광원에 따른 국화의 화아분화 억제 효과를 보기 위 하여 형광등과 LED로 암중단 장일처리를 하였다. 청색 LED광원에 의한 광중단 처리시 ‘백마’는 평균초장 이 약 20 cm 정도 신장되고, 평균 생육일수가 약 20.1일 정도 되었을 때 조기에 발뢰되어 화아분화가 억제되지 않았다. 광원에 따른 개화소요일수는 형광등 55.5-61.0일에 비하여 혼합 LED처리에서는 약 0.7-4.6 일, 적색 LED처리에서는 약 5.6-9.3일 개화소요일수가 감소하였다. 따라서 화아분화억제 효과는 형광등과 혼 합 LED처리가 가장 크며, 적색 LED처리에 의해서도 어느정도 화아분화 억제 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으 나, 청색 LED처리는 오히려 조기발뢰가 되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 형광등과 혼합 LED처리에 따른 절화장은 두 광원에서 우수하였으며, 통계적으로 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 절화중은 품종에 따라 다르게 나타났으며 ‘백 마’와 ‘핑크프라이드’는 형광등처리에 비하여 혼합 LED처리시 가장 무거웠으며, ‘신마’는 형광등에 비하여 가벼웠고, ‘일월’은 같은 경향을 보였다. 꽃목길이는 스 탠다드와 스프레이 국화 모두 적색 LED처리시 가장 짧았으며, 오히려 스프레이국화에서는 청색 LED처리 에서 긴 것으로 조사되었으며, 특히 ‘핑크프라이드’는 10.0 cm로 매우 길었다. 화아분화억제를 위해 36일간 4시간씩 심야에 조명한 전력소모량은 형광등 792.0 kw 에 비하여 혼합 LED에서는 234.7 kw로 70.4%가 절 감되었다.

Papilio xuthus is known as the Asian swallowtail, Chinese yellow swallowtail, or as the Xuthus swallowtail. It overwinters in pupae stage. The study was conducted to investigate the temperature effect on adult emergence of overwintering P. xuthus pupae at four different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) with photoperiod 10:14(L:D). The lower developmental thresholds of female, male and both sexes combined were 9.71, 11.03, and 10.49°C, respectively. Developmental period of overwintering pupae to adults decreased with increasing temperature between 15 and 30°C. Degree-days for adult emergence to female, male and both sexes combined were 227.27, 175.44, and 200.80DD, respectively. The relationship between the developmental rate and temperature was fitted by linear and five nonlinear developmental rate models (Logan 6, Lactin 1, 2 and Briere 1, 2). The variation of overwintering pupae development was described by the two-parameter Weibull distribution model. The adult emergence of overwintering P. xuthus pupae in spring can be explained and predicted by using developmental rate models and developmental distribution model. The effect of climate change on phenology and distribution of P. xuthus may be presented by the model.

Papilio macilentus is the longest tail butterfly of Papilionidae found in Japan, China and Korea and has distinctive morphological differences between male and female. P .macilentus feeds on Zanthoxylum schinifolium and has three generations per year. The lower developmental threshold and thermal constant for adult emergence of P. macilentus overwintering pupae were estimated at four different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) with photoperiod 10:14 (L:D). The lower developmental threshold of both sexes combined was 7.95°C. The development of overwintering pupae decreased with increasing temperature between 15 and 30°C. Thermal constant of both sexes combined was 251.26DD. The relationship between the developmental rate and temperature was fitted by linear and five nonlinear developmental rate models (Logan 6, Lactin 1, 2 and Briere 1, 2). The development of overwintering P. macilentus pupae was described by the two-parameter Weibull distribution model. The temperature-dependent adult emergence model of P. macilentus developed in this study could be used to predict the full-cycle phenology model of P. macilentus and applied to understand the effects of climate change on the emergence distribution of overwintering pupae.

Damages by Tyrophagus spp. (Acari: Acaridae) on horticultural crops were newly observed in recent years especially in organic culture greenhouses in Korea. The crops damaged by the mite species were Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), and Phalaenopsis schilleriana (orchid). The spinach inner leaf growth was halted affected by the feeding of Tyrophagus similis at the early stage of the shoot emergence. The young leaves of the spinach bud had small holes and the leaves were deformed as they grew up. The surface of young cucumber fruits became shiny and soft at the early damage stage and the damaged surfaces became corky as the plants grew up. The mite from cucumber was identified as Tyrophagus neiswanderi Johnston & Bruce. In phalaenopsis orchid, the flower buds became yellow and dropped and the lower side of the leaves had white spots. The damages were caused by Tyrophagus putrescentiae.

Three species of the genus Neolygus Knight - N. hakusanensis (Yasunaga, 1991), N. roseus (Yasunaga, 1991) and N. zhugei (Yasunaga, 1991) - are recognized for the first time in Korea. An identification key to the eleven Korean Neolygus species is presented. Some illustrations of male genitalic structures are also provided.

A full genomic DNA microarray technique was employed to investigate the effects of Dongchunghacho on aortal and hepatic gene expression in apolipoprotein E knockout mice fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. Male 8- week - old ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into two groups, control(high cholesterol group; HC) and supplementation of Dongchunghacho (SD). All of the mice were fed a high-fet/high cholesterol diet with or without Dongchunghacho supplemented by 1% for 6 weeks. At first, lipid profile of the Dongchunghacho was measured by biochemical analysis. No differences were observed in serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels between the two groups. Antigenotoxic effect of the Dongchunghacho was measured by the single cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay) and quantified as % fluorescence in tail. Dongchunghacho supplementation decreased significantly leukocytic DNA damage and also there was a tendency of reduction in hepatic DNA damage in Dongchunghacho group compared with the control group. In up regulated genes in liver and aorta of the mice, genes with 0 to 2- fold difference in expression level between the two group (HD and SD) was very much more in liver than in aorta, on the contrary, those with 2-fold to 16-flod difference increased greatly rather in aorta than in liver. Also, almost the same results were observed in down regulated genes in liver and aorta between the two groups. These results suggested that supplementation of Dongchunghacho might be helpful in preventing leukocytic DNA damage induced by high fat diet, and has a more crucial roles in aortal gene expression.