직장 내 성차별은 많은 나라에서 아직도 큰 사회적 이슈이고 전 세계적으로 국제기관과 각국 정 부들은 이를 줄이기 위해 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 기업들 또한 직장 내 성차별을 줄이는 것을 사회적 책임 활동의 하나로 여기고 점차 많은 관심을 보이고 있다. 이러한 추세를 바탕으로 본 연 구는 외국인 소유가 직장 내 여성차별에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 조사한다. 한국직업능력개발원 에서 구축한 인적자본 기업패널 자료를 분석하여 본 연구는 외국인이 소유권을 보유하고 있는 회사 는 한국인만이 소유권을 보유하고 있는 회사에 비해 좀 더 많은 여성 인력을 채용하고 있음을 밝혔 다. 또한 외국인이 소유권을 보유하고 있는 회사는 상장회사일 경우 비상장회사에 비해 정규직 여 성채용에 더 적극적임을 발견했다. 이러한 연구결과는 외국인 투자가 현지국의 직장 내 성차별이라 는 사회적 이슈에 미치는 영향을 보여줌으로 외국인 투자와 성차별에 관한 연구분야에 유용한 시사 점을 제공하고 있다.

목 적: Ⅱ-Ⅲ2-Ⅵ4형 반도체 가운데 고용체 화합물에 대한 연구의 하나로 Ⅵ족인 S, Se를 상호 교환하여 성장시킨 ZnAl2Se3.6S0.4 고용체의 구조 및 광 발광 메카니즘을 규명하였고, 이로부터 광학적 energy band gap의 온도의존성과 기초적 열역학 함수를 추정고자 한다. 방 법: ZnAl2Se3.6S0.4 단결정은 수송매체로서 iodine을 이용한 화학수송법(CTR)으로 단결정을 성장시켰 다. 단결정을 성장시키기 위하여 시료 출발측을 950 ℃, 성장측을 850 ℃로 하여 7일간 성장시켰다. 기초 흡 수단 부근에서 에너지 띠 간격의 온도의존성을 구하기 위하여 저온장치가 부착된 UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer를 사용하여 광흡수 스펙트럼을 측정하였다. 광발광 특성은 광흡수 특성 측정에 사용하 였던 측정용 시편을 cryogenic system 의 cold finger 에 부착시키고, 여기 광원으로 325 ㎚의 He-Cd laser 를 사용하였으며, double-grating monochromator, data-mate control system, cryogenic system, PM tube 등으로 구성된 측정 system을 사용하여 측정하였다. 결과 및 고찰: ZnAl2Se3.6S0.4 단결정의 에너지 띠 간격과 온도의존성을 구하기 위하여 이들 단결정의 기 초 흡수단 영역인 320 ～ 420㎚ 파장영역과 13K ～ 289K 온도영역에서 광흡수 스펙트럼을 측정하였다. Varshni가 제안한 에너지 띠 간격의 온도의존성 특성에 대한 실험식에 잘 일치하였다. 측정된 energy gap(Eg)으로부터 열역학적 함수 물리량을 추정할 수 있었다. 또한 13K에서 측정한 광발광 스펙트럼에서 보 면 427㎚(2.904 )영역에서 비교적 넓고 세기가 강한 청색 발광 피크와 468㎚(2.648 )영역에서 세기가 약한 청색 발광 피크를 관측할 수 있었다. 결 론: ZnAl2Se3.6S0.4 단결정의 결정구조는 defect chacopyrite 구조였으며, 격자 상수는 a= 5.5563Å, c= 10.8324Å이었다. 또한 찌그러짐 인자값은 0.0504 이었다. 광학적 에너지 띠 간격의 온도 의존성을 규명하 였고, 이 때 Eg(0)=3.538(eV), α=2.02×10-3(eV/K), β=502.19(K)로 주어졌다. Energy band gap의 온도의 존성으로부터 entropy(SCV), heat capacity(CCV), enthalpy(HCV) 값을 추정 할 수 있었다. ZnAl2Se3.6S0.4 결 정의 광발광 특성은 비교적 넓고 세기가 강한 청색 발광 피크와 세기가 약한 청색 발광 피크를 관측할 수 있었 다. 이들 발광 전이기구는 두개의 주개 준위(SD1, DD1)와 한 개의 받개 준위(DA1)사이의 재결합에 의한 발광 메카니즘으로 설명된다.

본 연구에서는 3차원 바람장 생성을 위한 수치 모델의 상층기상 입력 자료로 윈드프로파일러 자료의 적용 가능성과 유용성을 조사했다. 10개 지점의 윈드프로파일러 자료와 기상 예측 모델 WRF의 결과를 기상진단 모델 CALMET에 입력하여 산출한 바람장을 8개 지역에서 관측된 라디오존데 자료와 통계적으로 비교 검증하였다. WRF 바람장 모의 결과를 CALMET에 적용하여 모의한 수평 풍속에 비해 1시간 간격의 윈드프로파일러 자료를 CALMET에 적용하여 모의한 수평 풍속이 평균 제곱근 오차 1.5 m/s 내에서 관측 결과와 일치하고 특히 연안 지역에서 해풍과 같은 국지적인 바람 변화를 잘 모의하였다. 풍향의 평균 제곱근 오차는 50° ~ 70°로써 지형의 영향으로 오염된 윈드프로파일러의 풍향 오차에 기인한다. 윈드프로파일러 자료를 CALMET에 적용하면 대부분의 고도에서 상대적으로 정확한 바람을 신속하고 정확하게 모의할 수 있기 때문에 본 연구에서 제시하는 방법은 연안 지역의 기상뿐만 아니라 안전 환경감시에 유용할 것으로 기대된다.

A new Hibiscus cultivar ‘Woolred’ having vigorous growth, uniform plant habit, upright, compact branches, and unique flower shape was developed through interspecific crosses between H. sinosyriacus ‘Seobong’ (♀) and H. syriacus ‘Samchully’ ( ♂ ). Hibiscus breeding program was initiated in 2002 and Hibiscus × ‘Woolred’ was preliminarily selected as ‘R-161’ in 2004 due to its vigorous growth and stable flower quality with rich pink flower. The selected line was further evaluated for different growth characteristics such as leaf shape, leaf size, flowering characteristics, and tested for distinctness, homogeneity, and stability during 2007-2009. The new cultivar ‘Woolred’ had violet pink color flower (RHS N74C) with red eye spot, medium in size having fan petals. The size of flower was 11.5 cm and size of red eye was 3.2 cm. Leaves were 7.7 cm long and 4.2 cm wide. After the plant characteristics evaluation for 3 years (2007 ~ 2009), it was registered as a cultivar ‘Woolred’ (3702, No. of plant variety protection rights) in 2011. This newly developed cultivar ‘Woolred’ having vigorous growth and unique flower shape can be used as specimen plant in landscape.

양배추가루진딧물[Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus)]의 생명표를 작성하고자 다채(Brassica campestris var. narinosa)를 기주로 7개 온도 (15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33±1℃, 65±5% RH, 16L : 8D)에서 온도발육 실험을 수행하였다. 24℃에서 온도별 사망률은 어린약충기간(1 st ~ 2 nd )에서 18%였고, 노숙약충기간(3 rd ~ 4 th )에서는 0%였다. 18℃에서 어린약충의 발육기간은 8.4일이었고, 온도가 증가 할수록 발육기간은 짧 아졌으며 노숙약충은 6.7일이었다. 선형회귀분석을 이용한 전체약충의 발육영점온도는 7.8℃였고, 유효적산온도는 120.1일도였다. 성충의 수 명과 산자수는 모든 약충이 사망한 15℃와 33℃를 제외하고 5개 온도에서 조사하였다. 성충수명은 21℃에서 14.9일이었고, 24℃에서 58.5개 의 산자를 생산하였다. 생명표에서 순증가율(Ro)은 24℃에서 47.5였으며, 내적자연증가율(rm)과 기간증가율(λ)은 27℃에서 각각 0.36, 1.43이 었다. 배수기간(Dt)은 27℃에서 1.95d이었고, 평균세대기간(T)은 30℃에서 7.43d이었다.

The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, is one of the famous insect pests in the world. This species reveals several morphological variations; however, it is largely divided into two lineages, Southern (Africa, Southern Europe, Southern Asia, and Australian) and Northern (East Asia, Eurasian continent). In 2014, a large number of L. migratoria with red-brown color were suddenly occurred in the southern region (Haenam-gun, Jeollanam-do) in Korea. Generally, L. migratoria collected in Korea has revealed green color, indicating that the occurrence of the red-brown L. migratoria is unprecedented. In this study, mitochondrial COI sequences of 6 red-brown and 6 green individuals of L. migratoria were analyzed to examine 1) linage of the Korean L. migratoria and 2) co-relation between color and genetic difference. The analysis results reveal that all 12 individuals are belonging to the Northern linage; however, they have genetic divergences from 0% to 0.9%, consisting of five haplotypes. In addition, the red-brown and green individuals did not show genetic differences. Our study suggests that the Korean L. migratoria has genetic divergence which do not related with color differences. Additional studies should be need to examine the origin of the Korean L. migratoria and their geographical relationships.

The small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus, and the white backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera, are important agricultural pests. L. striatellus could overwinter in Korean peninsula as nymph stage but S. furcifera could not. We investigated the survivorship and fecundity of two species for comparing population growth. The longevity and fecundity of two species were investigated at temperatures of 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, 20.0, 22.5, 25.0, 27.5, 30.0, 32.5, and 35.0℃. Adult longevity and fecundity of two species were significantly influenced by temperature. Longevities of L. striatellus were longer than those of S. furcifera at different temperatures. Specially, oviposition period of L. striatellus was twice as long as that of S. furcifera. Total fecundity per female of L. striatellus were also more than those of S. furcifera. The oviposition model of each species was consisted of three components - age specific survival rate, age specific oviposition rate and total fecundity per female. The relationship between adult developmental rate and temperatures was described by exponential function. The age specific survival rate and the age specific cumulative oviposition rate were explained by two parameter inversed-Weibull function and Weibull function. Temperature dependent fecundity was estimated using three parameter Gaussian function. Daily egg production of two species in relation to adult age and temperature was estimated.

Initially, most of ubiquitous city(hereafter u-City) projects in Korea were supported by the government because they focused on providing public services. Having constructed several u-Cities, pioneering people realized that there were several issues to successful operations such as providing useful services to citizens, supporting operational costs, continuing the need for investments, and so on. Recently, public-private collaboration efforts have increased to solve these issues. This paper studies a case of such efforts by applying a Public-Private Partnership Cooperation (PPPC) model to u-City projects. The case study introduces u-City development for an Incheon Free Economic Zone (IFEZ). It is expected that the presented case will help boost the sustain-ability of u-Cities by solving surrounding issues and providing an effective operational mechanism.

본 연구는 쌀을 비롯한 저장곡물을 가해하는 어리쌀바구미(Sitophilus zeamais) 성충에 대해서 8종의 식물정유의 훈증독성과 Y-tube를 이용한 후각반응으로 기피효과를 조사하였다. 10㎕/L air의 농도에서 훈증독성시험 결과 pennyroyal과 tea tree 오일에서 각각 97%, 63%의 높은 살충효과를 보였다. 특히, pennyroyal oil(LT50, hour=3.87)은 tea tree oil((LT50, hour=4.09)보다 높고 빠른 살충력을 보였다. 10㎕/filter paper의 농도에서 후각계를 이용한 기피효과는 Cedarwood(80%), Cinnamon(83.3%), Cypress(81.1%), pennyroyal(97.1%) oil이 높은 기피활성을 보였으며, 이보다 낮은 1㎕/filter paper의 농도에서도 Cinnamon(82.4%), Cypress(80.0%), pennyroyal(86.7%) 오일은 높은 기피활성을 나타냈다.

본 연구는 여름기간동안 대파에서 파좀나방 밀도에 따른 피해수준을 분석하고, 해충관리의 기초자료인 경제적피해수준을 제시하고자 수행되었다. 2009년부터 2010년까지 수원지역 대파 재배포장에서 성페로몬 트랩을 이용한 성충 발생 모니터링 결과, 3∼5월, 9월에 특히 많은 개체가 채집되었다. 파좀나방의 가해양상은 유충이 잎을 뚫고 들어가 내부에서 갉아먹으면 잎 표면이 초록빛을 잃고 하얗게 변하였고, 구멍이 생겨났다. 유충 1마리가 전체 유충기간동안 평균 1.6개 잎을 가해하였고, 11.9개의 구멍을 냈으며 피해면적은 1,321.6 mm2에 달했다. 망사케이지에 파좀나방 유충을 밀도수준별로 접종한 결과, 파좀나방 밀도수준에 따라 파의 평균 엽수의 감소와 피해엽률의 증가에 따라 총 수량 및 상품수량이 감소되었다. 피해해석 결과, 해충밀도와 피해엽률간에는 고도로 유의한 정(+)의 상관관계가 있는 회귀식을 구할 수 있었다. 이 식을 이용하여 대파의 상품화율 93%를 감안하여 설정한 피해한도인 피해엽률 7% 수준에서 파좀나방의 경제적 피해수준은 10주당 유충 1마리로 추정되었다.

In Korea, agricultural environment has been rapidly changed by several factors and the directions of agricultural policy of government have not been maintained by the sudden changes in recent years. The paradigm of agriculture policy is shifted from the maintenance and conservation of agricultural production to the increase of economic, social and ecological value based on agricultural profitability. The agricultural policy and production system are changed by following main social concerns; first the concern of the exhaustion of natural resources, second the quality of life is decreased by the physical and biological change of climate disturbance, third the deterioration of living environment by human activity and finally, the attention of food security by the unbalance and decrease of food production. Furthermore, in spite of low food (23%) and energy (29%) self-sufficiency, it would seem that the importance of the expansion and improvement of food production is not considered by agricultural policy makers. The foundation of agricultural production is collapsed and weakened because the policy makers decide to relegate the importance of food production to lower priority. Our present life style will be changed by the exhaustion of carbon energy. As a result, the production system of agricultural products will be improved and the price of the products will be increased. It is discussed how our agricultural environment will be changed with the surroundings, what factors, specially climate changes, will be considered to research pest management, and how the strategy of green pest management based on sustainable agriculture will be possible.

The nymphs of the lantern fly, Lycorma delicatula, typically aggregate on tree branches for feeding. We studied the agonistic interactions between nymphs in the field and investigated the effects of residence and size asymmetries on contest outcome. Resident nymphs took positions and engaged in feeding on tree branches, whereas intruding nymphs moved along tree branches. When intruders approached, residents typically raised their front legs as a threat sign. Intruders would decide to either move away or palpate residents, and residents often lowered their position when palpated. Then, intruders would attempt to shake residents back and forth, and the number of attempts varied from once to several. Residents either maintained its position or fled away. After a contest, the winner was determined as the one which occupied the position it fought over. Resident nymphs won 84.2 % of the agonistic encounters, and nymphs with bigger body size won 63.2 % of the agonistic encounters. The result of the logistic regression analysis revealed that residence was a significant factor for contest outcome, but body size was not

This study was conducted to investigate the insecticidal capacity of several recombinant baculoviruses to P. xylostella and S. exigua larvae. NeuroBactrus was constructed as follows: the cry1-5 of Bacillus thuringiensis 2385-1 was inserted into Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) genome by fusion of polyhedrin-cry1-5-polyhedrin under the control of polyhedrin gene promoter, and insect-specific neurotoxin from the scorpion Androctonus australis (AaIT) under the control of early promoter from Cotesia plutellae bracovirus was introduced by fusion of orf603 partial fragment in the opposite direction of polyhedrin gene, respectively. Other recombinant baculoviruses derived from the NeuroBactrus - NBt-DelA (deleted AaIT), NBt-Del5 (deleted cry1-5), and NBt-DelA5 (deleted AaIT and cry 1-5) - were manufactured in serial passages in vitro. The data were analyzed by SPSS. The value of LC50 was lower when P. xylostella larvae fed on cabbage coated with NeuroBactrus (4068.4) than when it fed on cabbage coated with AcMNPV (4.5x106). Survival time (ST50) of P. xylostella larvae (2.54days) was shorter when it fed on cabbage coated with NeuroBactrus than when it fed on cabbage coated with other recombinant baculoviruses (7.54days, 7.68days, and 8.26days) and AcMNPV (9.67days). S. exigua larvae presented the same results.

Insecticide resistance development of insect pests is one of the main threatening factors against stable crop production and keeping human life safe from insect pest disease vector. To know properties of insecticides resistance is very important to develop a management program against insecticide resistance pests. Insecticide resistance development is an event of evolutionary process. We have to deal with insecticide resistance of insect pests by interaction between insecticide and insect pests in their chemical, physical and biological environment. We can glimpse at and infer the evolutionary process of insects from investigating and comparing the resistance level of insect pests to insecticides. Huge amount and many kinds of insecticides have been sprayed to control insect pests. Development of insecticide resistance of insect such as housefly and mosquito, known as most common medical insect, is a result of adaptation to environment covered with insecticides. We can easily assume that the amount and kind of insecticides sprayed the evolutionary force to the diversity of insecticide resistance. The resistance diversity will be very good character of good markers for determining geographical isolation.

A bee-vectoring method has been recently developed against greenhouse insect pests. In this study, we conducted experiments to determine if bumble bees, bombus terrestris L. could vector Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai from hives equipped with a pathogen dispenser to leaf and flower of sweet pepper. First, in laboratory, insecticidal activity of B. t. subsp. aizawai NT0423 WP (Tobagi, Dongbu Hitek Co.) against 2nd instar larva of Spodoptera litura Fabricius was evaluated to determine if the amount of B. thuringiensis deposited on the leaf and flower would be sufficient to control the tobacco cutworm. The B. t concentration of the product in this experiment was estimated as 2.8-3.1 x 109 CFU/ml. The B. t. concentration on the body of bumble bees that was captured as they exited hives with filled pathogen dispensers was 4.6 x 109 cfu/ml. At the laboratory bioassay, the mortality of tobacco cutworm was serially measured depending on the pathogen concentrations. At the cage trials, the B. t. delivered by bumble bees was detected in bees, flowers and leaves. Through the several trials, the control effect on the tobacco cutworm has been investigating. The side effect on bumble bee from the first trial was not found in this experiment.

The nymphs of the lantern fly, Lycorma delicatula, typically aggregate on tree branches for feeding. We investigated effects of residence and size asymmetries on the agonistic interactions between nymphs in the field. Resident nymphs took positions and engaged in feeding on tree branches, whereas intruding nymphs moved along tree branches. When intruders approached, residents typically raised their front legs as a threat sign. Intruders would decide to either move away or palpate residents, and residents often lowered their position when palpated. Then, intruders would attempt to shake residents back and forth, and the number of attempts varied from once to several. Residents either maintained its position or fled away. After a contest, the winner was determined as the one which occupied the position it fought over. Resident nymphs had a winning rate of 84.61% in agonistic encounters, and the winning rate increased to 87.5% when residents had bigger body sizes than intruders. Bigger individuals had won 61.54 % of agonistic encounters. The behavioral analyses of the agonistic encounters suggested that asymmetry in residence had a strong effect on the outcomes of agonistic encounters, with asymmetries in body sizes producing a weaker effect.

Global warming is one of the most buzzing words these days, as the average temperature increased up to 6.4℃ before the end of 21st century and the water level to 59cm causing severe draught, heavy snowfall, and monster typhoon all over the world. The capacity of natural ecosystem will not be able to contain such changes. Many of the species will be endangered and some of them are warned to be extinct, and accordingly water and food supply will not meet the demand of human. In 2007, IPCC, Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change, made fourth report about global warming and estimated that the CO2 content in the atmosphere increased about 1.35 times to 379ppm at 2005 from 280ppm before the industrialization period pulling the average air temperature up by 0.7℃ a year. The water level as well increased by 1.8mm a year as the polar iceberg and permanent snow melt down. Global warming caused by environmental pollution and greenhouse gas may lead to the increase of price of not only agricultural product but also the industrial products as a consequence, a phenomenon so called Ecoflation, Ecology+inflation. IPCC forecasted that if the present phase use of fossil energy continues the air temperature in 2090-2099 will increase by 4℃ and the water level by 26-59cm compared to that of 1980-1999, warning particularly that the average increase of global temperature by 1.5-2.5℃ a year will put the species of 20-30% into danger of extinction. According to the report by the Korea National Statistical Office about the effect of climate change on the production of agriculture and fishery, the cultivation area of apple which is typical temperate fruit decreased to 29,204ha in 2007 from 52,447ha in 1992. On the other hand the cultivation area of peach increased greatly to 15,014ha(2005) compared to 12,000ha in 1996 as it became possible to grow wherever in Korea. Similar change can also be found for orange and grape, orange can be grown in Jeonnam and Kyuongnam province, and grape in Kangwon province. Jeju island and southern coastal area of Korea worry about the inhabitation of subtropical pests when they invade these area, in fact the pest outbreak as a result of the increase of generation a year is ever more frequent. The typical examples are Paratlanticus ussuriensis (Uvarov), the lantern fly, Lycorma delicatula, and the fruit moths like Carposina sasakii Walsingham.