The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of microbial culture supplements on ruminal fermentation and fermentative quality of Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) both in vitro and in situ. Three species of microbes (Lactobacillus casei (LC), Bacillus subtilis (BS), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC)) were used in this study. They were applied to IRGS at 30 days after silage manufacture. Various items were measured using in vitro and in situ incubation technique after each microbial supplement was inoculated into IRGS at 0.5×104 CFU/g. In the first experiment, in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of IRGS were evaluated at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after microbes were inoculated into IRGS. In the second experiment, in situ fermentation characteristics were investigated at 0, 1, 3, and 5 days after the inoculation of each microbial supplement. In vitro ruminal NH3-N content was significantly (p<0.05) increased in LC-, BS-, and SC-IRGS at 12 hrs post incubation compared to that in control IRGS. In vitro ruminal total VFA concentration and dry matter digestibility (DMD) of IRGS were not significantly difference among LC-, BS-, and SC-IRGS, although they were numerically increased in LC-IRGS than those of the other IRGS. In addition, this study evaluated the fermentation characteristics and in situ DMD of IRGS with the lapse of incubation time up to 5 days. Throughout the incubation times from 1 day to 5 days, the pH value was significantly (p<0.05) lower in BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS than that in control IRGS. Lactate was significantly (p<0.05) higher, and significantly (p<0.05) butyrate was lower in LC-IRGS than that in other treatments at 0 day. It was higher (p<0.05) in control IRGS than that of BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS at 1-5 days. In situ DMD tended to increase in BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS compared to that in control IRGS. Especially, DMD was higher in SC-IRGS than that in other treatments at 0 day. It tended to be higher in LC-IRGS at all incubation time. Taken together, these results suggest that it might be useful to select a microorganism by considering the feeding time of IRGS to ruminants because organic acids and DMD of IRGS were affected by the incubation time of each microorganism with IRG silage, especially for L. casei decreased the content of acetate and butyrate in IRGS.

한우 송아지의 생후 환경스트레스에 대한 면역반응성 및 신바이오틱제제의 급여효과를 구명하기 위해서 출생 후부터 각 처리구별로 5두씩 배치하여 총10두(2처리×5두)를 대상으로 대조구(신바이오틱제제미투여)와 처리구(신바이오틱제제 투여구)로 배치하여 총 65일간(포유기간) 시험하였다. 송아지 체중은 대조구(21.4±2.51 kg - 57.0±12.83 kg)에 비해 신바이오틱제제 급여 처리구(22.0±2.12 kg - 53.2±4.32 kg) 개체간의 체중의 편차를 줄이는 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. Nitric oxide는 신바이오틱제제 처리구(12.52 μM/L-39.72 μM/L)가 대조구(19.68 μM/L-64.80uM/L)보다는 낮았으며, 코티졸 농도는 한우 송아지 신바이오틱제제 처리구에서 7일령, 45일령, 그리고 65일령에서 유의적으로 감소하였고(P<0.05), 혈중 Glutathione는 65일령에서 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). SOD의 농도는 신바이오틱제제 처리구의 28일령과 65일령에서 유의적으로 감소하였고(P<0.05), H2O2의 농도는 신바이오틱제제 처리구 45일령과 65일령에서 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). Interlukin-1β 농도는 대조구에서 28일령(43.26±4.40 pg/mL)과 처리구 21일령(24.68±3.20 pg/mL)에 가장 높았으며, 14일령, 28일령, 65일령의 신바이오틱제제 처리구에서는 유의적으로 낮았다. IL-2 농도는 대조구 28일령 (218±16.94 pg/mL)과 신바이오틱제제 처리구 7일령(174.60±11.60 pg/m)에서 각각 가장 높았고, 21일령 이후 처리구에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. IL-6 농도 또한 대조구 28일령(403.20±48.19 pg/mL)과, 신바이오틱제제 처리구 65일령( 238.20±15.63 pg/mL)에서 가장 높았으며, 21일령 이후 신바이오틱제제 처리구에서 유의적으로 낮았다. PGE2 농도는 대조구 45일령(3660±463.25 pg/mL)과 신바이오틱제제 처리구 45일령(1070±141.92 pg/mL)에서 각각 가장 높았으며, 14일령 이후 신바이오틱 제제 처리구에서 유의적으로 낮았다. 앞의 결과를 종합해보면, 신바이오틱제제의 경구투여로 생체내의 싸이토카인의 체내 균형조절 및 면역 염증반응을 억제하는 데 관여하는 것으로 보인다. 그리고 신바이오틱제제의 급여로 분만 직후 한우 송아지의 체내의 변화가 체외의 변화로 이어져 가축의 성장촉진 및 열악한 주변환경 극복 등에 보다 더 확실한 효과를 기대하기 위해서는 신바이오틱제제의 급여기간을 늘릴 필요가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 옥수수 수확 시 세절여부에 따라 제조된 옥수수 사일리지를 이용하여 TMR 제조시 배합시간에 따른 물리적 특성(Particle size 및 laceration)과 반추위 내 in situ 건물분해율에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 수행되었다. TMR 시험사료는 세절(20 mm)한 것(T1구)과 세절하지 않은 옥수수 사일리지(T2구)를 이용하여 총 60분간 배합하면서 시료를 채취한 후 Penn State Particle Separator(PSPS)로 분석하였다. 모든 배합시간에서 T2구보다 T1구에서 상층(>19 mm)과 하층(<8 mm)이 유의적으로 낮았고(p<0.05), 중층(8-19 mm)은 유의적으로 높았으며, 굵은 비율(≥1 mm)의 감소율도 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 그리고 peNDF>8.0 및 반추위 내 in situ 건물분해율도 T1구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 본 연구 결과에서 옥수수 사일리지 위주의 TMR 제조 시 세절하지 않은 것보다 세절한 옥수수 사일리지가 적정 peNDF 범위가 유지되어 조사료로서 사료적 가치를 증진하는데 효과가 있을 것으로 기대된다.

We present a multi-dimensional reduction method of the surveyed cube database obtained using a single- dish radio telescope in Taeduk Radio Astronomy Observatory (TRAO). The multibeam receiver system installed at the 14 m telescope in TRAO was not optimized at the initial stage, though it became more stabilized in the following season. We conducted a Galactic Plane survey using the multibeam receiver system. We show that the noise level of the first part of the survey was higher than expected, and a special reduction process seemed to be definitely required. Along with a brief review of classical methods, a multi-dimensional method of reduction is introduced; It is found that the ‘background’ task within IRAF (Image Reduction and Analysis Facility) can be applied to all three directions of the cube database. Various statistics of reduction results is tested using several IRAF tasks. The rms value of raw survey data is 0.241 K, and after primitive baseline subtraction and elimination of bad channel sections, the rms value turned out to be 0.210 K. After the one-dimensional reduction using ‘background’ task, the rms value is estimated to be 0.176 K. The average rms of the final reduced image is 0.137 K. Thus, the image quality is found to be improved about 43% using the new reduction method.

The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during the somatic cell transfer nuclear (SCNT) procedures may cause the mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage, which may result in restricts the reprogramming of SCNT embryos and play a key direct role in apoptosis. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of antioxidant treatment during the SCNT procedures on the inhibition of mitochondria and DNA damages in bovine SCNT embryos. The reconstituted oocytes were treated with antioxidants of 25 μM β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME) or 50 μM vitamin C (Vit. C) during the SCNT procedures. In vitro fertilization (IVF) was performed for controls. Mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential (ΔΨ) were evaluated by staining the embryos with MitoTracker Red or JC-1. Apoptosis was analyzed by Caspase-3 activity assay and TUNEL assay, and DNA fragmentation was measured by comet assay at the zygote stage. Mitochondrial morphology of non-treated SCNT embryos was diffused within cytoplasm without forming clumps, while the IVF embryos and antioxidant treated SCNT embryos were formed clumps. The ΔΨ of β-ME (1.3±0.1, red/green) and Vit. C-treated (1.4±0.2, red/green) SCNT embryos were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of non-treated SCNT embryos (0.9±0.1, red/ green), which similar to that of IVF embryos (1.3±0.1, red/green). Caspase-3 activity was not difference among the groups. TUNEL assay also revealed that little apoptosis was occurred in SCNT embryos as well as IVF embryos regardless of antioxidant treatment. Comet tail lengths of β-ME and Vit. C-treated SCNT embryos (337.8±23.5 μm and 318.7 ±27.0 μm, respectively) were shorter than that of non-treated SCNT embryos (397.4± 21.4 μm) and similar to IVF embryos (323.3±10.6 μm). These results suggest that antioxidant treatment during SCNT procedures can inhibit the mitochondrial and DNA damages of bovine SCNT embryos.