1950년대에 종합적 유해생물관리(IPM)의 개념이 발달하기 시작하여 1960년대에는 경제학적 개념이 해충방제에 포함되기 시작하였다. 1970년대부터 미국과 유럽을 중심으로 종합방제와 관련된 연구가 진행되었다. 우리나라 병해충 종합방제에 관한 연구는 1970년대 감귤해충에 대한 종합방제연구와 통일계 품종의 보급에 따른 수도해충종합방제연구에서 시작되었다. 우리나라 사과 병해충종합관리 연구는 1980년대 화학 농약을 이용한 방제 및 약제 저항성 연구, 해충 및 천적생태에 대한 연구, 성페로몬에 대한 연구를 시작으로 진행되었다. 1990년대부터는 농가보급을 위한 IPM 연구사업과 현장실증사업이 병행되었다. 2000년대에는 교미교란제를 중심으로 한 해충예찰과 발생모형 개발, 해충에 대한 DB 프로그램 및 정보공유를 위한 네트워크가 구축되었다. 2010년대는 무인예찰 및 자동화기술 개발을 통해 IPM 기술이 확장되고 있다.

사과 재배포장에서 점박이응애(Tetranychus urticae Koch)의 월동은 사과나무의 여러 장소에서 5~15마리의 성충 암컷이 개체군을 형성하 여 월동하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 월동중인 암컷들은 대부분 복숭아순나방(Grapholita molesta) 유충의 고치가 있는 조피사이의 갈라진 틈에서도 발 견되었으며, 부주지 상에 형성된 좁은 조피틈과 과실 수확 후 남아있는 꽃자루에서도 발견되었으나 월동 개체수는 매우 적었다. 또한, 월동중인 암컷들은 결과지의 기부에 형성된 거친껍질 및 눈의 기부, 여러 작은가지의 분지부위 좁은틈에서도 발견되었다. 한편, 수체상에 형성된 일부 점박 이응애 월동장소로 죽은 개각충속, 깍지벌레 빈껍질속, 진딧물의 미라속에서도 발견되었는데, 이들 장소에서의 월동 응애수는 매우 적었다. 2년 에 걸쳐 수행된 본 연구에서 점박이응애의 월동중 암컷 성충의 사망률은 평균 72~80%로 매우 높았으며, 이는 이들 응애가 겨울 동안 추위에 견 디는 저항력이 낮기 때문으로 판단되었다.

Since 2000, the damages of hemipteran pests have severely increased. This study was performed to find the proper monitoring methods and investigate seasonal occurrences of the two apple-infesting stink bug species by the year and to evaluate the orchard rate of infestation and rate of damaged apple. Also the preferences of stink bugs to the crabapple cultivars were investigated in orchards. Compared data obtained from monitoring methods using visible counts, aggregation pheromone traps or mercury light traps, the occurrence density of apple-infesting stink bugs (Plautia stali and Halyomorpha halys) could be monitored more effectively in aggregation pheromone trap than visible count or mercury light trap. The occurrence densities of two species during growing season were low in 2013, but increased in 2014. From the investigations at 25 orchards of eight districts was the infestation rate was at 16.7% in 2013 and 62.1% in 2014 . The occurrence density of stink bugs in crabapples was highest in ‘Purple lemoine’ followed by ‘Professor sprenger’ ‘M. baccata’, ‘Robinson crab’, ‘Sandong pingguo’, damaged fruit rate. The number of damaged holes was high in order as ‘Hopa-A’, ‘Sandong pingguo’, ‘Adam’s crab’, ‘Professor sprenger’, ‘Purple lemoine’.

이 연구는 사과원에서 20년동안 두 종 응애의 밀도변화를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 사과나무를 가해하는 두 종의 응애 해충, 점박이응애 (Tetranychus urticae)와 사과응애(Panonychus ulmi)의 발생을 1992년부터 2011년까지 8개 도시 포함, 한국의 남부지역에 위치한 사과주산지역에 서 조사하였다. 20년간의 추세는 많은 과원이 1992년부터 1999년까지는 점박이응애가 주로 가해를 하였지만 2000년도부터는 사과응애가 우점하 기 시작했다. 사과응애의 평균관찰밀도는 일정했고 점박이응애의 밀도는 이 기간동안 일정하지 않았다. 5년주기별 발생추세 분석은 점박이응애의 밀도가 2002년 이후에 감소하는 것을 보여주었다. 4월부터 9월까지 월별피해과원율과 두종 응애의 평균발생밀도는 사과응애의 밀도가 4월에 높지 만 점박이응애의 밀도가 5월부터 9월까지 높았다. 이런 변화는 살충제 살포횟수, 초경재배관리, 질소비료 사용의 감소와 전체적인 과원관리의 변화 등으로 기인한다. 그러나 이러한 예측은 이를 증명하기 위해 보다 자세한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구를 통해 비료살표와 같은 재배법과 살충제 살포횟 수와 종합적해충관리 등의 환경적 변화가 사과원에서 두종 응애의 우점종과 발생밀도에 영향을 준 것으로 보인다.

In apple orchards, the damages by woodborers are increased. Mainly infesting woodborers are elucidated three species, namely, the fruit-tree pinhole borer (Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg)), black timber bark beetle (Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford)), and Xyleborus apicalis (Blandford). Investigated result from population densities of woodborers using trap at Apple Research Station in Gunwi, Gyeongbuk, X. saxeseni and X. germanus were first captured from late-March and reached highest peak at mid-April. X. apicalis also first captured from late-March and reached highest peak at mid/late-May than April. Entrance hall was first observed from late-March and recorded highest number at April, but steadily decreased. Numbers of entrance hall according to the apple varieties were ordered as ‘Hwangok’ > ‘Fuji’ > ‘Hongro’. Entrance hall by tree height were mainly observed range from 21 to 80 cm (from the ground), found with highest entrance hall at 190 cm. Entrance hall by lateral branch order were mainly occurred at the first lateral branch from the ground, but the entrance hall was decreased as height increased. The ratio of trunk and branch were showed as 6.5 : 3.5.

In the midst of environments with crop-mixing, there were more preferred the fruit trees by brown-winged green (Plautia stali (Scott)), and yellow-brown stink bug (Halyomorpha halys (Stål)) and vegetables by Far eastern green stink bug (Nezara antennata Scott) and Bean bug (Riptortus pedestris (Thurnberg)). The major dominant species was identified as P. stali, infesting fruit trees over 99.4% among tested insects. It is severely damaged on peach of middle and late ripening, crab apple, pear and wild fruit of Actinidia arguta. In an investigation for the seasonal occurrence using aggregation pheromone trap, P. stali was peaked with three times at late-May∼early-June, mid- and late-July, and mid-Sept. ∼Oct. And H. halys slightly peaked at mid-June, and mid- and late-July and increased the occurrence at mid-Sept. ∼mid-Oct. Using seven insecticides - dinotefuran WP, flonicamid WP, etofenprox WP, chlorpyrifos WP, cabaryl WP, chlothianidin SC, and bifenthrin WP - registered on apple, contact and residual toxicity was tested on both male and female of P. stali and H. halys. Contact toxicity of dinotefuran WP was excellent on P. stali but the others had low effect. While all insecticides except flonicamid, residual toxicity were all effective on P. stali. Dinotefuran have a excellent contact toxicity and chlorpyrifos and bifenthrin have good residual toxicity against both male and female of H. halys.

Prior to 1990s, most farmers customarily sprayed the agrochemicals that only just recommended by association or pesticide dealers, regardless of the monitoring for the disease incidences and pest occurrences. In 1993, agrochemicals sprayed in apple orchards a year had been done about 15 ~16 times. As founded the Apple Research Station (ARS) in 1991, a study for the construction of Integrated Pest Managements (IPMs) were actively done during 1990s and the IPM was paved the way to control on apple diseases and pests during the 2000s. The co-work between ARS and Seoul National University during 1996 to 2001 for the monitoring and development of IPM strategies using sex pheromone made easy understanding for IPM and occurrence monitoring results by showing the pests to apple farmers. Through the 2000s, IPM pilot project for the distribution of IPM technique utilizing sex pheromone trap and mating disrupter to the field has endeavored. Currently, sex pheromone trap plays an important role for monitoring of the major apple pests and the quarantine pest, C. sasakii on apple. Moreover, sex pheromonebased mating disruptor has been used almost all organic apple orchards for the control of one of major fruit-infesting pest, G. molesta and C. sasakii. Henceforth, the application of sex pheromone trap for monitoring as well as the active expansion and provision of mating disruptor for the control is needed. To this, first of all, it is very important to reduce prices by developing the techniques than other things. Second, reinforced education for monitoring staffs must be done continuously to instruct and to consult the farmers with the monitoring results to give guidance. Third, companies competing in good faith will improve and maintain their product quality.

Woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, one of the pests occurring in apple do damages on the branch and bastard slip nearby ground roots by sucking sap. Recently, seasonal population of this pest steadily increased but has scarcity the basic data relating to its ecology. This study was conducted to investigate the infested orchard ratio, environmental analysis of occurred orchard, seasonal population and parasite rate by Aphelinus mali, a natural enemy for woolly apple aphid, from 30 to 34 apple orchards, at 11 to 13 major apple producing areas in Gyeongsang-namdo and Gyeongsang-bukdo, Geolla-bukdo, and Chungchung-bukdo, during 2012 to 2013. It showed infested orchard ratio as about 35% and population density started to increase from mid-May, with its optimal density in late-June and increased again in late-September. This pest found in various rootstocks where infested orchards and could not found any significant pattern. The damage appeared in 9 to 35 year-old trees, severed rather old trees than younger trees. Also, orchards that did not eliminate bastard slip were showed high occurrence pattern. Parasite rates of Aphelinus mali showed the difference among investigated orchards but the rates showed generally increased pattern since early- July.