인터넷이 상품거래의 새로운 공간으로 등장한 것은 이미 오래 전의 일이고, 최근 일부 분야는 오 히려 오프라인 시장 보다 온라인 시장이 상품거래 의 주된 무대가 되고 있다. 종래부터 제조업자는 자 신이 제조한 상품이 유통업자에 의해 다시 판매될 경우에 적용되는 이른바 재판매가격에 대하여 일 정한 제한을 가하려는 시도를 해왔고, 이러한 재판 매가격유지행위(RPM)에 대하여는 공정거래법에 의해 일정한 규제가 이루어져 왔다. 이러한 현상은 인터넷 상거래의 경우에도 동일하게 발생할 수 있 고 실제로 미국에서는 이른바 인터넷최소광고가격 통제행위(IMAP)를 어떻게 취급할 것인지에 대한 논의가 한창 이루어지고 있다. 우리 공정거래법은 수직적 경쟁제한행위 중 가 격제한행위와 비가격제한행위를 각각 다르게 규율 하고 있고, 위 인터넷최소광고가격통제행위는 표 면적으로는 광고에 대한 제한으로서 비가격적 제 한행위의 성격을 가지지만, 실질적으로는 가격에 영향을 미치는 특성이 존재하는바, 이 논문에서는 우리 법상 이를 어떻게 취급할 것인지에 대하여 다 루어 보고자 한다. 논의에 앞서 재판매가격유지행 위와 관련한 기존의 당연위법의 원칙과 최근 미국 연방대법원 및 우리 대법원판결에 의해 제시된 합 리의 원칙에 관하여 살피기로 한다.

Early onset torsion dystonia is caused by mutations in DYT1 gene in humans. The molecular and cellular etiology underlying this disorder is not still understood yet. Because vertebrates have more than 4 homologs in their genomes, it is very hard to elucidate the exact in vivo functions of Torsin1A. Instead, Drosophila has only one homolog named Torsin. To investigate the in vivo functions of Torsin, we generated and characterized transgenic flies expressing coding regions of Drosophial Torsin (DTor) cDNA or double stranded inhibitory DNA constructs (RNAi). The transgenic expression of DTor cDNA or RNAi in all tissue induced significant changes in DTor proteins levels as well as ability of motor controls. In addition, DTor over-expressing flies showed increased resistance to H2O2 or paraquat. In the future study, we will found how those phenotypes were accomplished by performing various experiments.

Many insects adjust feeding behavior to meet their optimal requirement for multiple nutrients. In the present study, we investigated the behavioral regulatory responses of male and female adults of an omnivorous beetle, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), using choice and no-choice feeding experimental designs. In the choice experiment, newly eclosed adults of both sexes received one of four food-pairing treatments and so were allowed to self-compose their preferred nutrient intake by selecting between two nutritionally-complementary diets (protein-rich vs. carbohydrate-rich diet; 35:7 vs. 7:35, 35:7 vs. 5.6:28, 28:5.6 vs. 7:35, or 28:5.6 vs. 5.6:28, P%:C% by dry mass). Our data showed that both sexes independently regulated their intake of protein and carbohydrate to a 1:1 ratio, indicating that they are capable of adjusting their feeding behavior to optimize their nutrient preference. In the no-choice experiment, adults were forced to eat one of seven single diets that varied in P:C ratio (0:42, 7:35, 14:28, 21:21, 28:14, 35:7, or 42:0). Results showed that both sexes ingested similar amounts of nutrients when the dietary P:C ratio was moderately balanced (14:28, 21:21 and 28:14), but males ingested significantly more than females on those diets that were extremely imbalanced with respect to their P:C ratio (0:42, 7:35, 35:7 and 42:0). This indicates that there exists a sex-specific difference in nutrient intake when the nutritional balance of diets deviates away from the optimal level under restricted feeding condition.

The article 18 of game review regulation has some problems related to mandate of upper law; it violates the limit of mandate of upper law and judicial power. The article 2 of Game industry promotion law defines the concept of ‘gambling behavior’. But the article 18 of game review regulation includes behaviors which are not included in the article 2 to regulate them. Court should have the power to interpret which is ‘gambling behavior’ or not; according to the article 18 of game review regulation, the game rating board has the power to interpret which is ‘gambling behavior’ or not. According to the revision of Game industry promotion law, rating rejection to the violation of Game industry promotion law is possible. Minor violation of law as to business regulation should not be considered as the reason of rating rejection. Therefore, The revision of game law has probability of violating Constitution principle such as proportion rule.

This study challenges constitutional problems of the identification regulation on online web-board Games, which is about to be reviewed by Ministry of Government Legislation. The regulation comprises imposition of duty for online web-board game publisher to identify every game user whenever the game user plays or accesses the online web-board game. The regulation is deemed to be unconstitutional because 1) it is not an effective mean to prevent online web-board game from being misused as gambling 2) it violates free speech right, right on personal information as well as privacy. As the Constitutional Court of Korea has already decided that internet real-name system, which imposed identification duty online bulletin board, is unconstitutional, any regulator or legislator should not use identification regulation without eliminating its unconstitutionality.

Interpretation of the laws governing speculation in Korea has been discussed primarily based on the judiciary judgment over the concept of speculation where the courts and statutes have been consistent in applying the existence of “cash convertibility” as the criterion in determining the speculative nature of an activity. This has applied to the Korean gaming regulations in such a way that a game is to be prohibited if it meets this speculative condition but allowed otherwise. But amendments of the Game Industry Promotion Act’s enforcement ordinance in 2013 to prohibit “auto-play” etc., has brought out a new political problem in the government’s regulation against speculation in online poker games, as the new amendment was devised to prevent excess-use by the users of online poker games that do not meet the definition of speculation such as gambling, under the existing provisions. This study examines and tests the banning of “auto-play” that would not be suitable for Online games. And it shows the ineffectiveness and lots of side effects that game industries confront on many aspects.

The matching system of online games is important factor that determines enjoy the game with others and defines the features of the online game itself. In this regard, Regulation to force the random matching of Web-based board game that has recently been made in Korea, have some problems in terms of both the development and use. First of all, regulation directly to the matching method, shall preclude the development of a creative matching system in social game environment . In addition, the antipathy of fun and discomfort of the game use is a concern in the position of the user. Games for direct regulation affecting the development and use as much considering it prudent approach is required.

In general, a wagering is deemed a form of gambling when it has the element of betting on properties. Also, any game that leads to financial loss or gain based on its outcome is also interpreted as a form of gambling. However, what if there is no loss or gain of profit in property? In Korea, this kind of non gambling game is widely called Web Board Game. In recent years, Korea’s game industry has become the new engine for economic growth and positioned itself as the symbol of a successful cultural content. However, despite all this, the popular media has accused game as the cause of gambling. And every year the government is coming out with new regulations that woule be seriously affecting the whole game industry and game developer's life. The most recent regulations are coming from Amendments of Game Industry Promotion Act's Implementing Ordinance in the year of 2013. This study examines and tests the Problem of "webboard-game's daily limit regulation" which is known as the most difficult for developers to materialize from these 2013 years amendments of regulations. And it shows the effectiveness and provides an alternative direction for game development.

In recent years, the government is trying to regulate the web board games - poker, gostop etc. with the amendment of the executive order regarding the game law. The main regulation of this order is to regulate the maximum amount of betting the game as a ten thousand won per game and a hundred thousand won a day. if these are not obeyed, the gamer and game company will be punished. Therefore, these regulations need to be reviewed in terms of legal issues with a strict examination. However the regulation on the limits of betting in a game seems not to be justified with the constitutional standards - the principle of apparentness (definitude), the principle banning excessive enforcement when restricting the basic rights of people - in this case, the general human rights and liberties to act of gamers and the freedom of profession and speech of game operators(company). It is also questioned that it might infringe the essense of the legal institution of game and rights, and cause the paradox of excessive regulation.

우리나라에서 악취 규제는 배출원의 부지경계선과 배출구에서 농도 규제치를 사용한다. 그러므로 수용체에서 정확한 체감악취의 유무를 쉽게 판단하기는 곤란하다. 비록 개개인의 악취에 대한 응답을 결정하는 변수는 다양하고 응답 종류도 광범위하게 나타나지만, 일반적으로 악취에 대한 규제는 다양한 변수를 고려하여 구성되며, 이들 변수에는 악취 발생빈도, 강도, 기간, 불쾌도, 지역 변수 등이 있다. 본 연구에서는 매사추세츠(미국), 뉴질랜드, 덴마크, 네덜란드, 호주 서부, 타이완 등 6개 지역의 악취 규제를 사용하여 소각장 주변에서 악취 영향 거리를 비교하였다. 악취 영향 거리를 평가하기 위하여 이들 6개 지역 규제는 악취 농도와 허용 빈도를 고려하고 있다. 연구 결과에 의하면 악취에 의한 영향 거리는 0.5~1.4 km의 범위로 나타났다. 악취 농도를 고정하고 허용 빈도를 변경하는 경우 허용 빈도가 높을수록 영향 거리는 크게 나타났다. 허용 빈도를 고정하고 농도를 변화시키는 경우 농도가 높으면 영향거리가 줄어들었다. 결론적으로 악취 영향 범위는 악취 농도뿐 아니라 허용 빈도에 따라 변화하였다.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been known to affect to cell migration, proliferation, morphogenesis and apoptosis by degrading the extracellular matrix. In the previous studies, undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were successfully proliferated inside the extracellular matrix (ECM) analog-conjugated three-dimensional (3D) poly ethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogel. However, there is no report about MMP secretion in ESCs, which makes it difficult to understand and explain how ESCs enlarge space and proliferate inside 3D PEG-based hydrogel constructed by crosslinkers containing MMP-specific cleavage peptide sequence. Therefore, we investigated what types of MMPs are released from undifferentiated ESCs and how extracellular signals derived from various niche conditions affect MMP expression of ESCs at the transcriptional level. Results showed that undifferentiated ESCs expressed specifically MMP2 and MMP3 mRNAs. Transcriptional up-regulation of MMP2 was caused by the 3D scaffold, and activation of integrin inside the 3D scaffold upregulated MMP2 mRNAs synergistically. Moreover, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) on 2D matrix and 3D scaffold induced upregulation of MMP3 mRNAs, and activation of integrins through conjugation of extracellular matrix (ECM) analogs with 3D scaffold upregulated MMP3 mRNAs synergistically. These results suggest that successful proliferation of ESCs inside the 3D PEG-based hydrogel may be caused by increase of MMP2 and MMP3 expression resulting from 3D scaffold itself as well as activation of integrins inside the 3D PEG-based scaffold.

Since the advent of smart phones in 2007, the population of smart phone user has been increasing at stunning rate in Korea. In spite of many benefits such as full internet access, location based service, and easy installation of new applications, many social and medical researches have been reported the concern of overuse of smart phones, especially for teenagers on game and internet addiction. However, most of studies are based on the survey research, so often questioned to be limited number of sample and subjective, which can be overcome by evident-based study. The paper presents a pilot development of Google Android app that provides the 24-hour-measured application usage pattern of smart phone users. A requirement study performed with medical doctors and phycologists are discussed and the key technical and application issues are discussed and their solutions are presented. The system is designed to be extensible so that social network and additional service can be applied based on the user. The measured data is expected to be used for study the cause and treatment of game and internet addiction for teenagers and adults.

OSHMS(Occupational Safety and Health Management System) is able to define as a typical convergence of all kinds of activities and elements that support maintaining safety at workplace and protecting employee's health. In particular, fundamental function of OSHMS is preventing diverse hazards at workplace through high level of regulation compliance. Furthermore, insuring safety in workplace, protecting employee's health and increasing effectiveness in manufacture are OSHMS's additional functions. Based on the division of manufacture in 2009 Survey on Current Status of Occupational Health & Safety data, the study analyses certain relation between OSHMS and level of regulation compliance. The main finding is that most activities and elements which formed by OSHMS are being affected by regulation clauses.

OSHA(Occupational Safety and Health Act) generally regulates employer's business principles in the workplace to maintain safety environment. This act has the fundamental purpose to protect employee's safety and health in the workplace by reducing industrial accidents. Authors tried to investigate the correlation between 'occupational injuries and illnesses' and level of regulation compliance using Survey on Current Status of Occupational Safety & Health data by the various statistical methods, such as generalized regression analysis, logistic regression analysis and poison regression analysis in order to compare the results of those methods. The results have shown that the significant affecting compliance factors were different among those statistical methods. This means that specific interpretation should be considered based on each statistical method. In the future, relevant statistical technique will be developed considering the distribution type of occupational injuries.

기술융합에 따라 신매체가 구매체와 유사한 서비스를 제공함에도 불구하고 둘 간의 규제격차가 심할 경우에는 규제갈등과 규제공백을 가져올 가능성 이 크다. 이 연구는 두가지 관점에서 스마트TV에 대한 규제 타당성과 규제 수준을 살펴보았다. 첫째, 매체적 특성요인이며, 둘째, 이해관계자 인식 요인이다. 이 두가 지 요인은 지금까지 국내에서 신매체의 법적 성격을 규정짓는데 참고해온 핵심 요 인들이라고 볼 수 있기 때문이다. 스마트TV의 기술적 특징을 기존문헌과 심층인터 뷰를 통해 분석하고 관련법에서의 수용가능성에 대해 분석하였다. 또한 스마트TV 에 대한 법적 지위 및 규제 수준 그리고 쟁점 규제 이슈에 대해 관련 전문가들의 인식과 입장을 알아보았다. 이를 토대로 스마트TV의 실시간방송에 대해서는 기존 유료방송사업자에 준하는 법적 규제를 행할 필요가 있으며, 방송법, IPTV법, 전기 통신사업법 상의 행위규제에서 나타나는 비대칭규제 문제를 우선적으로 해결할 필 요성이 있다는 결론을 제시하였다.

심해저 망간단괴의 탐사규칙에 따른 탐사계약이 오는 2016년 만료되는 국가가 많으므로 탐사규칙에 이은 개발규칙의 준비가 본격화 되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 심해저 망간단괴 개발규칙의 핵심쟁점으로 예상되는 사안들을 살펴보고 그에 대한 분석 및 향후 연구과제를 도출한다. 망간단괴 개발규칙에 있어서 가장 핵심이 될 것으로 예상되는 쟁점은 계약의 유형, 면허의 종류, 재정체계 등이다. 계약의 종류는 프로젝트에 대한 정부의 통제가 가능한 서비스계약과, 운영자의..

Slips and falls are associated with many occupational injuries in Korea. It is also estimated that slipping are major contributors to slip, trip and fall injury burden. So「LOCAL RULE ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDAR D」must be improved, especially article 3(prevention of slip, trip and fall). The primary purpose of the present study is to determine if , and to what extent, the standard could be improved in present environment. In order to fulfill our objective, the another regulation in Korea and foreign countries were investigated and reviewed. Many kind of standard, mandatory documents and guideline were also reviewed. And then, regulations, standard, guideline etc. reviewed were compared with each others. The article 3 was revised as below. 1. The floors of the traffic route in workplace shall have no hole or slope, or be uneven or slippery so as, in each case, to expose employees to slip, trip and fall risk, except if adequate measures have been taken to prevent a employees falling. 2. The employer shall design, install and fix the drain for effective drainage if fluid contaminants were frequently occurred. So far as is reasonably practicable, An employer shall keep the workplace clean, sanitary, and dry so that employees won't have any risk to tripping or slipping at the workplace. 3. To facilitate cleaning, every floor, workplace, and passageway shall be, so far as is reasonably practicable, kept free from protruding objects, splinters, holes, etc. Also, some criteria was developed in this study. Standard and criteria developed in this study will help to prevent slip, trip, and fall injuries.

In recent years, with the successful growth and rapid overseas expansion of Korean games, Korea’s game industry has become the new engine for economic growth and positioned itself as the symbol of a successful cultural content. However, despite all this, the popular media has accused game as the cause of gambling and also violence. And every year the government is coming out with new regulations that are seriously affecting the whole game industry. Therefore, right now there is a need to introduce regulation to the game developers not as an object of condemnation or an object to be evaded. Regulation should be rethought and also measures should be taken to minimize it side effects. This study examines and tests the most recent regulations that were not suitable for games. And it shows the effectiveness and provides an alternative direction for game development.

Red ginseng is a widely used dietary supplement and medicinal herb, and there are so many forms of ginseng products including tea, extract, capsule and jelly. The purpose of the present study was to propose some amendments on ginsenoside content of red ginseng products in Korea. For this purpose, we analyzed red ginseng products for simultaneous determination of 26 ginsenosides by ultra performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. Some developmental aspects of Korea’s ginsenoside content standard regulations for red ginseng products are needed to be examined as follows : Firstly, we proposed that four ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg1, Rf and Rg3) would be detected in red ginseng products. Secondly, in case of red ginseng extracts, the sum of Rb1, Rg1 and Rg3 would be 4.0 mg/g. The two proposals are helpful to comprehensive evaluation of quality of red ginseng products. In conclusion,the scientific studies on amendment scheme of ginsenoside content standard regulation of red ginseng product are very important to fortify quality control.

In this study, we observed anti-diabetic effects of acid hydrolyzed silk peptides, where the amount of peptides in the total amino acid mixture was strictly regulated. Using in vitro diabetes models, silk peptide-containing amino acid mixtures of 5.60% (G5), 11.30% (G10), 14.50% (G15), and 20.50% (G20) were examined separately in order to determine whether they have biological activities. According to our results, a cytoprotective effect was observed following treatment of interleukin-1β in RINm5f pancreas β-cells. As a consequence, Bax, a pro-apoptotic gene, was down-regulated, while Bcl-2, a pro-survival gene, was retained at normal level. Results of the 4’,6-diamidino-2-phentylindole (DAPI) staining assay confirmed that G20 has a better cytoprotective effect. Insulin release from RINm5f cells showed a significant increase following treatment with G5-G20, suggesting that silk peptide effectively regulated and induced insulin production. Single treatment with G5-G20 resulted in enhanced glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle cells. In addition, a higher amount of each group inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase. In summary, these data suggest that silk peptide may have an anti-diabetic effect through protection of pancreas β-cells and enhancement of insulin release, which showed a close association with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), and can improve glucose uptake, which was the major target for therapy of Type 2 diabetes. Taken together, we concluded that acid hydrolyzed silk peptides can be used effectively for control of blood sugar metabolism via improvement of the problematic indices of Type 1 and Type 2 DM.