Recently, it is demonstrate that the invertebrates have a immune memory, called Immune priming (IP). It was partially studied that the IP is mainly regulated by epigenetic modification. Here, to understand the IP on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) production, we investigated larval mortality and time-dependent expression patterns of AMP genes in T. molitor larvae challenged with E. coli (two-times injection with a one-month interval). Interestingly, the results indicate that the higher and faster expression levels of most AMP genes were detected compared to the non-primed T. molitor larvae. Our results may used to improve the understanding of mechanisms of invertebrate immune memory.

먹노린재 합성집합페로몬 후보물질 12종에 대한 유인력을 평가하였다. 페로몬 방출기는 4구 후각계 (Olfacomter)를 사용하였고 4개의 진공관에 각각 후보물질을 투입 후 진공 유압 방식으로 방출하여 포집기에 유인되는 먹노린재의 개채수를 측정하는 방법으로 검정하였다. 4구 후각계 페로몬 평가 방법은 기존 Y-관 후각 계의 문제점인 양방향 선택성과 공간 한정성을 개선하여 평가의 정확성을 향상시켰다. 유인력 평가 결과 12종의 유인제 후보물질 중 Trans-2-Decenal이 먹노린재 실험개체에 대하여 100% 유인력을 보였다. 또한, 선별된 Trans-2-Decenal의 먹노린재 유인력에 대한 유효농도 시험을 진행 한 결과, 50%의 농도에서 유인력이 가장 높았 다. 본 연구를 통해서 선별된 Trans-2 Decenal은 기존의 노린재과에 대한 페로몬 트랩에 비해 먹노린재에 대한 유인 효과가 높을 것으로 사료되었다. 이에 따라, Trans-2 Decenal을 기반으로 한 페로몬 트랩이 상용화된다면 추후의 먹노린재 방제 효과가 높아질 것으로 기대된다.

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, has developed extremely high levels of resistance to chlorantraniliprole and other classes of insecticides in the field. As microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in various biological processes through gene regulation. we examined the miRNA profile of S. frugiperda in response to Chlorantraniliprole, Indoxacarb and Thiamethoxam. Transcriptome analysis showed significant changes in the abundance of some miRNAs after treatment of S. frugiperda larvae with LC20 concentrations of three insecticides. A total of 197 miRNAs were systematically identified from S. frugiperda, and 16, 9, 2 miRNAs were differentially expressed after treatments of three insecticides. Importantly, three miRNAs were significantly downregulated and three were upregulated by RT-qPCR after treatment the LC50 of three insecticides with S. frugiperda larvae. Microinjection of agomirs of these six miRNAs into S. frugiperda larvae resulted in significant changes in mortality rates when exposed to three insecticides. Additionally, we also screened potential target genes for some of differentially expressed miRNAs, which may play important roles in insecticide resistance development. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance and underscore the potential of miRNAs as targets for the development of novel pest control strategies in S. frugiperda.

Owing to the great demand for portable and wearable chemical sensors, the development of all-solid-state potentiometric ion sensors is highly desirable considering their simplicity and stability. However, most ion sensors are challenged by the penetration of water and gas molecules into ion-selective membranes, causing unstable and undesirable sensing performances. In this study, a hydrophobic ionic liquid-modified graphene (Gr) sheet was prepared using a fluid dynamics-induced exfoliation and functionalization process. The high hydrophobicity and electrical double-layer capacitance of Gr make it a potential solid-state ion-to-electron transducer for the development of potentiometric sodium-ion ( Na+) sensors. The as-prepared Na+ sensors effectively prevented the formation of the water layer and penetration of gas species, resulting in stable and high sensing performances. The Na+ sensors showed a Nernstian sensitivity of 58.11 mV/[Na+] with a low relative standard deviation (0.46), fast response time (5.1 s), good selectivity (K < 10− 4), and good durability. Furthermore, the Na+ sensor demonstrated its feasibility in practical applications by measuring accurate and reliable ion concentrations of artificial human sweat and tear samples, comparable to a commercial ion meter.

자생식물은 관상용, 약용, 식량자원으로 활용될 수 있는 잠재력을 지닌 고유 유전자원이다. 돌부추(Allium koreanum H.J. Choi & B.U. Oh)는 우리나라 해안 암반지대에 분포하는 자생식물 중 하나로, 기후변화와 서식지 감 소로 인해 보전 가치가 높은 식물이다. 이번 연구는 온도와 과산화수소가 돌부추의 발아에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 종자를 무처리(대조군) 또는 1% 과산화수소(H2O2)로 90분간 처리한 종자를 준비해 15, 20, 25°C 로 설정된 식물 생장 챔버에 배치하였다. 그 결과, 파종 23일 후 15°C에서 42%인 발아율이 20°C와 25°C에서 각각 18%와 0%인 발아율보다 2배 이상 높았으며, H2O2 처리 여부와 관계없이 15°C에서 발아율이 42%로 가장 높았다. H2O2 처리와 관계없이 최종 발아율 50%(T50)에 도달하는 일수는 20°C에서 가장 짧았지만, 일평균 발아율(MDG)은 15°C에서 가장 높았다. 따라서 1%의 H2O2 처리는 돌부추의 발아율에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았으며, 15°C의 온도가 돌부추의 발아율을 높이는 데 최적인 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구 결과는 돌부추의 발아를 위한 기초 연구 자료로 활 용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

먹노린재의 방제시기 설정을 위하여 서식지 내 발생 양상을 조사하였다. 전라남도를 중심으로 돌발 대량 발생 한 먹노린재의 발생 조사는 2023년도 벼의 모내기가 완료된 시점부터 전남 곡성군 석곡면과 여수시 화양면 일대 의 친환경단지에서 주 1회 실시하였으며, 벼의 수확이 완료되는 시점까지 진행될 예정이다. 금년도 발생 조사 결과는 지난 2021년도 결과와 비교하여 분석하고자 하였다. 현제까지의 결과, 여수시의 친환경단지 내 먹노린재 의 발생은 모내기가 완료된 이 후 2주 경과 시점에서 발견되었으며, 곡성군은 4주 경과 시점에서 발견되었고, 발생 최고점은 여수시의 경우 모내기 후 6주 경과 시점으로, 곡성군의 경우 5주 경과 시점으로 나타났다. 먹노린재 의 대발생이 지속되던 2021년도의 결과와 비교하였을 때, 2023년도 결과도 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라, 먹노린재 친환경제재 살포 시기는 모내기 후 2주 경과 시점이 적절한 것으로 나타났으며, 2차 방제 시점에 대해서 는 추가 조사를 통해서 제안하고자 한다.

During the larval development process of insects, juvenile hormone (JH) is essential for regulating various aspects of larval life, including growth, reproduction, and behavior, throughout their larval stage. The larval stage of Spodoptera frugiperda, when it consumes plant-derived metabolites, develops into pupae, but these pupae are unable to molt successfully. In this way, plant-derived metabolites contain or produce inhibitors of juvenile hormone, thereby disrupting the development of insect larvae and making them vulnerable to harm. Therefore, in this study, we established an in vitro screening system using yeast cells transformed with the Met-SRC juvenile hormone receptor of S. frugiperda. Through this system, we were able to identify juvenile hormone disruptors from plant-derived metabolites and confirm their developmental inhibitory effects on the larvae of S. frugiperda.

In this study, a smart bench was developed and researched smart benches that can contribute to user convenience and satisfaction by installing them in parks, bus stops, and tourist attractions in line with the rapidly changing construction of smart cities. The smart bench is automatically operated by the control system according to the external temperature and provides additional functions such as charging, lighting, and advertising to improve general bench functions as well as heating in winter and cooling in summer, making it suitable for smart urbanization. The developed smart bench is designed to be strong enough to withstand loads of about 2,500 N. It minimizes the visible parts such as assembled bolts and 220V power supply wires, It can also give aesthetic effects. The development was carried out with the aim of waterproofing and dustproofing of IP44 grade in accordance with the climate of Republic of Korea, which has four seasons, and it is advantageous for long-term use because the paint was selected for the weather ability (discoloration) grade 3 or higher. If smart bench is commercialized, it is believed that various options can be provided to the smart bench market, where buyers had few product options, as the parts were developed in an assembled type so that all functions can be responded in an optional form according to the installation environment and the buyer's budget.

We report potentiometric performances of ion-to-electron transducer based on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) for application of all-solid-state potassium ion sensors. A large surface area and pore structure of RGO are obtained by a hydrothermal self-assembly of graphene oxide. The extensive electrochemical characterization of RGO solid contact at the interface of ionselective membrane and gold electrode shows that the potassium ion-selective electrode based on RGO had a high sensitivity (53.34 mV/log[K+]), a low detection of limit (− 4.24 log[ K+], 0.06 mM) a good potential stability, and a high resistance to light and gas interferences. The potentiometric K+- sensor device was fabricated by combining of screen-printed electrodes and a printed circuit board. The K+- sensor device accurately measures the ion concentration of real samples of commercial sports drinks, coke and orange juice, and then transfers the collected data to a mobile application through a Bluetooth module. The screen-printed ion sensors based on RGO solid contact show a great potential for real-time monitoring and point-of-care devices in human health care, water-treatment process, and environmental and chemical industries.