The purpose of this study is to find out the relation between adolescents’ participation in sports activities and their satisfaction for school life, and thereby emphasize the importance of participating in sports activities during adolescent period and t

This study aims to identify the actual condition of Saturday Sports Day and subsequent satisfaction with school life depending on the characteristics of elementary school student, establish the base to activate Saturday Sports Day with which both teachers

This research was designed to illuminate that the participation of students in physical education classes have the positive impact on the mental aspects by analyzing how the participation attitude has influence on physical self-concept. The objects of thi

This study inquire the degree of the physical self-efficacy of the swimming participant and the study survey the swimming participation about influencing on the flow. The study survey for the achieving of the purpose with 288(boys; 167, girls; 121) studen

The purpose of this research is to determine the motivational relationship between physical education and arts lesson participation and school life adjustment under the system of 2007 revised curriculum. The motivation of participation in physical educati

목적 : 본 연구는 ICF를 기반으로 하여 지역사회 노인들의 신체기능과 활동 및 참여수준을 알아보고, 노인들의신체기능과 활동 및 참여수준과의 관계 및 활동 및 참여수준에 영향을 미치는 요인을 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 대상자는 노인복지관을 이용하는 만 65세 이상의 노인 147명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구도구는 대상자들의 신체기능인 우울정도, 인지기능, 운동기능을 알아보기 위해 한국형 노인 우울 검사(Korean Form of Geriatric Depression Scale; KGDS), 한국판 간이 정신 상태 검사(Mini-Mental State Examination-K;MMSE-K), Outpatient Physical Therapy Improvement in Movement Assessment Log(OPTIMAL)를 사용하여 측정하였고, 활동 및 참여는 ICF core set을 이용하여 평가하였다. 결과 : 신체기능 중 우울정도는 147명 중 우울증상이 있는 노인이 60명(40.7%), 인지기능 저하를 보이는 노인이53명(36.1%)이었다. 운동기능은 21개의 항목에 대한 평균 점수가 105점 중 52.17±21.32점으로 어려움을 보였다. 대상자의 활동 및 참여수준은 30항목에 대한 평균 점수가 120점 중 17.95±12.40점으로 경도의 어려움을 보였다. 신체기능 즉 우울정도, 인지기능, 운동기능은 모두 활동 및 참여와 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였으며, 이 가운데 운동기능과 활동 및 참여와 상관성이 가장 높았다. 신체기능이 활동 및 참여에 미치는 영향은 운동기능이 가장 많은 영향을 미쳤으며, 다음 순으로 인지기능과 우울정도였다. 결론 : 노인들의 다양한 활동과 참여를 향상시키기 위해서는 운동기능의 최대화와 인지장애나 우울의 최소화를 모두 고려하는 작업치료가 필요하다.

The purposes of this study were to contribute to vitalization of school sports club, pleasant school life and healthy growth development of students and futhermore, provide basic materials for the vitalization of school physical education by analyzing an

Many international judicial bodies have prescribed the procedures allowing NGOs to participate in the proceedings generally as non-parties as amicus curiae, expert or witness for the purpose of the good administration of justice. These possibilities are well developed in judicial bodies where the nature of proceedings concerns the issues that international law recognizes as the collective interests of the international community. In the International Court of Justice, on the contrary, NGOs do not have such possibility to make contributions as they have done in other international judicial bodies. The development of the elaboration of the texts on the Court proceedings and the restrictive interpretation of these texts reflect the restrictive approach of the Court towards NGOs’participation. The Court should offer the scope to access NGOs since they have legitimate right to represent the views of international civil society in an international democratic process and can contribute to assist the Court to protect the collective interest of the international community.

주기 위해 실천적 추론 과정을 적용하는 실천적 문제중심수업을 강조한다. 그러나 교실에서 만나는 학생들은 가정 교과에 대한 필요성이나 흥미도가 매우 낮아 가정 교과를 유용하지 않은 과목으로 인식하였으며, 학습에 적극적이지 못하고 실생활에서의 실천도도 낮은 편으로 나타났다. 이에 학생들로 하여금 가정 교과에 대한 인식을 개선하고 학습 참여도와 실천적 태도를 신장시킬 목적으로 연구를 시작하였다. 우선 어떻게 하면 학생들의 학습참여를 높일 수 있을까 고민하였다. 수업은 재미있어야 한다. 재미있는 수업을 통하여 흥미도를 높이고, 가정과목에 대한 인식을 바꾸어 나가고자 하였다. 이를 위해 더욱 적극적인 동기부여를 주기 위하여 켈러의 동기이론을 적용한 실천적 문제중심수업을 구안·적용하였다. 실천적 문제는 다양한 학습자료의 제공으로 흥미를 느끼고 접근하게 하였으며, 소그룹 협동학습 모둠을 기반으로 한 토론 및 다양한 체험 활동 위주의 수업을 통해 실천적 추론을 용이하게 하였다. 연구 결과 학생들은 가정 교과에 대한 인식의 변화를 가져왔는데, 가정 교과는 재미있고, 유용한 과목이며 실생활에서도 실천적 태도가 향상되었다고 응답하였다. 또한, 실천적 문제중심수업은 사고력, 협동심, 문제해결력 향상에 효과적이며, 앞으로도 실천적 문제중심의 수업을 희망하였다.

It is well established that mammalian cumulus cell (CC) expansion requires BMP15 (bone morphogenetic protein bone morphogenetic protein 15) and GDF9 (growth differentiation factor 9). However, the mechanisms of the factors in CC expansion are largely unclear. This study was conducted to examine the two paracrine factors and their receptor SMAD intracellular signaling mechanism of mediating porcine CC expansion and oocyte maturation, and to compare COCs (Cumulus–oocyte complexes) maturation to DOs (Denuded oocytes). COCs and DOs were in vitro matured in medium with FSH, LH and TGFB superfamily antagonists. Our results showed that the expansion of COCs was unaffected by addition of GDF9 and BMP15 recombinant protein, but cumulus cell proliferation and DOs maturation rate were enhanced. The mRNA expressions of SMAD receptor confirmed that oocytes secreted factors that activate SMAD3,4 and SMAD1 in granulosa cells and oocytes, but unaffected SMAD2. Treatment of COCs with a SMAD2/3 phosphorylation inhibitor (SB431542) inhibited CC expansion and expression of TNFAIP6. SB431542 also was revealed to inhibit DOs maturation. The activation of CC SMAD signaling by oocytes, and the requirement of SMAD2/3 signaling for expansion and oocyte maturation were studied in pig. Nonetheless, porcine oocyte maturation without SMAD2/3 signaling is likely to be needed for optimal matrix formation, but also BMP15 and GDF9 is likely to be needed in oocyte.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors determining the participation restriction of chronic stroke patients based on international classification of functioning, disability, and health (ICF) model. Sixty-eight stroke patients participated. The participants were assessed participation restriction using the Korean version of London handicap scale (K-LHS), modified Barthel index (K-MBI) to measure activities of daily living, Berg balance scale (K-BBS) to assess balance, and the center for epidemiologic studies depression (K-CES-D) to gauge depression. Also, 3 minutes walking test (3MWT), gait velocity, asymmetric posture, and family support were assessed. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to explore the factors determining participation restriction. There were no significant different in the K-LHS and K-MBI results by gender (p>.05). Correlations between the K-LHS and K-MBI (r=-.656), K-BBS (r=-.543), K-CES-D (r=.266), 3MWT (r=-.363), gait velocity (r=.348), and family support (r=-.389) were significant (p<.05). Also, the K-MBI and family support were the factors that determined participation restriction (p<.05) and that 40.2% of the variation in the K-LHS can be explained. Therefore, it is suggested that evaluation and intervention of patient's activity level and extent of family support is necessary to reduce participation restriction of chronic stroke patients.

As becoming a classicist David had strong faith that art must be useful to his contemporaries. The progressive philosophes were enthusiastic about the classical antiquity by reflecting ancient spirit in their society, and David who was close to them inherited and developed classicism both in style and content actively. David's idea that art ought to contribute to the progress of the human spirit gave rise to resistance against the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. The Royal Academy was the despotic power system which suppressed the freedom of artists to satisfy autocrats. David's hostility to the Royal Academy promoted his progressive inclination to the more radical one, and led him to tie up with revolutionists. The revolutionists wanted to form a new society and David desired eagerly to establish ideal surroundings as an artist. That is, David's interests were in accord with theirs. Finally, the Royal Academy was broke up by David's effort. In doing so, he reformed and dominated the art of his own day and became a revolutionary artist. David sympathized with revolutionary generation in a religious viewpoint. David planned the Fête of the Supreme Being. The Supreme Being was a kind of god created by the revolutionary government. For the person who looked forward to establishing a new state, the traditional Catholic was the typical power system which suppressed the people by preaching them to obey. David and the leaders of the French Revolution, however, did not deny god and religion itself. The revolutionary government took the position that a religion was necessary to unite the people and to secure social stability. David joined the Theophilanthrophy. It was an all-embracing religion for the people which proclaimed the existence of god and the immortality of the soul and preached tolerance and the importance of one's duty to one's fellow man. It could make sure that David's political activities and his view of art were inseparably related to each other. By accepting classicism David realized the social importance of art and got a progressive idea at the same time. As he got more radical thought, his concern moved away from canvas. Needless to say, David's inclination to politics and desire for power can not be eliminated in referring to his social participation. The substantial aspect of his sense of social participation, however, was his desire to develop artistic capacity in a society given a guarantee of the individual freedom.

The objectives of this study were to analyze the current state of elementary school children’s partici pation in winter sports and, by doing so, to provide basic materials for developing winter sport progr ams and expanding facilities for elementary schoo

The present study investigated the role of peripheral P2X receptors in inflammatory pain transmission in the orofacial area in rats. Experiments were carried out on male Sprague- Dawley rats weighing 220 to 280 g. Formalin (5%, 50 μL) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 25 μL) was applied subcutaneously to the vibrissa pad to produce inflammatory pain. TNP-ATP, a P2X2,2/3,4 receptor antagonist, or OX-ATP, a P2X7 receptor antagonist, was then injected subcutaneously at 20 minutes prior to formalin injection. One of the antagonists was administered subcutaneously at three days after CFA injection. The subcutaneous injection of formalin produced a biphasic nociceptive behavioral response. Subcutaneous pretreatment with TNP-ATP (80, 160 or 240 μg) significantly suppressed the number of scratches in the second phase produced by formalin injection. The subcutaneous injection of 50 μg of OX-ATP also produced significant antinociceptive effects in the second phase. Subcutaneous injections of CFA produced increases in mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Both TNP-ATP (480 μg) and OX-ATP (100 μg) produced an attenuation of mechanical hypersensitivity. However, no change was observed in thermal hypersensitivity after the injection of either chemical. These results suggest that the blockade of peripheral P2X receptors is a potential therapeutic approach to the onset of inflammatory pain in the orofacial area.

This study represented all active members of <W social baseball league>, an inter-social baseball league in Seoul, by collectively taking 284 social baseball participants as a sample population. This study first measured the partipation motivation for soc

The purpose of this study was to provide guiding information in order to invigorate after-school physical education programs, make middle school students aware of importance of physical activities in adolescence and induce the participation in after-schoo

The purpose of this research is to determine the motivational relationship between a school sports c lub and school life adjustment, and to establish the effect of a school sports club. This research can al so be helpful to determine what kind of school s