This paper has been carried out the forming analysis, die stress analysis, and relevant tests for the straightness improvement of hollow shafts with blocktooth. Hollow forward extrusion is a process that a material in a die is pressed with a punch and the material is formed into the same direction through the gap of a mandrel and a bottom die. For an asymmetric shaped product, due to the difference of reduction ratios of the cross sections in its extruding, a phenomenon that the product bends from the difference of the flow speed comes to occur. As applying the key to the mandrel has a uniform flow speed, bending problem was solved. These were processed using Deform-3D as a finite-element analysis program. Analysis was compared with the experiment. Keyway height of the mandrel has been confirmed that the straightness best when it comes 0.1mm. These study are expected to be available as fundamental data in die design necessary for the manufacture of asymmetric goods in the future.

This paper carried out design in order to reduce the process of asymmetric pinch yoke, one of the important parts which transfer power to wheels through gearing box in automobile steering system. The purpose of the study is to reduce prime costs and strengthen competitiveness by designing the total 8 processes including the up-setting and forging process of the No. 1 as the forging process the current method of production. The process with die stress analysis by using the finite element method have been carried out through new optimal die design. As this study result, it is expected that die life can be secured as excellent material flow and caused by forming load. A prototype has been produced by basis of the analysis result and the reduction of the process was successful. As the unit price is lower than that of the current process, the competitiveness can be expected.

In ruminants, Interferon-τ (IFN-τ) has the role of recognizing pregnancy signals produced by the embryo and it may have an important role during the luteolysis. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of IFN-τ on prostaglandin synthesis, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression in vitro and secretion of progesterone (P4) in vivo. The epithelial and stromal cells isolated from bovine endometrium were cultured with different doses of IFN-τ (0, 0.02, 0.2 and 2 μg/ml). Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 1.5 IU/ml) was used as a positive control. Prostaglandin E2 and F2α levels in the culture media were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays, and total RNA was extracted from the cells for RT-PCR. P4 concentrations in blood samples were assayed by chemiluminescent immunoassay system. In epithelial cells, COX-2 gene expression was increased in the presence of IFN-τ (p<0.05), but it was not significantly different in all groups of stromal cells except 2 μg/ml IFN-τ group (p<0.05). Although IFN-τ did not affect PGE2 and PGF2α production in epithelial cells, it decreased PGE2 and PGF2α production significantly in stromal cells (p<0.05). In vivo experiment, the P4 concentrations in blood sample was significantly increased after injection of 1 μg/ml IFN-τ. These results indicate that PG production was mediated by COX-2 expression in the stromal cells but it did not affect in the epithelial cells, and suggest that treatment of IFN-τ was to improve the implantation environment of uterine by maintenance of high P4 concentration. * This work was carried out with the support of “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ907008)” Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Cell transplantation therapy using adult stem cells has recently been identified as a potential treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI). But, recovery after traumatic SCI is very limited. As dogs are physiologically much more similar to human compared with other traditional mammalian models in disease presentation and clinical responses, a number of researches demonstrated canis familiaris is a suitable model for human diseases. This study investigated the effect of transplantation of canine Mesenchymal Stem Cells (cMSC) and neural-induced cMSC (nMSC) to understand how these cells improve neurological function in canine SCI model. The differentiation of cMSC into neural precursor cells was induced in dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium supplemented with N2-supplement, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and butylated hydroxyanisole. SCI was induced between T1 and T2 by surgical hemi-section in adult dogs, and then assigned to two groups according to the applied cell types (cMSC vs nMSC). Pelleted cMSC or nMSC were transplanted directly into the injured site after SCI, respectively. Analysis of motor function after transplantation was evaluated by modified Olby score. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histological and immunohistichemical analysis were also performed. Functional recovery in group of cMSC was increasing gradually after transplantation and was higher than nMSC. In MRI, we could not confirm any difference between the cMSC and nMSC experimental groups. Immunohistochemically, beta3-tubuline and nestin were observed in injury site of two experimental groups with the expression level close to non-injured groups. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells could promote neuronal reconstruction and repair motor function in SCI. These showed mesenchymal stem cells could be a great candidate as a therapeutic tools in degeneration disease, and dogs could be used to explore human regenerative medicine as a promising animal model. This research was supported by iPET (Grants 110056032CG000), Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea.

Acteoside (verbascoside) is a typical phenylethanoid glycoside, extracted from various plants. It has various biological functions such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-hypertension. Specially, it was powerful anti-oxidants either by direct scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, or by acting as chain-breaking peroxyl radical scavengers. We examined the role of acteoside in IVM medium on the morphological progress of meiosis, developmental competence, and ROS in porcine oocytes. And we investigated effect of acteoside on the oocytes condition represented by cytoplasmic maturation by homogeneous distribution and formation of cytoplasmic organelles and regulation of apoptosis-related genes. The selected COCs were cultured in TCM-199 with various concentration of acteoside: 0 (control), 10, 30, and 50 μM. After 22 h of maturation with hormones, the oocytes were washed twice in a fresh maturation medium before being cultured in hormone-free medium for additional 22 h. The oocytes maturation rates of supplemented with acteoside were no significantly different compared with control group (71.13, 75.96, 72.95 and 73.68%, respectively). Level of ROS was significantly decreased in acteoside treated group. Furthermore, the parthenogenetic blastocyst rate was significantly improved in 10 μM acteoside treated group compared with control group (40.03 vs. 22.95%). During IVM, 10 μM acteoside treated oocytes showed that the mitochondria and lipid droplet were smaller and homogeneous distribution in cytoplasm compare with non-treated control oocytes. And reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) witarthenogenetic blstocysts revealed that acteoside increased the anti-apoptoticgenes, otherwise reibued pro-apoptotic genes. In conclusion, our results represents that addition of acteoside to the IVM medium has a beneficial effect in physiology of porcine oocytes such as viability and activation, providing a improved method for porcine oocytes in vitro.

도암만은 전남 장흥군, 강진군, 해남군, 완도군 등 4개 군으로 둘러싸인 전형적인 하구형 만으로, 남북방 향 길이 약 19km, 최대너비 약 7km의 네 방향으로 갈라진 십자형의 형태로, 만내에는 크고 작은 8개의 유 인도 및 무인도가 있으며, 남부에는 완도, 고금도 등이 위치하여 이들 사이의 수로를 통해 해수가 제한적으 로 유출입하는 반폐쇄성 만으로 파랑에 의한 영향이 적다. 만내로 전란남도의 3대강 중의 하나인 탐진강 하천수와 강진천, 칠량천, 대구천의 하천수가 유역으로 유입되면서 담수와 해수의 교환이 이루어지고 담수 유입량에 의해 조류가 영향을 받고 있다. 효율적인 내만의 수질관리를 위해서는 우선 부하발생원에 따른 오염배출량이 어느 정도 인지 확인하고 해역의 환경용량과 환경기준을 만족하기 위해서 부하삭감량을 산정하는 사전대책이 요구된다. 연안해역의 수질에 영향을 끼치는 부하발생원은 크게 점오염원과 비점오염원으로 구분되는데, 비점오염원은 강우시 도 시지역이나 농경지 및 산림지역의 유출수로 파악될 수 있지만, 유입지점을 명확하게 찾기 어렵고, 일간 계 절간 배출량 변화가 크며 예측과 정량화가 어려워서 관리가 힘든 특징이 있다. 이에 반해 점오염원은 가정 하수, 공장폐수 등으로 구성되며 일정한 지점에서 일정량이 지속적으로 발생하여서 배출구와 배출단위가 파 악가능하기 때문에 수질관리를 위한 부하삭감량 산정의 주 대상이 되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 해역으로 유입하는 외부부하량을 실측하고 분석하여 득량만의 효과적인 연안해역 의 수질관리의 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다. 하천 부하량 조사는 도암만 유역에 포함되는 하천 24개 지점을 대상으로 하였으며, 조사 시기는 3월부터 12월까지 매월 1회 실시 하였고, 각각의 유입하천은 직독식 전자 유속계(ACM-200PC) 및 부표를 이용하여 유속을 측정한 다음, 단면적을 계산하여 각 유입원의 유량을 산정 하였다. 각 시점에서 채수한 하천수의 pH, 수온, 염분, 전기전도도, 화학적 산소요구량(CODMn) ), 총질소(T-N), 총인(T-P), 용존산소(DO), 부유물 질(SS), 용존무기질소(DIN), 용존무기인(DIP) 등을 분석하였고, 환경부 수질오염공정시험방법(환경부, 2008), 해양환경공정시험기준(국토해양부, 2008), 준하여 분석하여 유량과 곱해서 그 부하량을 산정하였다. 하천 유량의 월별 총합은 821590∼5971583 m3/day 이고, 부유물질(SS)과 화학적 산소요구량(COD), 용존 무기질소(DIN), 용존 무기인(DIP), 총질소(TN), 총인(TP), 월별 부하량은 각각 6070.3∼47781.3(평균 20999.4)kg/day, 3570.5∼21471.5(평균 9455.2)kg/day, 843∼5042.4(평균 2015.1)kg/day, 14.2∼163.7(평균 66.7)kg/day, 1249.2∼10166.9(평균 4151.3)kg/day, 47.3∼390.8(평균 165.9)kg/day 이다.

In the present study, we investigated the effects of genotypes on in vitro maturation and fertilization in porcine fresh/frozen-thawed oocytes. The porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were divided into four groups according to whether they were: (1) in vitro matured; (2) cryopreserved and in vitro matured; (3) in vitro fertilized and (4) cryopreserved, and in vitro fertilized. Maturation of porcine COCs was accomplished by incubation in NCSU23 medium. Immature oocytes were cryopreserved by Open Pulled Straws (OPS) method according to Vajta et al., (1998). Oocytes stained by Acetic-Orcein method were observed under the microscope. DNA extracted from the ovaries was analyzed by RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) and SSCP (single strand conformational polymorphisrrt) method. The rates of oocytes maturation and fertilization were significantly high in AA genotype. The results indicated that in vitro maturation and fertilization in porcine fresh/frozen-thawed oocytes may be affected by genotypes in pigs.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of glucose and sodium phosphate on in vitro development of porcine oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro. When the culture medium was supplemented with various concentrations of glucose, the higher proportions (23 and 26%) of oocytes developed to morular or blastocyst stages were at the concentrations of 2.78 and 5.56 mM than 0 (9%; P<0.05) and 11.12 mM (18%). In experiment to evaluate effect of sodium phosphate during in vitro development of porcine oocytes, a significantly (P<0.05) higher proportions of embryos developed to morular or blastocyst stages was obtained with sodium phosphateof 0.28 (25%) and 0.53 (27％) mM than 0 (15%), 1.05 (19%) and 2.10 (10%) mM. On the other hand, when oocytes were cultured in medium with (0.53 mM) sodium phosphate, the proportions of developed embryos were significantly (P<0.05) higher in medium without (29%) that than with (14%) 5.56 mM glucose. However, a higher proportion of embryos developed to morular or blastocyst stages were obtained in medium with (23%) that than without (8%) glucose (P<0.05). The minimum essential medium (MEM) added to the culture medium were higher regardless of presence of sodium phosphate and glucose on the development of embryos. Although sodium phosphate and glucose could support morular and blastocyst development to a limited extend (10∼24%), significantly higher proportion (36%) at morular or blastocyst stages was obtained by MEM adding in the medium with sodium phosphate and glucose. These results suggest that the early development of in vitro fertilized porcine oocytes can be maintained efficiently by glucose and sodium phosphate when they were cultured in medium with MEM.

This study was carried out to find out the changes on serum concentrations of estradiol-17β, progesterone in primiparous Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire sows weaned at 7 or 21 days. Also, we compared the litter size at birth and weaning among the breeds weaned after lactation for 7 or 21 days. The estradiol-17β concentrations among the breeds were 6.9∼8.8 pg/ml and 6.4∼8.8 pg/ml after lactation for 7 or 21 days, respectively. The progesterone concentrations ranged from 0.3 ng/ml to 1.6 ng/ml. Duroc sow showed higher progesterone concentration compared with Landrace and Yorkshire sows weaned after lactation for 7 or 21 days. Also, we found out that litter size at birth and weaning, respectively, did not show any differences between day 7 and day 21 of lactation. From the facts mentioned above, it was suggested that very early weaning systems could work with no apparent adverse effect on prolificacy.