Because of recent reports about phosphine resistance problem, development of effective fumigation method to control grain pests became very important. In this study, a chemical treatment, ethyl formate fumigant treatment, and a physical treatment, atmospheric control, were attempted as alternative solutions to this problem. In this study, for CA(Controlled atmosphere) treatment, 99.999% nitrogen was used to create a hypoxic condition with less than 5% oxygen, and for EF, the treatment concentration was 10 mg/L to 80 mg/L. As a result of the study, in CA single treatment, adult insects showed a mortality rate of less than 10% even after 2 weeks of treatment, and pupae and larvae showed a mortality rate 71% and 34%, but eggs showed a mortality rate of 100%. In EF single treatment, adults and larvae showed a 100% mortality rate at 80 mg/L, but eggs showed a 50% mortality rate and pupae were not affected. Considering the results, CA single treatment is not suitable for controlling Tribolium castaneum because of long treatment period, and in the case of EF single treatment, additional researches on longer treatment time is needed.

This study provides comprehensive assessment results for the most recent high-resolution regional climatology in the East/Japan Sea by comparing with the various existing climatologies. This new high-resolution climatology is generated based on the Optimal Interpolation (OI) method with individual profiles from the World Ocean Database and gridded World Ocean Atlas provided by the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). It was generated from the recent previous study which had a primary focus to solve the abnormal horizontal gradient problem appearing in the other high-resolution climatology version of NCEI. This study showed that this new OI field simulates well the mesoscale features including closed-curve temperature spatial distribution associated with eddy formation. Quantitative spatial variability was compared to the other four different climatologies and significant variability at 160 km was presented through a wavelet spectrum analysis. In addition, the general improvement of the new OI field except for warm bias in the coastal area was confirmed from the comparison with serial observation data provided by the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute’s Korean Oceanic Data Center.

This paper presents a method to measure the similarity of assigned jobs in the gravure printing operation based on the chromaticity and color sequence, and order the jobs accordingly. The proposed dispatching rule can be used to fulfill diverse manufacturing site requirements because the parameters can be adjusted to prioritize chromaticity and color sequence. In general, dispatching rules either ignore the job-changing time or require that the time be clearly defined. However, in the gravure printing operation targeted in this study, it is difficult to apply the general dispatching rule because of the difficulties in quantifying the job-changing time. Therefore, we propose a method for generalizing assignment rules of the job planner, allocating relative similarity among assigned jobs, and determining the sequence of jobs accordingly. Chromaticity priority is determined by the arrangement of the color assignments in the printing operation; color sequence priority is determined by the addition, deletion, or change in a specific color sequence. Finally, the job similarity is determined by the dot product of the chromaticity and color sequence priorities. Implementation of the proposed dispatching rule at an actual manufacturing site showed the planner present the same job order as that obtained using the proposed rule. Therefore, this rule is expected to be useful in industrial sites where clear quantification of the job-changing time is not possible.

The genus Pachynoa Lederer, 1863 reported 13 species in the world. This genus was established by Lederer, 1863 have been treated within the genera Pitacanda Moore, 1886 by Hampson, 1896 and Hypermeces Turner, 1933 by Shaffer et al., 1996. Species of the genus Pachynoa are mostly distributed from India and Taiwan to Solomon island. In this study, the genus Pachynoa is newly recorded in Laos with two species, Pachynoa xanthochyta (Turner, 1933) and Pachynoa thoosalis (Walker, 1859). These species are redescribed with illustrations of the adults and the genitalia, and their distribution is updated.

Laos is located in mainland of Southeast Asia, covered with 236,800 square kilometers. This country is located at the heart of the Indo-Chinese Peninsula and is surrounded by Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and China, providing a potential for a resource base and land- link in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Spilomelinae described over 3,800 species in the world, but Species diversity of Spiloemlinae moths were recorded only seven species in Laos by Shubhalaxmi (2011), Mally (2015) and Park et al. (2017). In this study, we provided seven species of illustrations and basic data on Laotian moth research.

Pyraustinae and Spliomelinae are one of the largest subfamily in the family Crambidae, They are reported more than5,000 species in the world. The majority of them is distributed in tropical regions, also some species discovered intosubtropical and warm temperate areas. Laos has a tropical climate because it is located in Southeast Asia. but Laos properlyhas not studied moths diversity by the present.In the present study, we provided a checklist of the subfamily Pyraustinae and Spilomelinae from Laos, including adultphotographs, distributions.

The genus Glyphodes Guenée, 1854 reported over 150 species in the world. They are widely distributed throughout tropical regions, with some species penetrating into subtropical and warm temperate areas. Five species of the genus Glyphodes Guenée are reported for the first time in Laos: Glyphodes actorionalis Walker, G. bivitralis Guenée, G. caesalis Walker, G. extorris Dognin, and G. stolalis Guenée. Photographs of adult, male and female genitalia, with short description

The in vitro culture of Toxoplasma gondii was evaluated using a JNUCK cell strain that was independently developed by our research team. The sensitivity of the JNUCK strain was compared with those of MDCK and vero cell strains, which were previously shown to be sensitive to T. gondii. Morphological observation and 3H-uracil absorption tests showed that JNUCK cell strain has the highest sensitivity, while the MDCK and vero cell strains showed lower sensitivities. The optimal culture conditions using the JNUCK cell strain were determined by inoculating T. gondii at multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1, MOI 5, and MOI 25 and the numbers of T. gondii were measured 24, 48, and 72 hours after inoculation. The optimal medium composition was determined by adding different concentrations of FBS to DMEM medium for inoculation at MOI 5, and then calculating the numbers of tachyzoites inside the cells and in the medium. The numbers of tachyzoites inside the cell were highest for 10% FBS, while the numbers of tachyzoites in the medium peaked after addition of 30% FBS. These studies confirmed that the optimal culture condition of T. gondii using the JNUCK cell strain was achieved by inoculation at MOI 5, using medium containing 20% FBS and culturing for 72 hours.

Vulpes zerda is a fox that inhabits the desert regions of North Africa and Asia, whereas Vulpes pallida is a fox that inhabits the savannah zones of North Africa and the Sahara desert. Vulpes zerda, which is on the “Red List of Threatened Species” designated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), belongs to the “Appendix II” group drawn up by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and hence its cross-border trade is prohibited. In contrast, Vulpes pallida is classified as being of “Least concern” (LC) by IUCN. However, distinguishing between Vulpes pallida and Vulpes zerda by shape alone is difficult. This study attempted to differentiate between the two species by examining the chromosomes of Vulpe szerda and Vulpes pallida that were raised in Korea. According to the examination, two of eight foxes believed to be Vulpes zerda were Vulpes pallida and one of six foxes believed to be Vulpes pallida was actually Vulpes zerda. Considering the ambiguity of making a formal distinction between Vulpes zerda and Vulpes pallida, a more scientific approach to differentiation will be required.

The Citrus Leafminer (CLM) larvae creates shallow tunnels in leaves of citrus (orange, mandarins, lemons, grapefruit, etc) and commonly attacks citrus young leaves. They spread almost worldwide (North America, Asia, Australia, etc) and difficult to control by chemicals due to their small size and their behavior of leaf rolling. Due to difficult of managing, our interest is preparing pheromone to control; Z7Z11-16;Al is known as the sex pheromone of this species in Japan. While blending Z7Z11-16;Al and Z7Z11E13-16;Al (3:1 ratio) is known as the pheromone of this insect in North America. Even though commercialized and mass produced already in overseas, there had been almost no report in Korea about synthetic studies and field screening results. The control of the regio-isomers is very important in this kind of pheromone synthesis. Our strategy is the regio-selective Wittig olefination reaction between E-pent-2-enyl(triphenylphsphonium)bromide (phosphonium salt) and the counterpart aldehyde using sodium hexamethyldisilazide (NaHMDS) as a base. All the spectroscopic data (1H, 13C, GC-Mass, etc) are nicely matched with the previously reported values. The field screening in the Jeju island is currently ongoing and will be reported.