n＝7) showed the diffuse acanthosis of whole spinous layer cells with severe basal hyperplasia, resulted in the thick squamous epithelium exhibiting verrucous surface and irregularly ingrowing rete pegs. One case of inverted papilloma showed the typical ingrowth of basal layer cells deeply into underlying connective tissue, resulted in the formation of multiple fissures on the surface area. The present study also revealed the predominant nuclear vacuolization suspicious for viral infection in papillary papilloma, and also heavy smoking history in the verrucous papilloma. On the other hand, as the epithelium of inverted papilloma ingrew into the underlying deep connective tissue up to the muscular layer, it is supposed that the inverted papilloma has a potential of basal layer proliferation strong enough to invade the protecting barrier of underlying connective tissue, or that the underlying connective tissue was too weak to prevent the ingrowth of basal layer epithelium. Taken together, because the OSCPs show heterogenous origins and variable pathological prognosis, it is suggested that the OSCPs should be differentially diagnosed at least into three types, i.e., papillary papilloma, verrucous papilloma, and inverted papilloma.