Bacterial metabolisms influence the behavior of uranium (U) in deep geological repository (DGR) system because bacteria are ubiquitous in the natural environment. Nevertheless, most studies for the U(VI) bioreduction have focused on a few model bacterium, such as Shewanella putrefaciens, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, and Geobacter sulfurreducens. In this study, the potential of aqueous U(VI) ((U(VI)aq) reduction by indigenous bacteria was examined under anaerobic conditions with addition of 20 mM sodium acetate for 24 weeks. Three different indigenous bacterial communities obtained from granitic groundwater at depths of 44–60 m (S1), 92–116 m (S2), and 234–244 m (S3) were applied for U(VI)aq reduction experiments. The S2 groundwater contained the highest U concentration of 885.4 μg/L among three groundwater samples, where U mainly existed in the form of Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq). The S2 groundwater amended 20 mM of sodium acetate was used for the U(VI)aq bioreduction experiment. Variations in the U(VI)aq concentration and redox potential were monitored for 24 weeks to compare U(VI)aq removal efficiency in response to indigenous bacteria. The U(VI)aq removal efficiencies varied among three indigenous bacteria: 57.8% (S3), 43.1% (S2), and 37.7% (S1). The presence of the thermodynamically stable uranyl carbonate complex resulted in the incomplete U(VI)aq removal. Significant shifts in indigenous bacterial communities were observed through highthroughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Two SRB species, Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii and Desulfatirhabdium butyrativorans, were dominant in the S3 sample after the anaerobic reaction, which enhanced the bioreduction of U(VI)aq. The precipitates produced by bacterial activity were determined to be U(IV)-silicate nanoparticles by a transmission electron microscope (TEM)-energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS) analysis. These results demonstrated that considerable U immobilization is possible by stimulating the activity of indigenous bacteria in the DGR environment.

Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is the main source of high-level radioactive wastes (HLWs), which contains approximately 96% of uranium (U). For the safe disposal of the HLWs, the SNF is packed in canisters of cast iron and copper, and then is emplaced within 500 m of host rock surrounded by compacted bentonite clay buffer for at least 100,000 years. However, in case of the failure of the multi-barrier disposal system, U might be migrated through the rock fractures and groundwater, eventually, it could reach to the biosphere. Since the dissolved U interacts with indigenous bacteria under natural and engineered environments over the long storage periods of geologic disposal, it is important to understand the characteristics of U-microbe interactions under the geochemical conditions. In particular, a few of bacteria, i.e., sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), are able to reduce soluble U(VI) into insoluble U(IV) under anaerobic conditions by using their metabolisms, resulting in the immobilization of U. In this study, the aqueous U(VI) removal performance and change in bacterial community in response to the indigenous bacteria were investigated to understand the interactions of U-microbe under anaerobic conditions. Three different indigenous bacteria obtained from different depths of granitic groundwater (S1: 44–60 m, S2: 92–116 m, and S3: 234–244 m) were used for the reduction of U(VI)aq. After the anaerobic reaction of 24 weeks, the changes in bacterial community structure in response to the seeding indigenous bacteria were observed by high-throughput 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis. The highest uranium removal efficiency of 57.8% was obtained in S3 sample, and followed by S2 (43.1%) and S1 (37.7%). Interestingly, SRB capable of reducing U(VI) greatly increased from 4.8% to 44.1% in S3 sample. Among the SRB identified, Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii played a key role on the removal of U(VI)aq. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that the dspacing of precipitates observed in this study was identical with that of uraninite (UO2). This study presents the potential of U(VI)aq removal by indigenous bacteria under deep geological environment.

The role of the women divers (Haenyo and their unique meeting place (Buleok)of peace to solve disputes is another feature of Jeju Peace Island that recommends it as a locus for peace action. Sammu speaks of neighbourly-ness, although the concept itself refers to three elements lacking on Jeju: The Thief, the Gate and the Beggar. Going deep into the peasant past, Jeju islanders held virtues ``diligence, thrift and interdependence”. This meant that no one was moved to become a thief, there was no need for a secure Gate and, so, the Beggar was not found either. Jeju Islander society and culture was without avarice and promoted values of independence, self-reliance and honor. Entry to a traditional Jeju compound was barred by a Jeongnang or log that showed that the homeowner was away and, so, no one crossed the threshold out of respect. All of this may sound rather negative and stern were it not for Samryeo, the “Three Treasures” in the developing heritage of Jeju peace culture, taken to be Nature (folklore, native industries), Crops of special use, such as marine products and, today, tourism; finished off with Generosity of the beauty of nature, including controls on the level of industry so as to preserve the natural blessings. Whilst in keeping with the three-part philosophy of ancient Jeju, Samryeo is a development from 1960 and more recent times, as Jeju and South Korea recovered from the Jeju Tragedy. Indeed, it is only in 2003(English edition in 2013) that the final definitive report on these disturbing events has been compiled and published. Like the Mangaian war ax, the Jeju Tragedy is a constant reminder of the need for peace and the avoidance of violence and war for harmony of civilization.”.

When we think about an idea of United Nations Tolerance Program UNTP, it is important for us to share memory with world citizens that we had 2314 veterans from 11 countries in the Busan U.N. Forces Cemetery since January of 1951. Recently, we had 13 veterans, who got buried coming from 4 Americans, 3 Hollanders, 2 Frenchmen, 2 Germans, 2 Englishmen, 1 Canadian and 1 headband after they died in their countries. (Joongang daily newspaper June 19, 2022). "I believe that creating a fifth office of the UNTP in Republic of Korea (Seoul, Busan, Kyunggi or Jeju Island), as a twin organization of the UNEP in Nairobi, Kenya, would provide a geopolitical balance to the international organization and a useful base for peace island studies in the conflict laden region of East Asia. Establishing this office in S. Korea(Seoul, Busan, Kyunggi or Jeju Island), with its unique geographical location as a hub for peace talks and environmental negotiations between Russia, North Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan, would contribute to peace and development in the region." (Yates. 2022).

We assume that, even though Jeju Island ‘Peace’ Cherry Trees (1913), happened at different time and places, it connects each other as (1919) and Busan UN Forces Cemetery (1951) as an important connected diplomatic event of Provisional Government and Republic of Korea positively. Especially, it will bring a significant positive impact to Asia Community if we organize 2023 Korean Week Event: The First Korea Congress (1919) and Busan UN Forces Cemetery (1951) and suggest the invitation issues of UN Asia Headquarters to the Republic of Korea (2023) into Busan metropolitan city(Seoul, Kyunggi, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province) of Republic of Korea. We also assume Korean’s tolerance philosophy will Koreans to unite each other together if they will succeed to share spirit of tolerance from Busan UN Forces Cemetery. We have 2314 graves from 11 countries at the graveyard for UN Forces in Busan, which was built as the UN Headquarters Cemetery in January of 1951 and used as memorial space for participation in the Korean War, who had involved the War beyond their sacrifices. Recently we had 13 veterans, who got buried coming from 4 Americans, thre Hollanders, 2 Frenchmen, 2 Germans, 2 Englishmen, 1 Canadian and 1 headband after they died in their countries. (Joongang daily newspaper June 19, 2022). In the end they become Asian spirit of Toleran명 at the Busan UN Forces Cemetery beyond borders.

This study aims to restore the dignity of the elderly based on “filial piety” and community values in preparation for the 'silver tsunami' in Jeju by studying the case of Whitney Center in the United States, PASSi, Jeju's Isidol Nursing Home, and the haenyeo society. The main goal was to develop the Asian Jeong Nang model which was named by professor Koh Chang Hoon, Chair of Island Research Institute at Jeju National university. Jeong Nang(정낭) is the gateway with 3 wooden bars to the traditional residential space of Jeju where several generations live together. Dr. Hesung Chun Koh, Chair of East Rock Institute gave me motivation and support for the study of the elderly welfare model at the Jeju National University Island Research Institute. As the head of this study, I was dispatched from the Jeju National University Island Research Institute to the East Rock Institute (ERI). Dr. Hesung Chun Koh, M.D. Ann Datunashivili who is a practice professor at Medical School of Yale and in charge of Medical Center of Whitney Center. and Mike RambaRose who is Chief Executive Officer of Whitney Center, supported my research. In addition ImJa Choi, CEO of PASSi, also allowed two research students, Lee Seung Yong and Ko Yu Seok, from Jeju National University, to help my research related to psycho-social approach for the elderly at PASSi. This study was intended to develop a model for senior citizens in Korea through Hesung Chun Koh's ERI CCAI Model, Whitney Center's residential apartment model for retired seniors, and PASSi's community care model for the multi-cultural community.

WAIS in South Korea and WEU Inc. in Philadelphia hosting the 22nd World Peace Island Forum: Remembering Jeju King Cherry Trees Bio-diplomacy (1943) in Washington D.C. and the first Korean Congress Democracy (1919) in Philadelphia which organized by the Korean Provisional Government from March 22 to 24, 2022. We want to propose cultural historic events which connect American and Korean society, such as the Trip to Faith and Liberty Hall that relate to the integration processes of Korean and American Democracy. Dean Max Friedman of American University calls the Jeju King cherry trees cultural event bio-diplomacy among world citizens. In addition, the Korean embassy evaluated the cherry tree event as a new kind of bio-diplomacy approach which paves the way for understanding different cultures in different countries. The aim of this paper is to share present contexts and meanings about both the first Korean Congress Democracy (1919) and Bio-diplomacy (1943). We had also the 2022 GAN Korea Jeju to Philadelphia Webinar Conference: Diversity as a New Diversity for Global Ageing Network in New Normal: Jeju Village Healing, PASSi Asian Culture, Japanese Indigenous Peace Culture, and Busan Smart Health Care approach.

In this article, firstly, we talk about why we respond to “climate change impacts in nature and society” educationally. Secondly, we try to find ways that Jeju also has the ability to halt biodiversity loss and apply nature-based solutions to conserve biodiversity, enhance resilience, and so improve the well-being of the people on the island and in turn to improve the well-being of the people on the planet at the grass roots level of UNESCO internationally protected areas. Thirdly, we try to develop World Environment University Online School Leads Establishment of World Environment University so called “Lead WEU.” We will announce “World Environment University Online School Leads Establishment of World Environment University” at Private Meeting of the 2020 World Conservation Congress on September 9, 2021 in Marseille of France. We propose ”Jeju Global Governance of World Heritage; Climate Change Impacts and Integrated Management of UNESCO internationally Protected Area, at the graduate class of Jeju National University from September 2 to December 9, 2021. The core program centered at the University itself would be developed initially on the basis of the comparative advantage offered by its location in Jeju and the quality of faculty, full and part time, that could be recruited to the University.

The University will contribute, through its high quality of education, training and research, to the containment, reduction and management of the problems confronting humanity in the transition to sustainable way of life utilizing the latest technologies of distance learning. Through international collaboration and leadership, it will generate, mobilize and share knowledge, experience and skills throughout the world so as to promote equitable and sustainable progress and to preserve and enhance the natural world on which humanity depends. As merit of the location of center in Northeastern Asia and North and South countries, Jeju Island has a remarkable natural beauty matching with unique environmental culture tradition, and a wide range of expertise, connections and capabilities in regard to global commerce, finance and transportation, and to the management of watersheds and biodiversity as a newly established international free city, all of which are relevant to world environment of sustainable development.

The name of the University. While there is a close relationship between the environment and peace, this should be reflected in the establishment of an institute or program rather that in the name of the University which should be, as originally conceived, the World Environment University. The credibility of the University will depend on the involvement in it from the beginning of highly influential leaders of the world environment movement. There is no better way of ensuring this than to obtain the formal involvement of IUCN which has in its membership most of the leading nongovernmental and governmental organizations of the environment and conservation movement

We reach at conclusion that title of the 2021 GAN in Jeju Korea is “This Is Peace Island Care.” We have two reasons: one is that as we have basic assumption “ Jeju Island should need Peace Island Care in Asia Pacific region,” at village level beyond trauma of Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy (1947-1954), we try to illuminate Peace Island Village Care models to heal its trauma at grass roots level by both participants and villagers through Jeju World Peace Academy for 4 years (2016-2019) such as Jeju 4.3 damaged Buchonri, Dongkwang-ri, Ora-ri and Chungsoo ri assisting its resilience beyond its atrocities. It is important for us to connect the Peace Island Care models with other global care models globally. So, we introduce three village models to audience at the Toronto GAN Biennial conference : This Is Long Term Care 2019. It says “Transforming Ageing Together, a global approach to This Is Long Term Care 2019.

As Jeju people hopes to make an effort to find its place for 4.3 Grand Tragedy in the Sun, they will contribute to world peace beyond the Jeju 4.3 Tragedy. It will be a starting point that Jeju people propose to U.S. Congress “the Korea Jeju Human Rights and Peace Island Act 2021". It was meaningful that Jeju National University students suggested their idea about enactment of Jeju 4.3 Reconciliation Act to U.S. Congress at the meeting of both office of Congressman Mark Takano and Congresswoman Judy Chu on May 1, 2019. It may be going forward for us to do Jeju Massacre Consultation based on Jeju 4.3 Reparative Justice with cooperation of both U.N. lawyer and international law professors. It would be a historic achievement in the Human Rights and Democracy in 21st century similar to the Civil Liberty Act 1988 to Japanese Internment cases and the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act 2019 to Hong Kong democratization.

Korea Jeju District Court Presiding Judge Mr. Jaegal, Chang, Mr. Judge Chung, Seung-jin, and Judge Mr. Seo, Youngwoo declared Jeju District Court Second Criminal Department The Decision on January 17, 2019. The indictment against the accused is applicable when ‘the procedure for filing an appeal is invalid in violation of legal regulations’, according to Article 327 No. 2 of the Criminal Procedure Act, all charges against the accused should be dismissed. Dong Soo Park (330310-1933019), Unemployed, Residence: Jeju-si Jaesung 1-gil 14 apt#101, Registration base: Jeju-si Ora 3-dong 2613.

We emphasize concept of “creative syncretism( Ko et al.2018:40), which is another value creator of Korean culture. By incorporating Jeju cultural legacy of being the “Blue Zone” from traditional Korean period where longevity was noticed by a Chinese Emperor who sent a mission to Jeju Island seeking an anti-ageing plant, Pullo cho. Moving from the Jeju 4.3 incident to International Peace Movement is another example of creative syncretism value of Korea. Jeju can also benefit from contributing to the world community by developing longevity enterprise and sponsoring the 2021 Korean Care Into Global Humanity through tolerance in highly ageing population society. This is the reason why we try to propose triangle collaborative relationships among Jeju, Korean American of New Haven and Korean Japanese to support Jeju Peace Industry together. We believe it will reinforce creative ways to show Jeju cultural legacy and highlights strengths of Korean and Jeju peace culture in East Asian Context. In this paper, we conclude potentially that “Korean Care and Peace Island Care into Global Humanity” would be one of social healing of the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy through tolerance. Through three months’ trials and discussions from April to June, 2019, we can reach at deciding our main topic as “ the 2021 Global Ageing Bieniual Network : Korean Care Into Global Humanity,” academically which will be presented by Korean delegation on September 19, 2019 at the 2019 Global Ageing Network Biennial Conference : This Is Long Term Care. We can manage to arrange its contents as Peace Island Village Healing models in detail in a nearer future.

We want to have an opportunity to learn in a global context why GAN is so important to Jeju as Korea's largest Island in a multi-cultural society. Politically, Jeju Island succeeds have to survive ordeal from Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy. Geologically, as Jeju Island is located at center of East Asia, it has benefits from easy access to main cities to the island such as Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul, Busan, Hong Kong, Taipei and so on. Environmentally, as Jeju was designated UNESCO Biosphere, World Natural Heritage and Geo parks, we want to keep it as a longevity island. Culturally, as we recognize it as a specialized in Western countries by human peace, Jeju as a World Peace Island tries to integrate aging human life agenda into part of a human life one. As the result, we suggest “Korea Care into Global Humanity in the Asia Pacific Context” as integrated policy agenda of both Korea and Peace Island villages for the 2021 GAN Biennial Conference from September 26 to 30, 2021 in Jeju Island Korea. As it based on village healing by villagers, Jeju island is small, as there is slrong soldarity between, we believe it can revive Korea communities.

Jeju ordinary people have a strong feeling of “Existing the Road to Resentment” from fact of the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy. If we look at some kinds of phenomena or events during 2017 and 2018 during era of Moon Jaein Korean government, I would like to tell those symptoms at Korea and Jeju society. 4.3 Grassroots advocates, including victims, survivors’ families, teachers, students, lawyers, artists, filmmakers, local officials, business people, as well as Jeju, Korean, and international scholars, are fashioning next steps for Jeju 4.3 social healing. For instance, in April 2017, eighteen Jeju 4.3 victims asked the Jeju District Court to set aside unlawful 4.3 convictions based on false accusations and resulting in harsh imprisonment. In September 2018, the Jeju court agreed to reopen the survivors’ cases, granting re-trials. These Jeju survivors and their families’ lawsuit reveals the 4.3 Tragedy’s continuing damage and demonstrates the survivors’ courage in still fighting to clear their names and the names of the thousands similarly convicted during Jeju 4.3. In complementary efforts, in July 2017 a Jeju 4.3 delegation submitted to U.S. Congress foreign affairs committee members a signed petition urging U.S. participation in future 4.3 social healing efforts and asking for congressional hearings on the 4.3 Tragedy. And in December 2017, the Jeju people and Korean and international supporters proposed that the Korean government revise the 4.3 Special Act to authorize meaningful reparations for Jeju 4.3 victims and families. Additionally, Jeju justice advocates are in the process of memorializing the 1947 Jeju 3.1 National Liberation Independence Day demonstrations in the nonviolent spirit of the 1919 national liberty demonstrations. In that spirit, the Jeju people are registering the records of 1947 legal cases of 328 people involved in the demonstrations. With the Jeju peace island human rights movement, the justice supporters are also advocating for recognition of the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy under the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme.

We are currently considering to write a paper on the potential of using U.S. courts to push for U.S. participation in Jeju 4.3 reconciliation,similar to how reopening the Korematsu case tied into a broader reparations movement for the wrongful mass incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. For this paper, it plans to include some of the survivor testimony featured in the book Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy during ‘peacetime’ Korea: The Asia Pacific Context (1947-2016). The book contains a transcript of survivor testimonies given in Seoul on May 30, 2015. Some of the survivors whose testimony is included in the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy book are petitioning to have their cases reopened. I would like to connect the petition to the importance of U.S. participation in Jeju 4.3 reconciliation. To do this, we would like to specifically incorporate parts of the petitioners’ testimony recorded in the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy book into Hawaii team’s paper. We think including the testimony would powerfully emphasize the continuing need for social healing and would strengthen the argument for U.S. participation. If we can do it collaboratively, we can do a lawsuit or other such action in the US may help draw attention to the case in 2019.

This article is focused on some scenarios of a third way for Jeju Peace Island for Koreas as one of provincial government. In 2002 and 2006, We suggest United Three States of Korea : South Korea, North Korea and Jeju Island Korea. But in real situation Korean government chooses the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. After practicing it 11 years, Jeju islanders are complaining it is not enough for them to improve its autonomy to push its policies on its way without empowering main authorities to local province from central government. So, they wants more power through revision of Korean Constitution as same as State government of USA and Switzerland such as guaranteeing special status of Jeju government as Hong Kong of China. In our opinion, in a word, Jeju islanders want to become “ Jeju Peace Self-Governing Province,” for two Koreas.

We conclude if Jeju Peace Island for Koreas 2018 gets international awareness from participants in the spheres of Peace Island Education & Tourism Welfare Model at the Grass Roots Level, it will contribute to institutionalization of both peace island and welfare tourism. In addition, if Jeju government supports the financial budget for the establishment of a Jeju Peace University or a Jeju Environmental University, our efforts might include an impetus to create and operate a Jeju Peace University or a Jeju Environmental University based on collaborative Jeju Peace Studies in Korea and internationally in the nearer future. Of course, we believe that, through this kind of collaborative leadership, a vision of a Nonviolence Korea “Jeju Peace Island for two Koreas” might serve as a buffer zone potentially approved by the Six Nations in the Asia Pacific region in 2019.

The aim of this paper is to illuminate some aspects of the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy (the Jeju Tragedy) education and informing process. We hope to not only with these aspects show some aspects of moral origin of the Jeju World Peace Island movement, but to share a culture of peace with world citizens through world civilization education cross the Pacific at a local, national and global level. In addition bring liberty to the cause of national freedom of the SAM IL movement of 1919 in Korea. it actualizes itself as a peace buffer zone locally, nationally and globally through the “Jeju World Peace Island Treaty JWPIT,” based on international agreement of the Six Talks Nations because “it is believed that that they (Jeju islanders) will follow the pattern of the SAM IL movement of 1919 with the participants imbued with the spirit of sacrifice to life and liberty to the cause of national freedom (G-2 Summary Report)” as a moral origin of Jeju World Peace Island. Globally, one New Haven teacher has been working on an elective course called “The Power of Culture in a Multicultural World” in which to use social studies tools to investigate the meaning and importance of culture. Jeju offers an excellent opportunity to explore a culture that few New Haven students are familiar with. It will be for students to use the Jeju idea of turning troubles into opportunities, as a vehicle for addressing local issues” (“New Haven Learn- Teach Jeju 4.3,” New Haven Independent: March 29, 2017). Another New Haven teacher in his history class explains the different components of genocide. “Although the Jeju 4.3 events are not deemed genocide by the international community, using this as a lens to understand broader concepts seemed really exciting.” Jeju offers educators an opportunity to teach the curriculum but instead of gratuitous death and violence, there is a legacy of hope, healing, reconciliation and remembrance.” (Ibid, New Haven Independent: March 29, 2017). Locally and partially on the global level, “The Resurgence of Jeju 4.3 Social Healing Advocacy of “PETITION FOR A JOINT SOUTH KOREA AND UNITED STATES JEJU 4.3 INCIDENT TASK FORCE TO FURTHER IMPLEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AND FOSTER COMPREHENSIVE AND ENDURING SOCIAL HEALING THROUGH JUSTICE” (March 27, 2014). The petition supports a combined solution to social healing for numerous survivors of Jeju 4.3. Based on interviews with members of the Jeju 4.3 Victim Family Association, 20% of them are now elderly and require expensive medical care and assistance. Many continue to suffer from psychological trauma (PTSD). It serves as a beacon of international peace in the same vein as May 24, 2015’s event, “Women Cross DMZ Demilitarized Zone.” Jeju itself aims to serve as a “Peace Buffer Zone” between the two Koreas among 6 Nations Talks within the framework of the Jeju World Peace Island Treaty, similar to Costa Rica. Never before has the need for a Peace Island in the region been so vital, with China stretching its reach across the ocean, and President Trump flexing his muscles against North Korea, the time has come for serious peacemaking, that is, prevention of conflict. It’s a real time to think about actualization of Jeju World Peace Island Treaty for Peace between two Koreas.