The initial development plans for the six reactor designs, soon after the release of Generation IV International Forum (GIF) TRM in 2002, were characterized by high ambition [1]. Specifically, the sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) and very-high temperature reactor (VHTR) gained significant attention and were expected to reach the validation stage by the 2020s, with commercial viability projected for the 2030s. However, these projections have been unrealized because of various factors. The development of reactor designs by the GIF was supposed to be influenced by events such as the 2008 global financial crisis, 2011 Fukushima accident [2, 3], discovery of extensive shale oil reserves in the United States, and overly ambitious technological targets. Consequently, the momentum for VHTR development reduced significantly. In this context, the aims of this study were to compare and analyze the development progress of the six Gen IV reactor designs over the past 20 years, based on the GIF roadmaps published in 2002 and 2014. The primary focus was to examine the prospects for the reactor designs in relation to spent nuclear fuel burning in conjunction with small modular reactor (SMR), including molten salt reactor (MSR), which is expected to have spent nuclear fuel management potential.

Since interstellar objects like 1I/`Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov originate from exoplanetary systems, evenif we do not visit the exoplanetary systems,yby, rendezvous, and sample return missions of interstellarobjects can provide clues to solve the mysteries of cosmic life phenomena such as the origin of exoplanetarysystems, galactic evolution, biosignatures (or even technosignatures), and panspermia. In this paper, wereview space missions for interstellar object exploration in the stage of mission design or concept studysuch as Project Lyra, Bridge, Comet Interceptors, and LightcraftTM. We also review space missions,OSIRIS-REx and NEA Scout, designed for Near Earth Asteroids(NEA) explorations, to investigate thecurrent state of basic technologies that can be extended to explore interstellar objects in a velocity of~ 6AU/year. One of the technologies that needs to be developed for interstellar object exploration is aspacecraft propulsion method such as solar sail, which can catch up with the fast speed of interstellarobjects. If this kind of propulsion becomes practical for space explorations, interstellar object explorationswill mark a new era and serve as a driving force to provide evidences of cosmic life.

‘다하’는 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 고령지농업연구소에서 2018년도 육성한 사계성 딸기 신품종이다. ‘다하’는 ‘새봉3호’ 를 모본으로 하고 ‘고하’를 부본으로 2012년 교배하여, 고온 장일 조건에서 과실이 크고 화방이 연속적으로 출현되는 우수한 사계성 개체를 선발한 것이다. 대관령의 여름재배 작형에서 2015년부터 2016년까지 생산력 및 특성검정을 거쳐 ‘새봉 10호’로 계통명을 부여하고, 지역적응성 시험을 거쳐 ‘다하’로 명명하였다. ‘다하’의 초형은 반개장형이며, 초세가 왕성하다. 과실모양은 원추형이며, 과색은 붉은 색이다. ‘다하’의 화방장은 25.3 cm 로 대조품종인 ‘고하’보다 14.1 cm 더 짧았다. 또한 ‘다하’의 출현화방수는 12.3개로 ‘고하’의 15.0개보다 2.7개 더 적게 발 생하였다. ‘다하’의 평균과중은 12.0 g으로 ‘고하’의 9.0 g보다 3.0 g 더 무거웠다. 그러나 과실품질은 두 품종 모두 비슷하였다. ‘다하’의 상품수량은 45,972 kg·ha-1로 ‘고하’의 21,481 kg·ha-1 보다 214% 증수되었다. 따라서 ‘다하’는 대과성이며 수확량이 많은 사계성 품종으로 농가보급 시 높은 소득이 기대된다.

고슬’은 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 고령지농업연구소에서 2016년도 육성한 중일성 딸기 신품종이다. ‘고슬’은 ‘Albion’을 모본으로 하고 ‘설향’을 부본으로 2012년 교배하여, 고온장일조건에서 과실이 크고 화방이 연속적으로 출현되는 우수한 중일성 개체를 선발한 것이다. 대관령의 가을재배 작형에서 2015년부터 2016년까지 생산력 및 특성검정을 거쳐 ‘새봉 9호’로 계통명을 부여하고, 지역적응성 시험을 거쳐 ‘고슬’로 명명하였다. ‘고슬’의 초형은 개장형이며, 엽형은 둥근형이며, 초세는 중간이다. 과실모양은 원추형이며, 과색은 붉은색이다. ‘고슬’의 화방수는 2.5개로 ‘Redpearl’보다 1.5개 더 많았다. ‘고슬’의 경도는 31.6 g·mm-2으로 매우 단단하였다. 또한 수확기간 2개월 동안 8.4개의 상품과일이 수확되었다. 가을에 수확된 ’고슬‘의 상품수량은 19,580 kg·ha-1로 경제적 재배가 가능하였다. 신품종 딸기 ‘고슬’은 고온에서도 화방이 잘 발생하고 착과되어 우리나라 고랭지 및 동남아 고원지대에서 재배가 가능한 중일성 딸기 품종이다.

This study was carried out to confirm the predatory and developmental features of N. stenoferus. We determine the host range of N. stenoferus. As a result, it was confirmed that Aphis gssypii, Myzus persicae, Planococcus citri, and Frankliniella occidentalis. N. stenoferus is thought to be able to feed on other micro pests. The test for a developmental period of N. stenoferus at 25℃ showed that the egg period was about 10 days. The nymphal period was about 18 days. Each nymphal period from 1st instar to 3rd instar nymphs was about 3 days. And the nymphal period of 4th and 5th were about 3.5 and 6 days, respectively. The female adult laid eggs in stem tissue or on leaves, and sometimes on the soaked cotton for water supply.

In Korea, two species, Anoplophora chinensis and Anoplophora glabripennis, have been recorded until now. Recently, outbreaks of Anoplophora spp. were reported locally in Seoul, Ulsan, Incheon, Gimhae, and Jeonju from 2015 to 2017. In this study, Anoplophora spp. were collected in the four regions, Ulsan, Incheon, Gimhae, and Jeonju, and their morphological and molecular characteristics were compared with those of Anoplophora spp. collected from several local regions. Twelve COI sequences of the Incheon/Gimhae/Ulsan/Jeonju populations in A. glabripennis were identical to KY357648, KY357652, and KY357651, and two COI sequences of Ulsan populations in A. chinensis were identical to AB439163. These sequences were generated from Chinese and Japanese Anoplophora samples by foreign researchers, suggesting the possibility of the invasion of Chinese and Japanese populations of Anoplophora spp. into Korea.

This study was carried out to confirm the parasitic and developmental features of A. japonica and D. suzkii was used as a parasitic natural enemy. A. japonica attacked the D. suzukii larvae and the emergence of adults were observed from D. suzukii pupae. Black spots were observed in parasitized D. suzukii larvae. Mortality of parasitized larvae, rate of parasitic and developmental feature were investigated according to developmental stages of host, D. suzukii. Mortality and rate of parasitic of D. suzukii larvae were the highest when second instar larvae were attacked. Developmental period of parasitized D. suzukii larvae showed differences to developmental stages, but there was no significant difference in developmental stage of pupal period.

Breast cancer is of enormous concern worldwide and linked with age, sex, hormonal factors, and family history. The treatment of early breast cancer includes treating the disease locally with surgery, radiation therapy, or both and treating microscopic systemic disease with either one or a combination of chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, or biologic therapy. Doxorubicin is a well-known anthracycline antibiotic and antineoplastic drug usually administered to breast cancer patients. However, there have been some reports suggesting that doxorubicin causes side effects such as cardiotoxicity. Furthermore, breast cancer patients on doxorubicin treatment are commonly prescribed steroid suppression therapy. In addition, it has been previously reported that lack of estrogen elevates cardiotoxicity. In this study, we evaluated whether the steroid suppression therapy might influence the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. We hypothesized that the presence of a steroid hormone, particularly estrogen, is closely related to doxorubicin action. To investigate the effect of estrogen, mice were divided into four groups: control group, doxorubicin-treated group, ovariectomized group, and ovariectomized plus doxorubicin-treated group. We observed upregulation of inflammatory cytokine gene and downregulation of apoptotic genes in the groups treated with doxorubicin, particularly in the ovariectomized plus doxorubicin-treated group. This suggests that administration of doxorubicin under a non-steroid condition can excessively damage the heart. In summary, combination treatment of hormonal and doxorubicin therapy for breast or many different types of cancer patients must be prescribed with requisite precautions.

Buckwheat is a major food crop with a world production of 1.9 million tons. This study analyzes the domestic and overseas production trends of buckwheat and presents supply and demand forecasts to provide basic data for stable production of buckwheat. Asia has the largest cultivated area of buckwheat and its production has been increasing not only in Asia but also in Europe. Notably, the trend of buckwheat production is steadily increasing in the Americas and some African countries. The top 5 producers of buckwheat are Russia, China, Ukraine, France and Poland. In particular, China and Russia accounts for 64% of the total production. Among the 28 producing countries, Korea placed 11 ~ 17th in production rank, which is at the middle of the total countries. In Korea, the cultivation of buckwheat started in 1961 covering 21,548 ha, and peaked at 27,417 ha in 1968, but then decreased to 2,095 ha in 2014. However, in 2016, the cultivated area has slightly increased to 3,177 ha. The recent interest in health foods has raised the domestic demand for buckwheat. The annual consumption of buckwheat per capita in 2016 is 80 g, and domestic self-sufficiency rate is 62.2% in 2016 which is higher than other grains. Buckwheat is currently consumed in the form of flour, buckwheat groat, etc., including noodles, which accounts for more than 96% of the total processed form of buckwheat. The market for buckwheat is expected to expand with the creation of buckwheat beverages with high added value like buckwheat tea.

본 연구에서는 볶음 처리 후 여주의 총 phenolics, 총 flavonoids, 갈변물질(MRPs, maillard reaction products), 항산화 활성 및 α-glucosidase 저해활성을 비교하였다. 또한 alkaloids 유도체와 쓴맛 저감 효과를 평가하였다. 볶음 온도 및 시간이 증가함에 따라 볶음 처리된 여주는 총 phenolics, 총 flavonoids, MRPs, 항산화 활성 및 α-glucosidase 저해활성 역시 증가하였으나, alkaloid계 화합물 및 쓴맛은 감소하였다. 특히 200℃에서 15분 동안 볶은 여주는 총 phenolics, 총 flavonoids, MRPs, 항산화 활성 및 α-glucosidase 저해활성이 가장 높았고 alkaloid계 화합물 및 쓴맛은 가장 낮게 나타났다. 이 결과로부터 볶음 여주는 쓴맛이 저감되고 이들 추출물은 식품에서도 잠재적인 천연 항산화제로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

The 304 stainless steel powders were prepared by high energy ball milling and subsequently sintered byspark plasma sintering, and the microstructural characteristics and micro-hardness were investigated. The initial size ofthe irregular shaped 304 stainless steel powders was approximately 42 µm. After high energy ball milling at 800 rpmfor 5h, the powders became spherical with a size of approximately 2 µm, and without formation of reaction compounds.From TEM analysis, it was confirmed that the as-milled powders consisted of the aggregates of the nano-sized particles.As the sintering temperature increased from 1073K to 1573K, the relative density and micro-hardness of sintered sampleincreased. The sample sintered at 1573K showed the highest relative density of approximately 95% and a micro-hard-ness of 550 Hv.

1. 야콘의 덩이뿌리는 ‘땅속의 과일’ 또는 ‘올리고당의 왕’으로 불리우며 기능성 성분으로 프락토올리고당을 함유하고있다.2. 야콘의 프락토올리고당은 난소화성의 당질로서 주요 성분으로 케스토즈(kestose), 니스토즈(nystose) 등이 있다.3. 야콘의 프락토올리고당은 프리바이오틱스(prebiotics)로서장내 유산균인 비피더스 균 증식, 미네랄 흡수 촉진, 정장 기능, 지질대사 개선, 항비만 효과, 심혈관계 질환 예방 및 중성지방 합성 감소 역할을 한다.4. 야콘의 식품학적 기능성 및 우수성을 다른 뿌리작물과 비교하고자 프락토올리고당 함량을 조사한 결과, 야콘 8.1%, 마늘 3.3%, 우엉 2.0% 순으로서, 야콘이 가장 우수하였다.5. 또한 저장기간 변화에 따른 프락토올리고당 함량 변화 양상을 조사한 결과 저장기간이 길어질수록 그 함량이 감소하였으며, 저장 1개월부터 그 함량이 8.1%에서 4.8%로 59% 이상급격히 감소하였다. 따라서 저장조건 개선연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 6. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 야콘의 기능성 식품소재로의 다양한 연구가 가능할 것이다.

땅속의 과일로 알려진 야콘은 라틴 아메리카 안데스 지역이 원산인 국화과 식물로 고구마처럼 생겼으며, 생으로 먹으면 아삭아삭한 배 맛을 느낄 수 있다. 다년생 초본으로 분류되지만 초겨울에 동상해가 자주 발생하는 곳에서는 식물체가 고사하기 쉬우므로 일년생으로 재배하기도 한다. 최근 세계 야콘 생산동향을 살펴 본 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 안데스 지역에서 천년 이상 재배되어 온 야콘의 최근 기능성 성분이 밝혀지면서 전세계적으로 생산 수요가 급증하였다. 2. 야콘은 원산지인 안데스를 벗어나 최근 30년간 전세계적으로 확대되어 일본, 미국, 체코, 독일, 뉴질랜드, 및 우리나라에서 적응성 및 생산성이 검토되었다. 3. 야콘의 생산성은 ha 당 체코 24톤, 에콰도르 41톤, 페루 27 ~ 52톤, 브라질 32 ~ 100톤, 뉴질랜드 40톤, 일본 49톤, 대한민국 19~55톤으로 국가별로 많은 차이를 보인다. 4. 국내에서는 야콘의 기능성 성분이 알려지면서 최근 10년간 야콘의 재배면적과 재배농가 수는 1999년 8 ha, 10여 농가에서 2009년에는 166 ha, 447농가로 각각 20배, 45배 증가하였다. 5. 우리나라에서 친환경 재배 가능한 작물인 야콘의 수요가 점진적으로 증가할 것으로 판단된다.

분화용 바위떡풀 신품종 ‘은하수(Eunhasoo)’는 꽃이 백색 품종인 백수(百壽)를 모본으로 진한 핑크색 품종 인 양우(良友)을 부본으로 하여 인공교배 하였으며 2004년~2007년까지 온실에서 재배하면서 특성검정을 한 후 최종 선정하여 ‘은하수(Eunhasoo)’라는 품종으 로 품종보호권이 등록되었다. ‘은하수’는 꽃이 9월 30일부터 피기 시작하여 10월 하순까지 약 26일간 지속되며 꽃 수는 325개 정도이 고 꽃대수 4.3개, 꽃대길이는 12.2 cm로 작고 화분에 꽉 차서 안정적이었다. 꽃은 연한 분홍색(R-P 65B +W-155A)이며 꽃 길이는 2.2 cm, 폭은 2.0 cm 로 작았고 꽃잎 수는 8.3개로 비대(大)자형을 이루며 옆 길이는 3.1 cm, 폭은 3.6 cm로 컸으며 잎 수는 36.0개로 적었다. 수술은 수에 있어서 3~7개로 변화가 많은 것이 특징이다.

바위떡풀 분화용 신품종 ‘스타플라워(Starflower)’는 핑크색 품종인 주노(朱鷺)를 모본으로 밝은 핑크색 품 종인 홍완(紅完)을 부본으로 하여 2004년 인공 교배하 여 2005년~2007년까지 온실재배를 하면서 특성검정을 한 후 최종적으로 화색, 화형 및 초형이 우수한 신품 종으로 출원하여 2011년 품종보호권이 등록되었다. ‘스타플라워’ 품종의 꽃은 10월 3일부터 피기 시작 하여 10월 하순까지 약 26일간 지속되며 꽃은 85개 정도이고 화경수는 6.4개로 많으며 화경장은 15.5 cm 로 적당하였다. 꽃은 진한 분홍색(R-P 67C)이며 꽃 길이 3.3 cm, 폭이 3.1 cm 정도이고 꽃잎 수는 6.0개 로 불규칙적이며 잎 길이는 5.0 cm, 폭은 5.5 cm로 컸으며 엽수는 44.0개 적었다.

SERPINB3 (also known Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1, SCCA1) is involved in apoptosis, immune response, cell migration and invasiveness of cells. It has been investigated in various types of squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore we investigated the functional role of SERPINB3 gene in human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) using laying hens, the most relevant animal model. In 136 laying hens, EOC was found in 10 (7.4%). We compared the expression and localization of SERPINB3 using RT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, and SERPINB3 activation was detected in chicken and human ovarian cancer cell lines using immunofluorescence microscopy. Thereafter, we examined the prognostic value of SERPINB3 expression in patients with EOC by multivariate linear logistic regression and Cox’ proportional hazard analyses. In present study, SERPINB3 mRNA was induced in cancerous ovaries (p< 0.01), and it was only expressed in the glandular epithelium(GE) of cancerous ovaries of laying hens. SERPINB3 protein was localized predominantly to the nucleus of glandular epithelium in cancerous ovaries of laying hens, and it was abundant in the nucleus of both chicken and human ovarian cancer cell lines. In 109 human patients with EOC, 15 (13.8%), 66 (60.6%) and 28 (25.7%) of those patients showed weak, moderate and strong expression of SERPINB3 protein, respectively. Strong expression of SERPINB3 protein was a prognostic factor for platinum resistance (adjusted OR, 5.94; 95% Confidence Limits, 1.21-29.15). Therefore SERPINB3 may play an important role in ovarian carcinogenesis and be a novel biomarker for predicting platinum resistance and a poor prognosis for survival in patients with EOC. This research was funded by the World Class University (WCU) program (R31-10056), Basic Science Research Program (2010- 0013078) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology and by the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (No.PJ008142), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

The Trichoderma disease, commonly referred to as green mold, has been previously considered as a problem in mushroom production, because it typically occurred in association with low-quality compost or poor hygiene. We studied growth of Trichoderma spp. (Trichoderma aggressivum, Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma viride) is under the control of environment factors ; 15℃ - 35 ℃ of incubation temperature, pH 3 - pH 11 of medium and 55% - 75% moisture content of rice straw medium. At the temperature of incubation, Trichoderma spp. had the highest growth rate at 25 ℃ and had no growth at 35 ℃. At the pH of medium, Trichoderma spp. had the highest growth rate at pH 5 and had the lowest growth rate at pH 11. In the Moisture content of rice straw medium, Trichoderma spp. had the highest growth at 75% moisture content and had the lowest growth rate at 55% moisture content.

Essential oil from Chamaecyparis obtusa leaves and water extract from Pseudotsuga menziesii sawdust were examined for antifungal activity against Trichoderma spp. (Trichoderma aggressivum, Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderm harzianum. Trichoderma koningii, Trichoder-ma viride). Generally, essential oil and water extract inhibited the growth of Trichoderma spp. by about 25% and 33%, respectively, at 1000 ppm. Antifungal activity of water extract was slightly higher than essential oil at 1000 ppm. Antifungal activity was increased with increasing concentration of essential oil and water extract. This study was carried out the investigation of the chemical composition of essential oil from Chamaecyparis obtusa leaves and water extract from Pseudotsuga menziesii sawdust. The essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS and water extract analyzed by GC-MS/HS. Thirty-eight components were identified, of which terpinyl acetate (13.41%), elemol (11.86%) and isobornyl acetate (7.89%) were the main compounds in essential oil. Twenty-four components were identified, of which 2-Isopropoxy-ethylamine (46.45%), Epifluorohydrin (8.62%) and Trans-2,3-Dimethyloxirane (7.78%) were the main compounds in water extract. Based on all results described above, we conclude that the essential oil and water extact may have a potent in vitro antifungal activity against Trichoderma spp.