The in vitro experiment was conducted to ensure the supplemental level of spent Flammulina velutipes mushroomsubstrates (SMS) as an energy source in manufacturing of whole crop sorghum silage. Sorghum harvested at heading stage wasensiled with spent mushroom substrates of 20% (S-20), 40% (S-40) and 60% (S-60) as fresh matter basis for 6 week. Theexperiment was conducted by 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 hrs of incubation time with 3 replications. The silages were evaluatedfermentation characteristics and dry matter digestibility (DMD) in vitro. The pH of in vitro solution was inclined to decrease withelapsing the incubation time, and that of the S-20 was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the other treatment at 48 hr ofincubation. Gas production was greater (P<0.05) in the S-20 than the other treatments at 6 and 12 hrs of incubation. Themicrobial growth in vitro was inclined to decrease following 24 hr of incubation, and thereafter sustained the similar levels. Invitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was lowered by increasing the supplemental level of spent mushroom substrate, and was alow level in the S-60 throughout whole incubation time. Althoughthe IVDMD for S-40 was steadily increased from 9 hr ofincubation and reached to similar level with the S-20 at 48 hourof incubation, however SMS for whole crop sorghum silagefermentation might as well add about 20 to 30% in fresh matterbasis when considering DMD.

The recent development in genetic assisted selection (combining traditional- and genome assisted selection method) and reproduction technologies will allow multiplying elite cow in Hanwoo small farm. This review describes the new context and corresponding needs for genome assisted selection schemes and how reproductive technologies can be incorporated to get more genetic gain for cow genetic improvement in Hanwoo. New improved massive phenotypes and pedigree information are being generated from commercial farm sector and these are allowing to do genetic evaluation using BLUP to get elite cows in Korea. Moreover cattle genome information can now be incorporated into breeding program. In this context, this review will discuss about combining the reproductive techniques (Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer; MOET) and genome assisted selection method to get more genetic gain in Hanwoo breeding program. Finally, how these technologies can be used for multiplication of elite cow in small farm was discussed.

This study was conducted to determine the growth performance and carcass characteristics of fattening Hanwoo heifers slaughtered at different ages. Twenty one Hanwoo heifers were randomly allocated to three groups (32, 36 and 40 months age), with 7 steers each, respectively. In the result, initial and final body weights were 125.6 and 651.0 kg, respectively. Average daily gain was significantly low at final stage compared with other growth stages (p<0.05). Dry matter intake was the peak at the intermediate fattening stage (p<0.05). The feed conversion ratio was significantly lower at growing stage compared to other stages (p<0.05). In yield traits, carcass weight was greater in 40 months age group compared to other groups (p<0.05). Yield index was greater in 32 months group compared to 40 months of age (p<0.05). Marbling score, meat color, fat color, texture, and maturity were not different among groups (p>0.05). However, marbling score tended to be increased in 40 months age group (5.9) compared to other groups. The appearance rate (%) of meat quality grade more than 1+ was greater at 40 months old group than other groups.