Background: Choosing to perform squats on an unstable surface potentially offers advantages surpassing those of their stable counterpart. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare muscle activation during squats on stable and unstable surfaces and investigate the relationship among thigh muscles. Design: Observational study. Methods: Nineteen adults participated in this study. The stable surface consisted of a flat floor. The unstable surface involved the use of an air cushion. An air cushion was positioned beneath each foot of the study participants. Surface electromyography was employed to measure muscle activation. %MVC was calculated by measuring muscle activation during squat execution and manual muscle testing. Results: The comparison of muscle activation during squats between stable and unstable surfaces revealed a significant difference in the rectus femoris and biceps femoris (P<.05). On stable surfaces, positive correlations were observed in the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis (P<.05). On unstable surfaces, positive correlations were found between the rectus femoris and vastus medialis (P<.05). Conclusion: This study observed an increase in muscle activation of the rectus femoris and biceps femoris during squats on an unstable support surface compared to a stable support surface.

1,2-Dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB) is in various industries as solvents in herbicides, pesticides, and wax, and as degreasers or in the production of dyes. Studies on the hazards and risks of 1,2-DCB showed that this substance can cause skin corrosion, skin irritability, respiratory irritability, and certain target organ toxicity. Industrial workers are exposed to 1,2-DCB by inhalation or skin exposure and there is a lack of information on human hazards even though they can be exposed to organic compounds such as benzene or other DCB complexes rather than a single substance. In this study, we investigated the specific organ toxicity of 1,2- DCB and sex differences using whole-body inhalation in laboratory mice. Male and female mice were exposed to 0–120 ppm of the test substance for 13 weeks. After euthanization, the organs were collected, histopathological assessments and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed, and lipid peroxidation was analyzed. Macro and microscopic lesions were observed in the livers of male mice exposed to the test substance, and microscopic alterations were observed in the nasal cavities of male and female mice. IHC analysis of the liver confirmed a greater increase in cytochrome P450 induction in males than in female mice, and malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal were increased in both sexes by 1,2-DCB inhalation. Based on the relevant literature and experimental results, 1,2-DCB is believed to cause specific organ toxicity in the livers of male mice and the nasal cavities of both sexes of mice, which is supposed to be related to sex differences in cytochrome P450 induction and changes in lipid and oxidative products associated with the early metabolites of the test substance.

이번에 제시할 화상 사례 보고는 환자와 검사를 시행하는 방사선사의 부주의로 인한 화상 안전사고가 아니라 환자 가운 의 치수 구별을 하기 위하여 사용한 녹색 염료가 착색된 파이핑 라인에서 발생한 복부 부위 화상 안전사고에 대한 MRI 인공물 영상과 사례를 보고하고자 함이다. 화학 착색염료는 다양한 금속을 사용하여 만들어지고 주로 금속 염화물로 이루 어져 있으며 이번에 화상 사례로 발생한 녹색 염료는 열 전도성이 높은 구리와 크롬, 철 성분이 많이 함유된 염화물이 주로 사용되고 있다. 이러한 화상 안전사고를 막기 위해서는 염료의 성분에 대해서 알아보고 열 전도성이 없는 스펀지나 면으로 된 포 등을 피부와 환자 가운 사이에 끼워 간격을 두어야 할 것이다. 이번 화상 사례는 철저한 검사 전 선별 절차에도 불구 하고 화상 안전사고가 발생할 수 있음을 보여 주고 있으며 MRI 인공물 영상을 확인하여 조치하면 화상 안전사고를 미리 예방할 수 있는 정보로 가치가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

The emergence of Mo2C- based catalysts in recent years has been favored as promising contender within diverse class MXenes. In terms of rapid development in the photocatalytic application, these intriguing compounds exhibit excellent photocatalytic performance because of their superior optical properties and peculiar structure characteristics. Unfortunately, a systematic review of Mo2C- based catalysts is lacking. In this review, we abstract the implication of structure—property relationship of emerging Mo2C- based MXenes materials and their applications toward the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Furthermore, synthetic pathways to prepare high-quality, low cost Mo2C- based MXenes materials and their outcomes for high HER applications are systematically described. Finally, several insights are provided into the prospects and future challenges for the development of highly reactive Mo2C- based MXenes materials, which present large range opportunities in this promising 2D materials for green and clean energy in environmental fields. This review provides a comprehensive scientific guide to the preparation, modification, and photocatalytic HER of MXenes-based materials.

Reliable, inexpensive, environment-friendly, and durable properties of carbon materials with unique and outstanding photoelectric performance is highly desired for myriad of applications such as catalysis and energy storage. Since lattice modulation is a vital method of surface modification of materials, which form by an external force during the synthesis process, causing the internal compression and stretching, leading to lattice sliding event. In this review, we present a summary of different methods to tailor the lattice modulation in 2D carbon-based materials, including grain/twin boundary, lattice strain, lattice distortion, and lattice defects. This overview highlights the implication control of the diverse morphologies of nanocrystals and how to tailor the materials properties without adding any polymers. The improvement in the performance of 2D carbon materials ranges from the enhancement of charge transport and conductivity, structural stability, high-performance of light absorption capacity, and efficient selectivity promote the future prospect of 2D carbon materials broaden their applications in terms of energy conversion and storage. Finally, some perspectives are proposed on the future developments and challenges on 2D carbon materials towards energy storage applications.

In this study, the synthesis of nitrobenzene was carried out using sulfated silica catalyst. The study delved into H2SO4/SiO2 as a solid acid catalyst and the effect of its weight variation, as well as the use of a microwave batch reactor in the synthesis of nitrobenzene. SiO2 was prepared using the sol-gel method from TEOS precursor. The formed gel was then refluxed with methanol and calcined at a temperature of 600 °C. SiO2 with a 200-mesh size was impregnated with 98 % H2SO4 by mixing for 1 h. The resulting 33 % (w/w) H2SO4/SiO2 catalyst was separated by centrifugation, dried, and calcined at 600 °C. The catalyst was then used as a solid acid catalyst in the synthesis of nitrobenzene. The weights of catalyst used were 0.5; 1; and 1.5 grams. The synthesis of nitrobenzene was carried out with a 1:3 ratio of benzene to nitric acid in a microwave batch reactor at 60 °C for 5 h. The resulting nitrobenzene liquid was analyzed using GC-MS to determine the selectivity of the catalyst. Likewise, the use of a microwave batch reactor was found to be appropriate and successful for the synthesis of nitrobenzene. The thermal energy produced by the microwave batch reactor was efficient enough to be used for the nitration reaction. Reactivity and selectivity tests demonstrated that 1 g of H2SO4/SiO2 could generate an average benzene conversion of 40.33 %.

In recent years, the marketing literature has given considerable attention to the concept of online consumer misbehaviour. However, this increased interest has resulted in a significant accumulation of knowledge, leading to fragmentation and confusion in the field. This situation has serious implications for both researchers and practitioners, as it impedes the development of a coherent and unified understanding of the field. To address this issue, this paper presents a systematic review aimed at consolidating and organizing the available research on online consumer misbehaviour. The paper provides a conceptualization and operationalization of the concept of OCM. Additionally, the paper identifies and discusses the existing theories used in the field of OCM research.

This study investigates the effect of co-creation on psychological well-being and future co-creation intention on social media. Data were collected from the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. Although the results suggest that the effects of co-creation on users may differ depending on context, they generally show that co-creation experience has a positive relationship with co-creation behavior, and that risk assessment moderates this relationship. Co-creation experience also has a positive relationship with psychological well-being, and co-creation behavior mediates this relationship. The results also confirm that co-creation behavior has a positive relationship with future co-creation intention, and co-creation behavior mediates the relationship between co-creation experience and future co-creation intention.

Compulsive buying is a problematic behavior that could lead to negative outcomes (e.g., debts and negative relationships with relatives). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, people changed their shopping behavior and experienced various life events. This research aims at exploring the relationship between life events and compulsive buying in Indonesia. A qualitative approach using in-depth interviews was employed. Nineteen participants who faced changing course of life, either positive (e.g., give birth) or negative (e.g., sudden death of family), during the pandemic were interviewed. We found that positive life events cause people to feel over-excited and over-grateful and shop compulsively. Negative life events that result in self-doubt and lower self-esteem also lead to a compulsive behavior. The study contributes to the compulsive behavior literature by exploring the antecedent of compulsive buying from the live events perspective and provide implications for policy makers and marketers.