연약지반의 점토퇴적물을 시멘트와 함께 생석회, 소석회, 석고, 고령토, 제올라이트, 규조토 등의 광물재료를 혼합하여 고화 반응시킨 후 양생시간에 따른 물성변화와 반응생성물을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 시멘트로는 포틀랜드 시멘트보다는 슬래그시멘트가 점토의 고화반응에 따른 강도발현이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 슬래그시멘트와 함께 각종 광물재료와 고화 반응시킨 실험결과에서는, 석고가 가장 높은 강도발현을 나타냈다 따라서 슬래그시멘트와 석고에 대해 이들의 혼합비를 달리하여 고화 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 슬래그시멘트 70%, 석고 30%의 비율에서 가장 좋은 강도발현을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 이 실험의 고화반응물에서는 에트린자이트 등의 반응생성물이 포함되었다. 이것은 석고가 슬래그시멘트의 효율적인 수화반응을 촉진시켜서 높은 강도 발현에 기여 한 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 실험 결과는 연약지반의 안정화 처리에 유용한 자료로 이용될 것으로 보인다.

부산 신항만 및 녹산공단 지역을 포함하는 낙동강 하구 유역에는 두꺼운 점토질퇴적물이 퇴적되어 연약지반을 구성하고 있다. 이곳의 4개의 시추공에서 채취한 점토퇴적물에 대해 광물성분과 공학적 토질물성을 분석하여, 깊이에 따른 변화를 검토하고 그들의 상관관계를 검토하였다. 그 결과 점토퇴적물 속에 함유된 일부 광물조성은 토질물성과 약간의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 석영의 함량은 습윤단위중량과 정의 관계이고, 액성한계와는 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 함수량은 장석의 함량과는 부의 관계이고, 점토광물의 함량과는 정의 관계를 나타냈다. 습윤단위중량은 점토광물의 함량과는 부의 관계를 나타냈다. 그리고 복합적 인자에 의한 상관분석 결과에서 소성지수는 점토광물, 스멕타이트, 점토입토의 함량과 일정의 관계식을 가지는 것으로 나타났다.

The surface sediments inside Songsanpo and Seogwipo Harbors, major harbors of Jeju Island, were collected three times (June, September and December, 2001) and analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) recommended by US-EPA as priority pollutants to assess their distribution levels and their biological effects on the marine organisms, and to suggest their possible origins. The concentrations of total PAHs inside Songsanpo and Seogwipo Harbors ranged from 41 to 288 ng/g on a dry weight basis with a mean value of 121 ng/g and from 14 to 268 ng/g with a mean value of 119 ng/g, respectively, and the levels were low as compared with those in other areas of the world. The sedimentary PAHs may be correlated with organic carbon and mud content to some extent. Based on comparisons of individual and total concentrations with effects-based sediment quality guidelines, the potential for the biological effects on the marine organisms were expected to be very low. From the examinations of the four PAH origin indices, such as LMW/HMW (low molecular weight 2-3 ring PAHs over high molecular weight 4-6 ring PAHs), phenanthrene/anthracene ratio, fluoranthene/pyrene ratio, chrysene/benzo[a]anthracene ratio, it can be concluded that the sediment PAH contaminations were ascribed to both of pyrolytic and petrogenic origins.

Surface sediments (0~4 cm) were sampled at 40 stations from Ulsan Bay and its adjacent areas of Korea, to evaluate the contamination by sewage-derived organic matters using fecal sterols. Some sterols were quantified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Total concentrations of eight sterols (coprostanol, cholesterol, cholestanol, epicholestanol, epicoprostanol, β-sitosterol, brassicasterol, and stigmasterol) in the sediments from Ulsan Bay and its vicinity varied from 929 to 23,444 ng/g dry weight. The most predominant sterols were cholesterol and coprostanol, accounting for 33~72% of total sterols. The concentration of coprostanol known as the indicator of human feces ranged from 141 to 8,257 ng/g dry weight. In particular, the coprostanol concentrations in the sediments from Jansaengpo Harbor and Taehwa River exceeded the value of 1,000 ng/g dry weight, suggesting that these areas could be considered as the hot-spot zones by municipal sewage contamination. Some molecular indices and multivariate data analysis were used to assess the origin of these sterols in the sediments. Results showed that the major routes of sewage contamination in Ulsan Bay and its vicinity were the input through Jansaengpo Harbor and Taehwa River.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in sediments of Kwangyang bay on Korea, have been investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometery (GC/MS). The average content of total PAHs in all samples was 2,211ppb, and the range was from 36 to 22,699ppb. The higher concentrations were found in sediment sampled near Kwangyang iron processing plant, Taeindo. The resulting distributions of PAHs according to the number of aromatic ring and molecular ratios of specific aromatic compounds (phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene) have been discussed in terms of sample location, origin of the organic matter. Four, five and six rings of PAHs were mainly found near to Kwangyang iron processing plant, and three and four rings near to Yeosu chemical kombinat. This result typically indicated the local characteristics, depending on the origin of PAHs.

포항지역 제3기 해성퇴적층에서 산출되는 탄산염광물의 특성을 밝히기 위하여 음극선 발광현미경 관찰과 화학분석을 실시하였다. 발광현미경은 보통의 편광 현미경으로는 관찰할 수 없는 정보를 제공해 준다. 사암의 탄산염 교질물 내에서, 편광현미경하에서는 나타나지 않는 유공충의 형태와 마름모꼴로 자란 돌로마이트 형태들이 음금선 발광현미경하에서는 명확히 나타난다. 화학분석 결과, 발광은 탄산염 광물 내의 망간 성분과 칠 성분에 의해서 나타난다. 그러나 돌로마이트 내의 철성분이 10,000 ppm을 넘게 되면 발광은 사라진다. 산출되는 돌로마이트는 칼슘 성분이 많은 것이 특징이며, 60～70℃의 초기 속성작용 단계에서 생성된 것으로 생각된다.

Laboratory sorption isotherm batch studies have been attempted to elucidate interaction of synthetic pyrethroids (bifenthrin and permethrin) with sediments and their fractions. As a nonlinear isothermal model, the Freundlich equation was applied to sorption results obtained from sediments to investigate the relationship between synthetic pyrethroids and sediments containing different amounts of organic carbon. Results demonstrated that the sorption capabilities of bifenthrin and cis- and trans-permethrin was in the order of bifenthrin, cis-permethrin and trans-permethrin, respectively, indicating that adsorbed bifenthrin was the most stable followed by cis- and trans-permethrin in all sediments. Their sorption capability was closely related to organic carbon contents in sediments. Higher sorption was observed in sediments containing higher organic carbon contents. Sorption study extended into the fractions, clay and humic acids, extracted from a sediment, indicated that higher sorption capacity in humic acids occurred than in the clay of both examined bifenthrin and permethrin. This study demonstrates the sorption of synthetic pyrethroids with sediments, and will help in the understanding of the transport and fate of synthetic pyrethroids existing in field sediments.

The surface sediments inside Hallim Harbor, one of the major harbors of Jeju Island, were sampled three times (June, September and December, 2001) and analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), recommended by US-EPA as priority pollutants, to assess their distribution levels and to suggest their possible origins. The concentrations of PAHs ranged from 19 to 496 ng/g on a dry weight basis with a mean value of 245 ng/g, and the levels were low to moderate in comparison with other areas in the world. Based on comparisons of individual and total PAH concentrations with effects-based and equilibrium partitioning-based on sediment quality guidelines, the potential for the biological effects were expected to be low. The sedimentary PAHs may be correlated with organic carbon and mud contents to some extent. From the examinations of the four PAH origin indices, such as LMW/HMW (low molecular weight 2-3 ring PAHs over high molecular weight 4-6 ring PAHs), phenanthrene/anthracene ratio, fluoranthene/pyrene ratio, chrysene/benzo[a]anthracene ratio, it can be concluded that the sediment PAH contaminations were ascribed to both pyrolytic and petrogenic origins.

Butyltin compounds (BTs), namely tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), were measured in surface sediments collected in 2001 inside Hallim Harbor where a lot of shipping occurs as one of major harbors of Jeju Island, in order to evaluate their distribution. BTs were detected in surface sediments of all stations and their concentrations were comparable to those in surface sediments of other sites of domestic and foreign countries. The main species among BTs was MBT, although there was a little difference with a survey site. No correlations were obtained between organic matter or particles size of surface sediments and total BTs, indicating that these factors did not affect on the distribution of BTs. It was estimated that more complex factors including BTs loads and surrounding sedimentary environments, affected on the distribution of BTs. The high correlations between BTs indicated that DBT and MBT were mainly degraded from TBT based on antifouling paints of vessel etc. and other sources, such as DBT and MBT, could be ignored. The butyltin degradation indexes ([DBT] + [MBT]/[TBT]) were in the range of 1.5～3.3 (mean 2.5), indicating that the parent compound, TBT, were inflowed into the surface sediments a long years ago and degraded.

This study was performed to investigate the degree of pollution of sediments of stream and reservoir in rural area. A series of field investigations were carried out for Kyongki-do area and chemical analysis were performed for sediment samples. It was found that some samples were heavily polluted with phenol and TPH and gave off a malodor. Soil Pollution Scores(SPSs) was determined for sediment samples. Some samples were classified to Soil Pollution Class(SPC) 2 and 3. For recycling and disposal of dredged sediments from stream and reservoirs, these polluted sediments should be carefully considered. In the environmental improvement operations of rural area, the degree of pollution of sediments of stream and reservoir are carefully investigated and suitable counterplan must be established.

Thirty sediment samples of the <63㎛ fraction collected from the southwestern coast of Korea were analysed for their heavy metal (Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb) concentration. The results show that sediment texture plays a controlling role on the total metal concentrations and their spatial distribution. A single 1M HCl extraction procedure was used in order to assess the environmental risk of heavy metals in bottom sediments. The non-residual fraction was the most abundant pool for Mn and Pb in most samples, which means that this metals are highly avaliable in these sediments. Cr, Ni, Fe, Co, Zn and Cu were mainly associated with the residual fraction, suggesting that their concentrations are controlled significantly by transport processes with the fine particles as carriers from diffuse pollution source. Concentration enrichment ratios(CER) were calculated from the non-residual contents and their values allowed us to classify the sediments according to their environmental risk.

To utilize coastal aquaculture ground bottom sediment in which concentrations of harmful pollutants are low and organic content is high as an organic fertilizer alkaline stabilizers such as CaO, Oyster shell, Mg(OH)2 were added to the bottom sediment organic additives of livestock or food wastes. Nutritive qualities of crude fertilizers were measured to examine effects of alkaline stabilizers and organic waste additions. The Mg(OH)2-added crude fertilizer had significantly lower total carbon(T-C) and nitrogen(T-N) content, reflecting the dilution effect due to great amount of Mg(OH)2 addition. However, the addition of oyster shell had no significant effect on the T-C and T-N content of the fertilizer. P2O5 and K2O content was considerably higher in the mixed sample of aquaculture ground bottom sediments and livestock wastes than in the mixture of the sediments and food wastes, resulting from higher P2O5 and K2O content in livestock wastes. Addition of Mg(OH)2 increased the content of MgO in the crude fertilizer but significantly reduced the content of other nutritive elements such as P2O5, K2O and CaO. Addition of oyster shell as an alkaline stabilizer seemed to have the advantage of saving time and expenses for dryness due to its role as a modulator of water content. Moreover, additions of effect Mg(OH)2 decreased the concentrations of heavy metals in the fertilizer by the dilution while additions of oyster shell had no influence on heavy metal concentrations in the fertilizer.

새만금 미세점착성 퇴적물의 침강특성을 퇴적물 자체의 물리ㆍ화학적 기본특성과 연계 해석하기 위하여, 퇴적물의 입경분포, 광물질 구성 및 유기물 함량 조사로 구성되는 새만금 퇴적물에 대한 물리ㆍ화학적 특성 조사가 수행되었다. 새만금 퇴적물의 물리ㆍ화학적 특성에 대한 분석 결과, 새만금 퇴적물은 평균입경(52)이 비교적 크고 유기물 함량(2%)이 매우 작으며, 점착력이 비교적 자은 석영이 주된 광물질 구성성분으로 점착력에 의한 침강효과 보다는 중력에 의한 침

Sediments and river waters from the channel of Hwasun-cheon were studied in sedimentological size and geochemical analyses of metallic elements for the purposes of identification of depositional environments and geochemical characteristics. The sizes of sediments are assigned to pebble to coarse sand in mean size and polymodal in distribution. And the sediments are poorly to very poorly sorted and positively skewed. According to the grain size distributions of the sediments, the Hwasun-cheon belongs to gravel-bed river on the basis of the grain size distribution of the sediments. The behaviors of metallic elements in the sediments mainly depend on not grain size distribution but the geology connected with geomorphological reliefs near the stream. Contamination indices(CI) of Zn, Cu and Pb are 2.83 to 6.96 with average 4.31 in the sediments. Hwasun-cheon is assigned to general stream type in accordance with water quality of physical factors and chemical characteristics by Piper's diagram. Though meaningful values of BOD, T-N, T-P were locally depicted near Masan-ri, Hwasun-eup and Jiseok-cheon areas, artificial metal concentration do not represent in the most area of the stream. Sediments and river water are considered that the relatively more or less high metallic contents in the stream are originated from coal mine and urban area.

A comparison of Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Simocephalus mixtus toxicity test was performed to study the relative sensitivities and discrimination abilities with both pore and elutriate water of Woopo wetland sediments. Sediment risk assessment has been done by standardized preparation method of pore and elutriate water described in the joint US EPA-US Army Crops of Engineers manual. Simocephalus mixtus which was obtained from Woopo wetlands in Korea was cultured and applied to sediment toxicity test. Water quality in Woopo wetland had great site and seasonal variations. S. mixtus was more sensitive than D. magna in heavy metal toxicity test. The toxicity results with S. mixtus reflected the water quality of elutriate and pore water. The results also suggested that S. mixtus could be used as a test organism in estimating potential risk of contaminated sediments.

Suspended sediment outflows mainly by natural situation and artificial action and affects in down-stream. This research studied suspended sediments origination in forests size and mountain stream for natural situation, density for artificial action, and measured the size and possible quantity of suspended sediments origination and studied obstruction method of the generation by artificial action. As the result, I found that the size of generation is about 2～3% of forest size and the forest size which is affecting bare area of valley is about 1～2ha. In addition, possible outflow segments quantity by artificial facilities is assumed to be maximum 200ton/ha and abstract of mountain incline for mountain development needs minimize bare area valley by make right angle with minimum size.

In order to evaluate the relationship between geochemical characteristics and benthic facies of the sediments from the Oenaro Island where red tide proliferation is first observed every year including this year, surface and short multiple core sediment samples were analyzed in terms of geochemical and benthic facies variation. The contents of organic carbon, carbonate, and sulfide gas were relatively low. The variation in C/N ratios, which indicate nature of organic carbon, suggested that the organic carbon recorded in the study area is composed of mixtures of marine and terrigenous organic matters. The concentration of minor elements found at the surface and multiple core sediment samples were also low as well as the enrichment factors(Ef) for the seven heavy metals indicated that the sediment of this area is not polluted significantly. The macrobenthic faunal community comprised 61 species, and their mean density was 708 ind./m2. Polychaete worms were major taxa of this benthic community. A crustacean amphipod, Melita sp. was the most abundant species accounted for 20.7% of total abundance, and the small polychaetes such as Heteromastus filiformis, Paralacydonia poradoxa, Magelona japonica, and Sigambra tentaculata were the next dominant species. The macrobenthos around the Oenaro Island were more diverse and abundant than that in Gamak Bay. The benthic communities in the study area sustained somewhat different species composition based on the cluster analysis and the MDS ordination. The benthic community health condition at three stations seemed to be unbalanced, and slightly polluted based on the biological index such as BPI and BC. There was no clear relationship between the geochemistry characteristic and the benthic faunal facies attributed by the micro-algal blooms in this coastal area.

갯벌내 미생물에 의한 유기물 분해능력을 조사하기 위하여 환경특성이 다른 세지점의 갯벌을 대상으로 분해능력을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 갯벌의 입도조성은 육상기원 퇴적물의 영향이 상대적으로 큰 만경강과 동진강 하구 갯벌이 하제갯벌보다 전체적으로 입도조성이 작았다. 갯벌의 유기물 분해능력은 초기에는 아주 느리게 일어났으며, 유기물 분해율은 동진강 하구갯벌에서 87.63%, 만경강 하구갯벌에서 86.36%, 하제갯벌에서 85.88%로 나타났고, 시험수 자체의 유기물 분해율은 27.5∼30%로 나타났다. 유기물 분해속도(K')는 동진강 갯벌이 1.364day-1, 만경강갯벌이1.080day-1, 하제갯벌이 0.735day-1로 나타나, 축산폐수의 영향을 많이 받고 유기물함량이 상대적으로 높은 동진강 하구 갯벌에서 높은 유기물 분해속도상수를 나타냈다. 해수중에서의 유기물 분해량을 뺀 순수한 갯벌 미생물에 의해 유기물 분해량은 동진강 하구갯벌이 0.4㎎/g/day, 만경강 하구갯벌이 0.36㎎/g/day 및 하제갯벌이 0.36㎎/g/day로써 평균 0.37㎎/g/day이었다. 단위면적당 유기물 분해량을 계산하기 위해 1ha당 표층 0.1㎝ 에서만 미생물이 작용하고, 갯벌의 비중을 2.5g/㎤으로 가정하여 1ha당 유기물 제거능력을 산출한 결과 9.25㎏/ha로 추정되었다. 갯벌의 유기물 분해속도는 유기물 함량을 간접적으로 나타내는 IL, CODsed, TC와 높은 양의 상관성(R2=0.97∼1.00)을 보였고, 물리적인 특성인 입도와는 입도조성이 작을수록 분해속도가 높게 나타났다.

In an attempt to evaluate the possibility of producing an organic fertilizer using sediments from coastal farming areas, the chemical composition, bacteriological quality and heavy metals in the sediments alkalized by quicklime and magnesium hydroxide were analyzed. The optimum reaction was obtained from the following conditions : a 1:4 mixture of dry sediment to food wastes and the addition of 30% quicklime to the mixture. According to the classification standard for compost constituent by Higgins, all composts had a low or intermediate grade in T-N and K2O content, a low grade in P2O5 and a high grade in CaO and MgO content. Stabilization by quicklime and magnesium hydroxide is likely to inhibit the bacterial decomposition of organic matter and the activity of pathogenic organisms. Raising the pH of stabilized sediments to 12 for 2 hours(PSRP criteria of EPA) allowed 99.99% of the coliform group, fecal group and viable cell count to be reduced. The results suggested that the crude fertilizer produced by alkaline stabilization method was innoxious and thereby the sediments from coastal farming areas could be used as organic fertilizer.