Bacillus thuringiensis (B. t.) strains are important microorganism because they produced a large amount of δ-endotoxin protein per bacterial cell and their toxins are highly toxic to Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera depending on B. t. To date, more than a hundred Cry proteins have been identified and classified into 195 holotypes, based on the amino acid sequence identity. The Cry proteins or cry genes from the Korean native B. t. isolates in this study were not identified yet. The electrospray ionization of quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI Q-TOF MS) was used to get the internal amino acid sequences of the endotoxin-spore culture mixtures of B. t. isolates, for which polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were unable to detect the cognate genes. Most of Cry proteins seperated, excized, and extracted from the one dimensional - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D-PAGE), instead of 2D-PAGE, were matched with protein databases using MS-MASCOT search program. The internal amino acid sequences which were submitted to protein BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) had partially homology with the Cry protein databases. Hence, present data strongly suggest that the de novo amino acid sequencing and ESI Q-TOF/MS analysis along with MASCOT search could be used as a simple and rapid method for detection of novel Cry toxins from B. t. isolates and identification of B. t. isolates.

The males of cryptic mealybug, Pseudococcus cryptus, were attracted on trap baited with or without a synthetic sex pheromone. The attractiveness of sex pheromone trap was higher than yellow-color sticky trap, but both phenologies were similar. There was a positive relationship between mean density of 2nd nymph to adult cryptic mealybug and the density of the male caught on trap. The density of cryptic mealybug per tree was higher correlated with yellow-color sticky trap than sex pheromone trap. The pattern of cryptic mealybug male occurrence had two to three cohorts in a generation resulted from overwintering stage. The maximum occurring time of 1st to 2nd nymph stage could be estimated from the peak time of trap catch by effective temperature accumulation. The higher and lower threshold temperature was estimated as 10.9 and 32.6℃, respectively and its thermal constant was 360 degree-day. The cryptic mealybug parasitoid, Anagyrus sp., which was first recovered in Jeju in 2009, was well attracted on yellow-color sticky trap. There was a high correlation between the density of Anagyrus sp. and of cryptic mealybug males caught on trap.

The damage of citrus fruit by yellow tea thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, was first confirmed in 2008, and has since been one of the serious pests of citrus in Jeju. This was reported on damage symptom on tangor cultivar, Setoka (Tangor Norin No. 8) fruits cultivated in a greenhouse and the characteristic of spatial disttribution of S. dorsalis caught on yellow sticky traps was conducted in three commercial citrus orchards. The feeding habits by S. dorsalis cause rind blemishes on the navel part of fruit. The damage is characterized by being scarped and figure like covered cloud on satsum mandarine fruit, but on by a brown ring of rough russeting that occurs on navel part of Setoka fruit. The season of damage occurrence was from middle of June to late of July. There was a highly significant relationship between the average number of thrips per trap and the maximum number caught on a trap. The overall differences between the linear regression models obtained from mean-variance relationship for each surveyed fields were tested by type Ⅲ error and contrast method. The characteristic of spatial distribution of S. dorsalis was better described by Taylor's power law than Iwao's patchiness regression, and the dispersion index which is the slope (=1.72) of linear regression model showed the aggregated distribution pattern. The sequential sampling stop lines at fixed precision level of 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 were calculated.

According to the IPCC report (IPCC, 2001), the global-mean surface temperature has risen by 0.6 oC during the 20th century due to the increase of atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, and the mean temperature of the Korean Peninsula is also risen by 1.5 oC during the same period due to global warming as well as rapid urbanization. During the 21st century, the global-mean temperature is projected to rise 1.5-5.8oC associated with the various scenarios from IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) (2000). Climate change is expected to have important impacts on the relationship between crops and insect pests as well as on human societies. Frazier et al. (2006) demonstrated that warm-adapted insect species have much higher maximum population growth rate (intrinsic rate of increase) than do cold-adapted species; which indicates biochemical and physiological adaptations of insects do not overcome the constrain of thermodynamics. Consequently, global warming could lead to an increase in the number of insects worldwide. This presentation will discuss the changes in the population abundance of several citrus pests according to global warming. The differences of population growth rates between normal year's or past temperatures and elevated temperatures were compared, and also analytical models such as matrix model and predator-prey model were applied to project the performance of population dynamics of some pests and natural enemy.

Some responses of cryptic mealybug, Pseudococcus cryptus, for a sex pheromone, [(1R,3R)-3-isopropenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl]methyl 3-methyl-3-butenoate, were studied to develop the applying strategy of sex pheromone trap for efficient monitoring and control-time decision in citrus orchards grown in greenhouse for 2 years (2007-2008). The optimal concentration of a sex pheromone was 1.0㎎ per hexane 100㎕ in a using pheromone lure. There was no significant effect of the attraction of male adults among different colours (white, blue and yellow) of plate-type trap baited with sex pheromone. The more male adults were attracted, as the distance of a pheromone trap form a citrus tree infested with cryptic mealybug was closer. The male adults were caught to sex pheromone trap from middle April to late November, and its peak period was the middle of July. The thermal constant for the next attraction was about 640 degree-days (lower threshold temperature=12℃) after confirmed the first attraction of male adults. The optimum control time for cryptic mealybug after the first attraction of male adults were confirmed was estimated as 450 to 500 degree-days.

Cryptic mealybug (CMB), Pseudococcus cryptus, is a serious scale pest on citrus, especially grown in plastic greenhouse on Jeju island, Korea. Binomial sampling plan was developed using the relationship between infested proportion of twig with less than T scales (pT) and mean density per twig (m) according to the empirical model ln(m)=α+βln(-ln(1-pT)). T was defined as tally threshold and set to 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 scales per twig in this study. T=3 was the best tally threshold for estimating densities of CMB based on the precision of the model. Binomial model with T=3 provided reliable predictions of mean densities of CMB observed on commercial citrus orchards. The obtaining model was evaluated by resampling validation of Wald's sequential binomial plan and by fit at 95% confidence intervals for independent collected data sets. Binomial sampling program for decision-making of CMB population level was obtained at the action threshold 0.10, proportion of twig infested with more than 3 scales.