This mini-review focused on the current advances in the development and the application of the antibacterial agents produced from probiotics strains against foodborne pathogens. Inhibitory activity of the pathogen growth could be achieved by co-culture with probiotics and/or the treatment of metabolites extracted from probiotics culture, whereas strain-dependent efficacy was mainly reported according to the bacterial species of the target pathogens. To overcome the limited antibacterial spectrum and the efficacy of the metabolites from probiotics, the recent research highlight the discovery of novel bioactive substances with broad range of the inhibitory activity of foodborne pathogens and mode-of-action which has not been reported as the major research goal. Moreover, understanding the distribution of functional and regulation genes coding the production of the antibacterial metabolites based on the bacterial genome analysis can provide the clues for the mechanisms of the pathogen control by using probiotics. Major strategies on the application of the genomics in this research area can be represented as follows: 1) functional annotation specialized for antimicrobial proteins, 2) assessment of the antibacterial effects followed by the general/functional annotation, 3) genome and metabolites analysis for the purification of antimicrobial proteins, 4) comparative genomics and the characterization of antimicrobial potential. Especially the relationship between phenotype-genotype based on genomic bioinformation with the results of the practical efficacy tests of bacterial metabolites as an active substance of disinfectants and/or preservatives can be expected to act as supportive research for broadening our knowledge regarding the key metabolic pathways associated with the production of antibacterials from probiotics.

이 연구는 초등학교 고학년학생의 집단따돌림 피해경험이 가해행동에 영향을 미치는 경로에서 인터넷 중독성향과 충동성의 이중매개역할을 확인하였으며 성별에 따른 집단 간 경로의 차이를 확인하였다. 이를 위해 이 연구에서는 A지역에 소재한 초등학교 4, 5, 6학년 총 887명을 대상으로 집단따돌림 피해경험 및 가해행동, 인터넷 중독성향, 충동성 척도를 사용하여 설문조사를 실시한 자료를 자료 제공자로부터 허락을 받아 이 연구에 사용하였다. 집단따돌림 피해경험 및 가해행동, 인터넷 중독성향, 충동성 간 관계를 확인하기 위해 상관분석을 실시하였다. 인터넷 중독성향과 충동성이 집단따돌림 피해경험 및 가해행동과의 관계에서 매개하는지 살펴보기 위해 구조방정식을 통해 매개모형을 검증하였다. 마지막으로 성별에 따른 구조모형 경로차이가 있는지 확인하기 위해 다집단 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과는 첫째, 집단따돌림 피해경험이 가해행동에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 집단따돌림 피해경험이 가해행동에 영향을 미칠 때 인터넷 중독성향이 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 집단따돌림 피해경험이 가해행동에 영향을 미칠 때 인터넷 중독성향과 충동성이 이중매개 하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 성별에 따른 집단 간 차이는 모든 경로에서 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않아 성별에 따른 차이가 없는 것으로 나타 났다. 이 연구결과를 바탕으로 논의 및 시사점을 제시하였다.

Korea represents high suicide rate by poisoning. Especially, since a lot of people died by high concentrated paraquat which has extremely high fatality rate, paraquat sales were prohibited in 2012. We investigated to find out how the prohibition of sales affected occurrence of pesticide poisoned patients and what kinds of influences did it have for severity and death rate. By targeting patients who visited emergency room by pesticide poisoning from 2010 to 2014, we researched insecticides poisoned patients and herbicidal poisoned patients grouped into 9 categories. Before and after 2012, We compared A term (2010, 2011) and B term (2013, 2014)’s pesticide occurrence, especially distribution of herbicide occurrence and compared hospitalization rate, hospitalization period, length of stay in ICU (Intensive Care Unit), severity, and death rate. The number of insecticide patients was 219 (37.4%) and the number of herbicide patients was 367 (62.6%) who visited emergency room in five years and the rate was similar every year. In case of paraquat, there was 70.5% decrease by 105 people for A term and 31 people for B term and increase of double for glyphosate, glufosinate, and other herbicides. The death rate was decreased but hospitalization was increased. There weren’t any difference of rate in ICU admission, intubation and ventilator therapy. By prohibition of using paraquat, the death rate by pesticide poisoning was decreased. However, patients who poisoned by other herbicides were increased, so hospitalization rate increased and there weren’t any difference at patient’s severity rates.

게임 문화가 성장함에 따라 게임중독과 과몰입에 대해 정확하게 이해하기 위한 연구의 필요 성이 커지고 있다. 이를 위해서는 먼저 게임의 요소와 메커니즘이 가진 위험성을 이해할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 우선적으로 기존 학자들이 게임 요소와 메커니즘을 어떻게 나누고 있는지 알아본 후, 과몰입을 주의해야 하는 게임 요소들을 선택적으로 도출하였다. 시각, 경쟁, 확률로 분리하여 각 요소를 구성하는 메커니즘을 세부 항목으로 나누어 살펴보았으며, 이 결과 시각적, 경쟁적 요소는 사용하는 메커니즘에 따라 과몰입의 위험성이 달라지며, 확률 요소 중 도박 메커니즘은 중독의 관점에서 바라보아야 한다는 것을 도출해 낼 수 있었다.

Background : Schisandrae Fructus (Omija) has been widely used for medicinal herbs because it is known for its various medical functions and antimicrobial activities. This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activities of extracts from Schisandrae Fructus against six foodborne pathogens (Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and figured out the efficient extraction methods. Methods and Results : Traditionally, Schisandrae Fructus is soaked or boiled in water when people drink it like tea. In this study, we extracted Schisandrae Fructus by soaking in water and ethyl alcohol for 24 hours, ultrasonicating in methyl alcohol and water for 60 minutes, and boiling in water for 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes. Each extract used for paper disc test that estimates antimicrobial activities by measuring the inhibition zone. The blank discs that absorbed with extracts were placed on the agar plates that smeared with each foodborne pathogen, then incubated overnight at 37℃ incubator. Then, antibacterial extracts formed clear zones around the disc. In this study, Vibrio parahaemolyticus was the most sensitive to the all kinds of extracts and methyl alcohol extracts that were obtained by ultrasonicating showed the most strong antimicrobial activities against six foodborne pathogens (23, 12, 29, 18, 23, 28 ㎜). Hot water extracts and soaking extracts in water showed the similar results, and the extracts that was boiled for 60 minutes was the best results (13, 8, 21, 10, 13, 17 ㎜) against all the pathogens. Conclusion : The extracts from Schisandrae Fructus inhibited the growth of six foodborne pathogens. Soaking and boiling in water are good methods for drinking Schisandrae Fructus like tea because they showed antimicrobial activities in the paper disc test. According to this study, the best boiling time for effective antimicrobial activity is 60 minutes.

목적: 본 연구에서는 메타분석을 활용하여 운동중독이 개인의 삶에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 자료 분석을 위해 본 연구의 선정기준에 부합하는 학술지 30편과 학위논문 24편의 논문으로 효과크기를 산출하였다. 자료처리를 위해서 CMA(Comprehensive Meta Analysis) 2.0 프로그램을 사용하였다. 결과: 첫째, 운동중독의 전체효과크기는 중간 정도의 효과크기로 나타났다(ES=.252(.268)). 둘째, 운동중독의 하위요인별 효과크기는 감정적 애착(ES=.409), 금단증세(ES=.247), 운동욕구(ES=.245), 갈등(ES=.065)의 순으로 나타났다. 셋째, 운동중독은 심리적 행복감(ES=.311)과 여가만족(ES=.311)에 큰 효과크기를 나타내었으며, 삶의 질(ES=.165)과 생활만족(ES=.127)에는 비교적 작은 효과크기를 나타내었다. 넷째, 운동중독은 조절변인(남성비율, 출판년도)에 따라 차이가 나타났다. 결론: 운동중독의 부정적 효과를 예방하기 위해서는 개인의 행동 통제력이 뒷받침되어야 할 것이다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of 7-day exercise deprivation on physical self-concept of habitual exercisers. Methods: Seven habitual exercisers who regularly exercised 6 to 7 days per week and 7 non-habitual exercisers completed a) Stage of Change Scale for Exercise, b) DSM-V Questionnaire, c) Korean Exercise Addiction Scale, and d) Korean version of the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire. Participants refrained from their regular physical activity for the next 7 days. The Korean version of the PSDQ were completed at the same time of each deprivation day and in-depth interviews were conducted on the last day. Results: The results indicated that habitual exercisers were significantly higher on the measures of physical self-concept compared to non-habitual participants. For habitual exercisers, perceptions of sports confidence, body fat, physical activity, flexibility, endurance, muscular strength, and physical self-worth decreased sharply and steadily as exercise deprivation continued. The results from interviews revealed that the habitual exercisers had negative reactions to the exercise deprivation and mentioned considerable displeasures about their decreased physical self-concept. Conclusion: The pattern of physical self-concept disturbance followed by unpleasant feelings with exercise deprivation might contribute to understanding why and how individuals became dependent on exercise.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the antioxidat and antimicrobial activities of the methanol extract and its fractions prepared from the roots of Sanguisorba officinalis L. Methods and Results: The antioxidant activities were compared by evaluating the DPPH radical and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging ability. Measurement of DPPH radical scavenging ability showed that the SC50 values of the ethyl acetate fraction was 3.85 ㎍/㎖. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most effective DPPH radical scavenging ability compared with the other samples. As for the NO scavenging ability, at all tested concentrations, the ethyl acetate fraction showed a higher scavenging activity than that of the extract and other fractions. These results are related to the total phenolic compound and flavonoid contents of the ethyl acetate fraction. Antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens was investigated using the disc diffusion assay. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. However, the chloroform fraction had a higher antimicrobial activity against gram-negative Vibrio vulnificus than that of the extract and other fractions. Conclusions: The results show that the ethyl acetate fraction had a higher antioxidant as well as antimicrobial activity, than did the other samples. Therefore, the ethyl acetate fraction has potential application in the food industry.

3.0 T 자기공명영상기기에서 확산텐서영상을 이용하여 청소년을 대상으로 정상인과 인터넷 중독자의 뇌 량과 내섬유막 구조의 변화에 대하여 정량적으로 알아보고자 하였다. 10명의 인터넷 중독자와 정상인 12명 을 대상으로 검사를 하였고, 정량적 분석을 위하여 뇌량의 5부위와 내섬유막의 2부위를 View Forum 프로 그램을 이용하여 두 그룹에 대한 신경섬유의 손상 정도를 FA, ADC(10-3 mm 2/s), Length(mm)값으로 측정하 였다. 그룹 간 통계적 유의성은 Independent t-test와 pearson 상관관계로 하였다(p<0.05). 정상인과 인터넷 중 독자에 관하여 신경섬유 손상정도는 7부위에 대하여 FA, ADC(10-3 mm2/s), Length(mm)값에 대하여 의미 있 는 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 또한 두 그룹에서 IAD scale 과 뇌량의 FA값은 음의 적으로 강하게 상관관계가 있었다(p<0.000). 결론적으로, 확산텐서영상은 FA, ADC(10-3 mm2/s), Length(mm)값에 대하여 유의성 있는 차 이를 보여고, 이 결과는 뇌 백질에 대한 손상정도에 관하여 정량적으로 임상적 정보를 제공하였다.