선거는 여론을 파악하여 다수결을 통해 대다수의 국민을 위한 대표자 를 선출하는 효과적인 대의민주주의적 수단이지만, 때로는 한 명의 우세 한 당선자를 가리기 어려울 때도 있다. 만약 당선자가 2위 후보와 적은 표차수로 경합을 벌인다면 진정한 다수의 여론을 파악하는 것은 쉽지 않 다. 이는 비단 선거의 경쟁 수준을 의미하는 것을 넘어서 선거 후 선출 직 공직자들의 행태에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. Frant의 정치적 인센티브 이론을 바탕으로, 본 논문은 지방자치단체의 예산에 영향을 줄 수 있는 국회의원 및 지방선거 경쟁 수준이 개발 분야의 예산 지출에 어떠한 영 향을 미치는지를 검토하고자 한다. 분석 결과, 국회의원 선거에서의 경쟁 이 치열할 때, 지방정부의 개발 정책 예산은 감소하는 반면, 지방선거의 경합도는 개발 예산에 통계적으로 유의미한 변화를 주지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 양상은 정치인들의 권력 유인 형태에 대한 선행연구와 일치한다. 이 연구는 선거가 대의민주주의의 대표적인 기능을 하는 그것 뿐 아니라, 지방정부의 개발 정책에 실질적인 영향을 줄 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

Traditional culture contributes to the diversification of modern fashion design and the inheritance of local cultural identity. This study aims to identify the characteristics of traditional handicrafts reflected in modern fashion design in India. For this purpose, it focused on Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Manish Malhotra, and Ritu Kumar, who are currently leading the Indian fashion design field. The methodology involved conducting literature research and analyzing case studies. In the literature, the techniques of Indian traditional crafts such as embroidery, dyeing, and weaving were examined and five design elements of traditional crafts were defined. Through content analysis of 30 images from the three designers’ Instagram accounts, the design characteristics of traditional handicrafts expressed in contemporary Indian fashion design were derived: cultural inheritance using traditional Indian clothing items, traditional materials and practices applied to contemporary clothing, craftsmanship that artistically improves complex details using embroidery techniques, various combinations based on the traditional meaning of colors, and narrative expression using patterns containing India’s cultural identity. Incorporating these traditional handicrafts into fashion design, closely linked to everyday life, aids in conveying and enhancing their significance. The cases demonstrate the successful integration of conservation into contemporary fashion design. This study sheds light on the application of traditional culture in modern fashion design.

This study examines options to revitalize a B2B textile trading platform, exploring user satisfaction and perceptions of the importance of several website features. Between June 8 and June 21, 2023, fashion studies majors and domestic fashion brand product planners were asked to use the website of an open B2B textile platform for 30 minutes and then evaluate its features by responding to a survey. The final sample for analysis wad comprised of 150 questionnaires. To analyze the key textile website features, a paired t-test, Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA), and multiple regression analysis were utilized. The analysis classified the key textile website features related to user importance and satisfaction into the following categories: convenience, appearance, product information, and uniqueness. An analysis investigation of the differences in importance and satisfaction for each website evaluation attribute found significant differences in 12 attributes. The IPA analysis revealed that attributes such as product reliability, quality, a convenient search function, and convenient page movement are highly important to users and garner high user satisfaction; these findings demonstrate the importance of maintaining these elements. Images on the main screen, the latest trend information, and product prominence attributes also garner high importance ratings, but result in low user satisfaction, which signifies extensive revision is required. Finally, user evaluation of the convenience, appearance, and product information of the website was found to affect user recommendation intention.

The changing media landscape has diversified how and what is discussed about fashion. This study aims to examine expert discussions about fashion shows on social media from the perspective of fashion criticism. To achieve this goal objectively, a text mining program, Leximancer, was used. In total, 58 videos were collected from the panel discussion section of Showstudio from S/S 21 to S/S 24, and the results of text mining on 24,080 collected texts after refinement are detailed here. First, the researchers examined the frequency of keywords by season. This revealed that in 2021–2022, digital transformation, diversity, and fashion films are now commonly used to promote fashion collections, often replacing traditional catwalk shows. From 2023, sustainability and virtuality appeared more frequently, and fashion brands focused on storytelling to communicate seasonal concepts. In S/S 2024, the rise of luxury brand keywords and an increased focus on consumption has been evident. This suggests that it is influenced by social and cultural phenomena. Second, the overall keywords were analyzed and categorized into five concepts: formal descriptions and explanations of the collection’s outfits, sociocultural evaluations of fashion shows and designers, assessments of the commerciality and sustainability of the current fashion industry, interpretations of fashion presentations, and discussions of the role of fashion shows in the future. The significance of this study lies in its identification of the specificity of contemporary fashion criticism and its objective approach to critical research.

Until now, research on consumers’ purchasing behavior has primarily focused on psychological aspects or depended on consumer surveys. However, there may be a gap between consumers’ self-reported perceptions and their observable actions. In response, this study aimed to investigate consumer purchasing behavior utilizing a big data approach. To this end, this study investigated the purchasing patterns of fashion items, both online and in retail stores, from a data-driven perspective. We also investigated whether individual consumers switched between online websites and retail establishments for making purchases. Data on 516,474 purchases were obtained from fashion companies. We used association rule analysis and K-means clustering to identify purchase patterns that were influenced by customer loyalty. Furthermore, sequential pattern analysis was applied to investigate the usage patterns of online and offline channels by consumers. The results showed that high-loyalty consumers mainly purchased infrequently bought items in the brand line, as well as high-priced items, and that these purchase patterns were similar both online and in stores. In contrast, the low-loyalty group showed different purchasing behaviors for online versus in-store purchases. In physical environments, the low-loyalty consumers tended to purchase less popular or more expensive items from the brand line, whereas in online environments, their purchases centered around items with relatively high sales volumes. Finally, we found that both high and low loyalty groups exclusively used a single preferred channel, either online or in-store. The findings help companies better understand consumer purchase patterns and build future marketing strategies around items with high brand centrality.

기존 질병비용연구(COI)에서 환자의 여가시간 손실에 따른 경제적 영향은 상대적으로 적은 관심을 받아왔다. 또 한, 기존연구들은 주로 만성질환 또는 중질환에 초점을 맞 췄으며, 이로 인해 입원환자나 외래환자가 아닌 상대적으 로 증상이 약한 자가치료환자들에 대해서는 충분히 다루 지 못했다는 한계를 가지고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 자 가치료 환자들을 포함하고, 더 나아가 고용 상태와 실제 여가활동 중단 기간 등을 고려하여 식중독으로 인한 여가 손실의 연간 비용을 계산하였다. 이 과정에서 건강과 노 동에 관한 통계 자료를 활용하고, 식중독으로 인한 여가 손실을 정확히 평가하는 방법을 제시하였다. 연구 결과, 국내에서 식중독으로 인한 여가 손실에 따른 연간 경제적 비용은 약 7,845억 원(7억 2,800만 USD)으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 자가 치료 환자들을 포함하지 않거나 치 료 시간과 고용 상태를 고려하지 않은 경우, 여가손실비 용이 낮게 추정될 가능성을 제시하고 있다. 즉, 식중독과 같은 질병의 사회적 영향을 평가할 때 자가 치료, 고용 상태, 그리고 영향받는 전체 기간을 포함한 다양한 요소 를 고려하는 것이 중요하다는 것을 의미한다. 이 연구 결 과는 정책 결정자와 의료 전문가들에게 질병의 경제적 영 향을 보다 넓은 관점에서 이해하고, 보건의료 자원을 더 효과적으로 배분하는 데 도움이 될 수 있는 중요한 통찰 을 제공한다.

This study investigated the effect of manufacturing variables (including heating temperature) on the physicochemical properties of nanoemulsion delivery system (NDS) prepared with WPI/Inulin Maillard conjugate and to study how the physicochemical properties of NDS affected the bioaccessibility of lycopene. The functional properties of the WPI/Inulin Maillard conjugate were determined using the OPA method, interfacial tension, and EAI. The physicochemical and morphological properties of NDS were measured using Zetasizer and TEM, respectively. The bioaccessibility of lycopene in the WPI/Inulin Maillard conjugate based NDS was measured using a spectrophotometer. As the pH and heating temperature increased, the Maillard conjugation efficiency increased significantly (p<0.0001). The emulsifying properties of the WPI/Inulin Maillard conjugate were greater than those of WPI. A WPI/Inulin Maillard conjugate based NDS with a size of ~180 nm was observed in TEM images while the droplet size of the WPI/Inulin Maillard conjugate based NDS was smaller than that of the WPI based NDS. During in vitro digestion, no significant changes in the droplet size and PDI of NDS were observed in the mouth and stomach phases, whereas in the intestinal phase, the droplet size and PDI increased significantly (p<0.0001). Moreover, the bioaccessibility of lycopene in the WPI/Inulin Maillard conjugate based NDS significantly increased (p<0.0001), compared with that of the WPI based NDS. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the bioaccessibility of lycopene with a decrease in the interfacial tension and droplet size of NDS. In conclusion, WPI/Inulin Maillard conjugate based NDS can be used to enhance the bioaccessibility of lycopene.

This study aimed to develop the in vitro method using domestic commercial diets to estimate nutrient digestibility in dogs. The existing in vitro method were tested and compared with literature data to develop new in vitro method. The development of in vitro method progressed as follows: modification of pepsin solution to an activated form and supplementation with 1% lipase. All the in vitro method progressed to 4 hours of stomach simulation and 2 hours of small intestine simulation. In vivo digestibility was measured using the same diets as beagle dogs. The supplementation of lipase methods showed significantly improved (p < 0.05) DM, OM, and EE than the existing and modified pepsin solution methods. The correlation between in vitro and in vivo data in DM, OM, and EE digestibility was high (r2 = 0.889, 0.907, and 0.721, respectively), and the correlation between in vitro and in vivo data in CP and GE digestibility was medium (r2 = 0.681 and 0.536, respectively). The current in vitro method is similar to in vivo digestibility and helps potentially predict digestibility for dogs. In conclusion, this developed in vitro method suggests that it can help estimate the nutrient digestibility of dogs' diets without in vivo experiments.

Background: Limitations of shoulder range of motion (ROM), particularly shoulder internal rotation (SIR), are commonly associated with musculoskeletal disorders in both the general population and athletes. The limitation can result in connective tissue lesions such as superior labrum tears and symptoms such as rotator cuff tears and shoulder impingement syndrome. Maintaining the center of rotation of the glenohumeral joint during SIR can be challenging due to the compensatory scapulothoracic movement and anterior displacement of the humeral head. Therefore, observing the path of the instantaneous center of rotation (PICR) using the olecranon as a marker during SIR may provide valuable insights into understanding the dynamics of the shoulder joint. Objects: The aim of the study was to compare the displacement of the olecranon to measure the rotation control of the humeral head during SIR in individuals with and without restricted SIR ROM. Methods: Twenty-four participants with and without restricted SIR ROM participated in this study. The displacement of olecranon was measured during the shoulder internal rotation control test (SIRCT) using a Kinovea (ver. 0.8.15, Kinovea), the 2-dimensional marker tracking analysis system. An independent t-test was used to compare the horizontal and vertical displacement of the olecranon marker between individuals with and without restricted SIR ROM. The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Vertical displacement of the olecranon was significantly greater in the restricted SIR group than in the control group (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the horizontal displacement of the olecranon (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that individuals with restricted SIR ROM had significantly greater vertical displacement of the olecranon. The results suggest that the limitation of SIR ROM may lead to difficulty in rotation control of the humeral head.

The objective of this study was to determine the ultrasonication-assisted extraction conditions that maximize the DPPH radical scavenging activity of extracts obtained from the stems of Lespedeza bicolor Turcz through the application of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Before delving into the analysis of extraction conditions using the RSM model, we conducted efficiency validation of ultrasonication-assisted extraction and executed single-factor experiments for ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature. The data obtained from these single-factor experiments were employed to construct the Box-Behnken Design (BBD). In these results, in the single-factor experiments, it was evident that the parameters for ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature exhibited quadratic trends. The single-factor experiments allowed us to discern the trends for each parameter leading to the maximum antioxidant capacity, and this data was subsequently applied to the BBD. Following the completion of initial experiments, a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model was constructed based on Box-Behnken Design (BBD). According to the predictive model developed in this study, it was anticipated that performing ultrasonic-assisted extraction for 85.0412 minutes at an ethanol concentration of 32.573% and an extraction temperature of 51.5608°C will result in a DPPH radical scavenging activity of 79.7146%. The predictive results were statistically verified through a comparative analysis with actual measurements and ANOVA analysis, confirming the statistical significance of the model. The finding of this study underscore the significance of optimizing extraction conditions in the precise quantification of the antioxidant potential for economic advantages in both experimental and industrial contexts.

Background: Individuals with pes planus tend to overuse the extrinsic foot muscles, such as the tibialis anterior (TA) and peroneus longus (PL), to compensate for the weakened intrinsic foot muscles, such as the abductor hallucis (AbdH). Furthermore, differences in weight-bearing can affect the activity of muscles in both the intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles. To date, no study has compared the effects of the short foot exercise (SFE) and toe spread-out exercise (TSO) on intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle activity and the corresponding ratios in different weight-bearing positions. Objects: To compare the effects of the SFE and TSO on AbdH, TA, and PL activity and the AbdH/TA and AbdH/PL activity ratios in the sitting and standing positions in individuals with pes planus. Methods: Twenty participants with pes planus were recruited. Surface electromyography was used to assess the amplitudes of AbdH, TA, and PL activity. Participants performed both exercises while adopting both the sitting and standing positions. Results: No significant interaction between exercise and position was found regarding the activity of any muscle or ratio of the activity, except for PL activity. We observed a significant increase in AbdH activity during the TSO compared to the SFE, and no significant difference in TA and PL activity between the two exercises. AbdH, TA, and PL activity were significantly higher in the standing position than in the sitting position. Furthermore, the AbdH/PL activity ratio significantly increased in the sitting position, although there was a significant increase in AbdH activity in the standing position. Conclusion: In individuals with pes planus, we recommend performing the TSO in the sitting position, which may increase the activity of the AbdH while concurrently decreasing the activity of the TA and PL, thus strengthening the AbdH.

Background: The serratus anterior (SA) is a muscle that performs protraction of the scapulothoracic joint and plays a role in stabilizing the scapula. Imbalances or weaknesses in SA activation are associated with a variety of shoulder dysfunctions, making selective SA strengthening important for rehabilitation. Objects: We aimed to compare the muscle activation of the pectoralis major (PM), SA, external oblique (EO), and internal oblique (IO) during the push-up plus (PUP) exercise with isometric hip adduction (HA) and abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM). Methods: Nineteen healthy male participants performed three PUP exercises: standard PUP, PUP with ADIM, and PUP with HA. Surface electromyography was used to measure and analyze the muscle activity for PM, SA, EO, and IO. Results: PUP with HA showed the lowest PM activity and highest SA activity, and no significant difference was observed between PUP and PUP with ADIM. PUP with ADIM showed significantly the highest EO and IO activity, followed by PUP with HA and PUP. Additionally, PUP with HA showed the lowest PM/SA ratio, and no significant difference was noted between PUP and PUP with ADIM. Conclusion: PUP with HA was able to show high SA muscle activity while reducing PM muscle activity. In addition, PUP with HA can lead to higher EO and IO muscle activity than standard PUP. This exercise could be used as a practical exercise method to selectively strengthen SA and improve scapular muscle stability during early shoulder rehabilitation.

Background: Lateral instability of the ankle is one of the most common causes of musculoskeletal ankle injuries. The peroneus longus (PL) and peroneus brevis (PB) contribute to ankle stability. In early rehabilitation, isometric exercises have been selected for improvement of ankle stability. To effectively train the peroneal muscles during eversion, it is important to consider ankle and body posture. Objects: This study aimed to compare activation of the PL, PB, and biceps femoris (BF) muscles during eversion in different ankle postures (neutral [N], plantarflexed [PF]) and body postures (sitting and side-lying). Methods: Thirty healthy individuals with no history of lateral ankle sprains within the last 6 months were included in the study. Maximal isometric strength of eversion and muscle activation were measured simultaneously. Muscle activation at submaximal eversion was divided by the highest value obtained from maximal isometric eversion among the four postures (percent maximal voluntary isometric contraction [%MVIC]). To examine the differences in muscle activation depending on posture, a 2 × 2 repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. Results: There were significant interaction effects of ankle and body postures on PL muscle activation and evertor strength (p < 0.05). The PL muscle activation showed a significantly greater difference in the side-lying and PF conditions than in the sitting and N conditions (p < 0.05). Evertor strength was greater in the N compared to the PF condition regardless of body posture (p < 0.05). In the case of PB and BF muscle activation, only the main effects of ankle and body posture were observed (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Among the four postures, the side-lying-PF posture produced the highest muscle activation. The side-lying-PF posture may be preferred for effective peroneal muscle exercises, even when considering the BF muscle.

Background: Sleep accounts for approximately one-third of a person’s lifetime. It is a relaxing activity that relieves mental and physical fatigue. Pillows of different sizes, shapes, and materials have been designed to improve sleep quality by achieving an optimal sleep posture. Objects: This study aimed to determine which pillow provides the most comfortable and supports the head and neck during sleep, which may enhance sleep quality. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy adults (19 males and 9 females) with an average age of 29 years participated in this cross-sectional study. This experiment was conducted while the participants laid down for 5 minutes in four different pillow conditions: (1) no pillow (NP), (2) neck support foam pillow (NSFP), (3) standard microfiber filled pillow (SFP), and (4) hybrid foam pillow (HFP). The head-neck peak pressure, cranio-vertebral angle in supine (CVAs), cranio-horizontal angle in supine (CHAs), chin-sternum distance (CSD), and muscle tone of sternocleidomastoid were analyzed using one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: The head-neck peak pressure was the highest in the NSFP condition, followed by the NP, SFP, and HFP conditions. The CVAs, CHAs, and CSD of the SFP were lower than those of the other pillows. Muscle tone was the highest in the NP condition, followed by the of NSFP, HFP, and SFP conditions. The participants subjective comfort level in both the supine and side-lying postures was highest in the HFP condition, followed by the SFP and NSFP conditions. Conclusion: This study can be used to establish the importance of pillow selection for highquality sleep. The results of this study, suggest that a hybrid pillow with a good supportive core and appropriate fluffiness can maintain comfort and correct cervical spine alignment during sleep.

The balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC.) is a medicinal and perennial flowering plant. Jangback is an important white-flower type balloon flower cultivar registered in South Korea, but no molecular marker was available to differentiate it from other white-flower lines. Therefore, we evaluated five P. grandiflorum white-flower lines and identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) derived from the chloroplast TrnL-F genomic sequence that specifically differentiated Jangback from the other four genotypes. Cultivar identification was achieved by detecting allelic variations of the SNP using amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) analysis and high resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis. The present study describes a rapid and reliable method to authenticate the medicinally and economically valuable white-flower Jangback cultivar. Our results indicate that the plastid TrnL-F region provides for marker assisted identification and selection in intraspecific polymorphism studies, thereby the identified SNP marker provides a robust tool along with ARMS-PCR and HRM curve analysis for rapid and efficient identification of the medicinally valuable Jangback cultivar.

국립수목원 산림생물다양성연구과는 2023년부터 산림생태계 보전을 위한 화분매개곤충 특성연구 사업을 추진하면서 그 첫 번째 단계로 화분매개곤충 인벤토리 구축을 위한 연구를 수행하고 있다. 수목원 4개소(강원도 립화목원, 경상남도수목원, 국립수목원, 대구수목원)에서 9종의 식물(국수나무, 미선나무, 산수유, 산철쭉, 생강 나무, 수수꽃다리, 아까시나무, 진달래, 히어리)을 대상으로 각 식물에 어떤 곤충들이 방문하는지 쓸어잡기 방법 을 이용하여 확인하였다. 조사된 곤충 중에서 가장 많은 개체수를 차지하고 있는 곤충은 파리목(1,407개체)이었 으며, 26과의 다양한 파리목 곤충들을 확인할 수 있었다. 그중에서도 가장 많은 개체수를 차지하고 있는 과는 재니등에과 (4속, 5종, 651개체), 꽃등에과 (24속, 34종, 302개체), 기생파리과 (8속, 9종, 111개체)로 집계되었으며 이 중에서도 꽃등에과의 종다양성이 가장 높게 나타났다. 조사한 식물 중에서 가장 많은 파리목 곤충이 모인 식물은 수수꽃다리와 미선나무였고, 각각 314, 308개체 이상의 파리목 곤충을 확인하였다. 반면 파리목 곤충의 방문이 가장 저조한 식물은 국수나무와 아까시나무였으며 확인된 개체수는 각각 38, 45개체였다. 우리는 화분매 개곤충에 대한 인벤토리 구축을 통해 화분매개곤충에 대한 다양한 분류학 및 생태학적 데이터의 지속적인 확보 를 위해 노력하고 있으며, 본 소모임에서 이에 대한 발전방안 및 축적된 데이터의 활용방안에 대해 모색하고자 한다.

국내외적으로 기후변화, 이상기상 등 다양한 요인이 新문제 병해충의 발생을 가속화하고 있으나, 반대로 국제 기구에서 2030년까지 화학농약의 사용 및 위해도를 50%로 낮출 것을 요구하고 있다(생물다양성협약 COP15. 2022.12). 따라서 화학농약을 줄이면서 효과적으로 병해충을 방제할 수 있는 대안을 찾아야 한다. 화학농약의 대안으로 생명과학에 공학적 기술개념을 도입하여 인공적으로 생명체의 구성요소·시스템을 설 계·제작·합성하는 학문분야로 합성생물학이 주목받고 있다. 코로나19 백신개발과정에 합성생물학을 활용하여 개발기간을 단축한 사례(mRNA 백신)도 있다. 미국 농업분야에서는 dsRNA를 이용한 천연식물보호제(생물농 약)의 개발은 이미 상용화 단계로 넘어서고 있다. 이에 우리나라도 합성생물학을 활용한 농약의 개발과 상용화를 지원할 수 있는 제도적 기반을 마련할 시점이다. 본 발표에서는 합성생물학 기술을 이용한 新천연식물보호제의 개발과 상용화에 필요한 등록기준 마련 필요성과 고려할 사항에 대해 다각적으로 논의하고자 한다. 현재 우리나라에서 농약은 「농약관리법」에 따라 관리되며, 유효성분으로 쓰이는 원료의 종류에 따라 화학 농약과 천연식물보호제로 구분되고 있다. 화학농약은 “화학적으로 합성한 유효성분으로 제조한 것”을 말하며, 천연식물보호제는 “살아있는 미생물 또는 자연계에서 생성된 유기화합물 및 무기화합물”을 유효성분으로 제조 한 것“을 말한다. dsRNA 농약 등록을 위해서는 dsRNA 등 합성생물학 기술을 이용한 농약이 “자연계에서 생성된 유기화학물”로 분류될 수 있는 지에 대한 검토가 필요하며, dsRNA를 활용한 농약의 등록 기준이 마련되어야 한다. 기준을 마련하기 위해서는 합성생물학 기술에 대한 정확한 이해가 선행되어야 하고, 안전성에 대한 다각적 인 검토는 물론, 사회적 합의와 공감대 형성이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 우선 가장 중요한 이슈는 역시 유전자변형생물체(이하 ”LMO“) 문제이다. 국내에서는 LMO 작물의 재배 자체 에 대한 논란이 많은 상황이라는 점과 LMO일 경우 농약으로 등록시 기준 적용에 차이가 크기 때문이다. 천연식물 보호제는 화학농약보다는 등록시 요구되는 자료가 많이 간소화되어 있지만, LMO에 해당되면 그렇지 않다. 실제 미국에서 등록된 dsRNA 농약에는 LMO에 해당되는 것과 해당되지 않는 것이 있다. 따라서 국내에서 천연식물보 호제로 등록하기 위해서는 먼저 dsRNA를 활용한 기술이 LMO에 해당되는 지 여부가 먼저 정립되어야 하고, 해당 dsRNA 원제(Technical) 또는 해당 dsRNA 제품(Item)이 LMO 기술이 적용되지 않았음을 입증할 수 있는 체계 의 정립이 필요할 것이다. 또한 국제기준과 조화의 문제를 고려해야 한다. OECD 발간 문서(ENV/CBC/MONO(2023)26, ENV/JM/MONO (2020)26)에 따르면 dsRNA 농약은 dsRNA의 변이가 인체, 환경은 물론, 표적/비표적 유기체에 어떠한 영향을 미칠수 있는지에 대한 시험이 필요하고 이는 각 국가별 규제요건에 따라 달라질 수 있다고 밝히고 있다. 국내 기준을 마련하기 위해서는 외국 사례를 정밀하게 조사분석한 후 국내 여건에 맞도록 기준을 정립해야 할 것이다. 마지막으로 새로운 기술은 항상 부작용에 대한 우려가 따르기 마련이므로 전문가에 의해 과학적 근거에 기반 한 기준안이 마련함은 물론, 해당 기준안에 대한 대국민 소통/공감을 형성하는 과정도 필요하다. dsRNA농약은 우리나라에 새로운 도전이자 기회가 일 수 있다. 농약원제 개발에 뒤처져 수입에 의존하는 산업 에서 벗어나, 세계를 선도하며 수출하는 농약산업으로 바꿔야 할 시점인 것 같다.

Since the gene expression interference induced by dsRNA was discovered, dsRNA has been considered as an antiviral agent and pesticide to protect beneficial insects and crops, respectively. Recently, dsRNA was classified as IRAC mode of action group 35, and the first dsRNA pesticide, Calatha of GreenLight Bioscience, has been approved by EPA. Also an animal drug for Asian honeybee, HoneyGuard-R of Genolution is about to be approved by APQA. During the last two decades, hundreds of papers already had demonstrated the application and capability of dsRNA for agriculture, however, we have just a few commercialized products at hand at this moment. It is time to understand the processes, hurdles and limitations on the industry side that are indispensable for the development, registration and commercialization of dsRNA-based products.

과거 약 50년간 국내에서는 화학농약 기반의 병해충 방제가 지속적으로 농업 생산량을 안정적으로 유지시켜 왔다. 그러나 무분별한 화학 농약 사용은 병해충의 약제저항성 발달을 유발하였으며, 이는 기존의 방제효과를 얻기 위해 고농도 살포가 불가피하였으며, 또한 막대한 개발 비용이 필요한 신규 작용점 살충제 개발로 고비용의 방제기술로 전락하게 되었다. 여기에 대부분의 살충제가 신경계에 작용하여 인축 및 비표적 생물계에 영향을 주어 광범위한 사용에 제한을 받게 되었다. 대체 방제기술로 천적과 미생물에 의존하는 생물농약은 방제효율에 서 대부분 화학약제의 수준을 따르지 못해 농민의 절대적 호응을 받지 못하였다. 이 가운데 새로운 패러다임의 생물농약으로 살포용 dsRNA 농약이 화학농약의 방제 효과와 버금가는 시험 농가 반응으로 2023년 12월에 미국 EPA 등록을 받게 되었다. 향후 살포용 dsRNA는 살충제는 물론이고 살균제 및 제초제에 이르기까지 작물보호제 시장 전체에 영향을 미치게 된다. 이에 국내에서도 dsRNA를 실험실 단계에서 산업계 적용 기술 개발 단계로 전환하여야 할 시점에 이르게 되었다.

Sarcophaga peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) play a pivotal role in forensic entomology, particularly in the context of decomposing corpses in South Korea, with its prevalence most notable from May to October. This study aims to leverage the growth metrics of S. peregrina to refine estimates of the minimum post-mortem interval (PMI_min), thereby providing a more localized and accurate measure of the time elapsed since death. By cultivating specimens a across a range of temperatures (22℃, 25℃, 28℃, and 34℃), we documented the corresponding larval and pupal development rates, observing significant variances in development times across temperatures: 475.1 hours at 22℃, 347.0 hours at 25℃, 326.0 hours at 28℃, and 247.3 hours at 34℃. Our findings highlight a temperature-dependent acceleration in life cycle progression of research emphasizes the importance of considering environmental factors, particularly temperature, to enhance the accuracy of forensic investigation.