Bitter melon (Momordica charantia, MC) has been used in traditional Korean medicine in treating diabetes. In addition, some reports were emerged, showing the antifertility activities of MC in mammals. We investigated the effects of ethanolic MC extract on the reproductive activity of golden hamsters whose spermatogenetic capacity is controlled by their photoperiods. The animals were divided into 4 groups: long photoperiod (LP) control, short photoperiod (SP) control, and LP animals treated with MC. The animals were orally ingested with low (0.03 g/kg) or high (0.15 g/kg) concentrations of the ethanolic extracts for 8 weeks on the daily basis. The control animals received the vehicle. The animals were then mated with age-matched females, experienced pregnancy. As results, the LP control animals showed active large testes but SP control animals displayed remarkably reduced testes. The animals treated with both concentrations of MC extracts demonstrated large testes, indicating fertile activity as animals in LP. LP control animals had litters as expected, but SP controls had no litters at all. MC extract showed the same results as LP animals in generating offsprings. These results suggest that the MC extract does not change the photoperiodic influence on reproductive activity of male golden hamsters.

우리나라는 2012년을 기준으로 약 1,300여개소의 군부대 사격장, 15개 경기 사격장, 17개 레져용 사격장, 미군부대에서 사용하는 95개 훈련장 사격장이 운용되고 있다. 최근 국방부와 환경부가 공동으로 19개 사격장을 대상으로 토양 오염도를 조사한 결과를 보면, 모든 사격장의 토양이 발사된 탄두의 영향으로 납, 구리, 크롬 등의 중금속으로 심각하게 오염된 사실이 확인된 바 있다. 토양 중 중금속의 존재 형태는 여러 가지로 나타날 수 있는데, 일반적으로 탄피의 작은 알갱이 형태인 중금속 분말 형태와, 분말로 용출되어 토양입자에 흡착 또는 침전물 형태의 복잡한 화합물로 존재한다. 유기물과는 달리 중금속은 장기간 경과 후에도 그 양은 변화지 않으며, 단지 주변 조건에 따라 여러 가지 형태의 다양한 모습으로 존재한다. 대표적인 처리방법에는 물리적, 화학적 방법에 의한 분리 기술과 고정화 또는 안정화 방법에 의한 위해성 저감 등이 있다. 기존 사격장의 중금속오염 토양의 정화를 위하여, 소석회와, 석회석으로 구성된 연속 칼럼 반응조를 통과시킨 다음, pH를 중성으로 조절하기 위하여 pH 조정조를 통과시키는 지하수의 정화방법(시트르산, 아세트산, 옥살산과 같은 저분자 유기산을 주성분으로 하는 용출제용 조성물을 이용하여 토양 중에 투입하여 중금속을 부착시킨 후 제거하는 중금속 오염 토양의 정화방법) 등이 제안되어 왔으나, 이들 방법은 모두 사후적 정화방법에 관한 것으로 완전한 정화가 불가능할 뿐만 아니라 정화에 많은 노력과 시간이 소요된다는 문제점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 발사된 탄두를 연소 및 화재의 위험과 토양의 중금속 오염 없이 재활용이 가능한 피탄 받이용(탄두회수용) 충진재 개발을 진행하였다. 이를 통하여 탄두를 원형 그대로 회수함에 따른 고비용 탄두의 재활용이 가능하며, 탄두에 의한 토양 중금속 오염문제를 원천적으로 봉쇄할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

스마트디바이스의 급속한 발전과 함께 디지털미디어적인 콘텐츠 소비속도가 매우 빨라지고 있다. 그로 인하여 다양한 이야기가 필요하게 되었고, 이야기를 창작하기 위해 문화 원형들의 재현이 많아지고 있다. 원형은 집단적 무의식 안에 내재된 행동이며, 상상과 경험에서 오는 전 형적인 본보기인 만큼, 콘텐츠에 재현되는 원형이 왜곡되거나 변질되는 현상들은 민족 전통의 정체성까지도 위협할 수 있다. 본 논문은 원형 재현에 성공한 서양 콘텐츠와 원형재현에 실패 한 국내 콘텐츠를 분석하고, 문화원형 재현의 실패에 따른 양상들을 파악하여, 향후의 스토리텔 링 방법론을 고찰해 보았다.

Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that exists ubiquitously in the environment, and affects global health problems due to its carcinogenicity. In most populations, the main source of arsenic exposure is the drinking water. In drinking water, chronic exposure to arsenic is associated with increased risks of various cancers including those of skin, lung, bladder, and liver, as well as numerous other non-cancer diseases including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurologic and cognitive problems. Recent emerging evidences suggest that arsenic exposure affects the reproductive and developmental toxicity. Prenatal exposure to inorganic arsenic causes adverse pregnancy outcomes and children’s health problems. Some epidemiological studies have reported that arsenic exposure induces premature delivery, spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth. In animal studies, inorganic arsenic also causes fetal malformation, growth retardation, and fetal death. These toxic effects depend on dose, route and gestation periods of arsenic exposure. In males, inorganic arsenic causes reproductive dysfunctions including reductions of the testis weights, accessory sex organs weights, and epididymal sperm counts. In addition, inorganic arsenic exposure also induces alterations of spermatogenesis, reductions of testosterone and gonadotrophins, and disruptions of steroidogenesis. However, the reproductive and developmental problems following arsenic exposure are poorly understood, and the molecular mechanism of arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity remains unclear. Thus, we further investigated several possible mechanisms underlying arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity.

Estrogen plays an important role both in male and female reproduction. Two estrogen receptor isoforms, Esr1 and Esr2, are expressed in male gonad. In the mouse, Esr1 is expressed in Leydig cells of testis and pituitary. Esr1-/- male mice show enhanced androgen synthesis, spermatogenic defect, and infertility. To evaluate the specific function of Esr1 in Leydig cells, we examined spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in Esr1f/fCyp17iCre male mice in which Esr1 is deleted specifically in Leydig cells. These mice showed normal spermatogenesis and fertility when compared to wild type from young adulthood to old age. Testosterone synthesis in Esr1f/fCyp17iCre mice at 3-12 months old of age was not different from age-matched wild type mice, while, at 18 months old of age, circulating testosterone concentrations were significantly higher than wild type together with increased levels of Star, Cyp17a1, and Hsd17b3 mRNA and with a hypertropy of Leydig cells. In Esr1f/fCyp17iCre mouse pituitaries, Fshb and Lhb mRNA levels were not different from wild type from young adulthood to old age. Taken together, Esr1 in Leydig cells may be not essential for spermatogenesis and fertility under control of endogenous estrogens and may have a role in aged Leydig cell function.

The flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) have been used as traditional medicine for the treatment of male sexual disorders in Asian countries. Recently, there are some reports about the effects of the clove on reproductive activities in mammals. Therefore, its effect on testicular function was examined in male golden hamsters whose reproductive activity is inhibited by photoperiod such as winter climate. The male animals were given by daily oral administrations (56 consecutive days) in three doses (4 mg, 20 mg, and 100 mg/kg BW) of the alcoholic extract of the clove. Generally lower dose (4 mg) of the extract continued to keep the reproductive activities of testes. The both middle and high doses (20 mg and 100 mg) of the extract completely inhibited the testicular activity in some animals. Taken together, these results suggest a possible biphasic action of alcoholic extract of Syzygium aromaticum flower bud on testicular function.

To investigate the effects of octylphenol and nonylphenol on the reproduction of the striped field mouse, the mice were subcutaneousely injected with 4-t-octylphenol 800 mg/kg (OP800), nonylphenol 900 mg/kg (NP900) or OP800 + NP900 (OPNP), respectively, in two times a week for 2 months. As the results, there were no differences between the control and the compound-treated groups in the body weight in both sexes, and the GSI (gonadosomatic index) and SVI (seminal vesicles index) in the adult males. But histological abnormalities of the reproductive organs in the mice seems to be related to the compound. This suggestion is supported by the facts that most mice treated with the compounds had only a small number of spermatozoa in the shrunken epididymal tubules. In addition, the shrunken reproductive organ in one mouse treated with the NP, suggests that the abnormalities in the wild striped field mice might be induced by the compound. Furthermore, it is indicated that the compounds must be toxicants to inhibit pregnancy, judging from the fact that all the mice treated with the compounds had failed to deliver.

Clonal plants combine sexual and clonal reproduction, which contribute differently to plant fitness. Reproductive analyses have highlighted the importance of clonal growth in shaping the spatial genetic structure in Potentilla conferta Bunge, a herbaceous rhizomatic clonal distributed in hot sand dunes. We investigated the reproduction system of P. conferta at two populations in Mongol and three natural populations in Uzbekistan. The measurements of 19 quantitative or qualitative morphological characters were taken on each of total individuals directly from their natural habitats. Some morphological characteristics between Mongolia and Uzbekistan populations showed a slight heterogeneity of variance. Especially, the length of internodes (LFI and LSI) and characteristics of root (LLR and NOR) were shown a significant difference between two countries (P<0.05). P. conferta of Uzbekistan has most ramets at short distance intervals 30~100 cm. In light conditions, P. conferta of Uzbekistan was significantly less resilience than P. conferta of Mogol. In drought conditions, although there was not shown significant difference, P. conferta in Uzbekistan was less resilience than that in Mogol. The core analysis indicates that P. conferta in Uzbekistan is the more resistant than that of Mongol and seems to do by sexual reproduction strategy during several strong environmental disadvantages such as drought events.

The population growth and reproduction of Tetrahymena pyriformis were studied under shaken (aerobic) and unshaken (anaerobic) conditions by applying the growth models, exponential and logistic growth models and the population growth of Tetrahymena was showed the logistic growth model under both, shaken and unshaken conditions and also, the more oxygenated samples had greater population size (N) and three times faster growth rate (r) than less oxygenated samples during incubation periods.

We investigated the changes in plasma sex steroid hormones, testosterone (T), estradiol-17β (E2), 17,20 β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17α20βOHP), 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) and cortisol levels from ribbed gunnel, Dictyosoma burgeri in associated with annual reproductive cycle. The fish were collected at the coastal waters of Dadaepo, Busan, Korea from August 2002 to March 2003. Body weight, liver weight and gonad weight were measured for calculation of hepatosomatic index (HSI) and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Plasma steroid and cortisol levels were measured by radioimmunoassay and data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Spearman rank correlation. The GSI of females increased from November, peaked in February (13.21±2.27) and decreased rapidly from March (1.05±0.23). The GSI of males also increased from November, peaked in December (0.36±0.12) and remained high to February. In females, E2 levels increased and remained high from December to February (19.81±7.46～22.85±6.18 ng/ ㎖). The levels of T showed a similar tendency and correlated (rs=0.813, p=0.0001) significantly with E2 levels. The levels of 17α20βOHP increased rapidly in February (4.78±1.01 ng/㎖) and peaked in July (5.08±0.65 ng/㎖). Cortisol level was peaked in March (2081.07±1140.02 ng/㎖) and correlated significantly with 17α20βOHP levels (rs=0.790, p=0.0001). In males, the levels of T was peaked in January (2.43±0.17 ng/㎖) and then decreased rapidly. The levels of 11KT were remained high from October to January (3.27±1.55～4.28±1.53 ng/㎖) and correlated significantly with T levels (rs=0.513, p=0.002). On the other hand, the levels of 17α20βOHP fluctuated during reproductive cycle and the variation pattern of cortisol levels were similar to females. These results suggest that plasma sex steroids in ribbed gunnels have annual periodicity, and that cortisol may involve in maturation of females.

Any copies of documents or drawings reproduced using the electronic reproduction machines, facsimile telegraphs or other similar apparatus should be considered as document or drawing in Criminal Law. But it seems not to coincide with the concept of copy and meaning of duplicated document. Especially as far as media records, such as another person's electromagnetic records are concerned, there are many unsettled problems. The interests protected by law of crime concerning Documents are public credibility. so I think that constituent elements of a crime have to be interpreted by means of improving public credibility. That's to say that we should connect with crime-concerning condition and something protected by criminal law. but Supreme court didn't accept copies of documents concerning copy from documents to electromagnetic records in 2007do7480 and 2008do 5200. Any copies of documents should be protected because they establish the existence of original documents. that's reason that Any copies of documents reproduced using the electronic reproduction machines, facsimile telegraphs or other similar apparatus should be considered as document or drawing in Criminal Law. So someone would scan the documents and make new electromagnetic reproduction records of the scanned document, we must regard that as duplicated documents.

출산과 수유 과정에서의 잘 알려진 기능 때문에, 옥시토신(oxytocin, OT)은 '여성 뇌하수체후엽 호르몬(female nerohypophyseal hormone)'으로 알려져 왔다. 그러나 최신 연구들에 따르면 OT가 중추신경계와 말초조직 수준에서 수컷 생식을 조절하는 국부적인 기능을 가짐이 알려졌다. 일부 실험용 설치류에서, OT는 사회적인 자극들에 반응하여 뇌의 특정 지역으로 분비되는데, 이 뇌 OT와 그 수용체(OTR)를 매개로한 작용들은 수

겨울철 사육조건이 양식산 뱀장어 Anguilla japonica의 인위적인 성성숙 유도 및 번식에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 봄철 salmon pituitary extracts(SPE)을 이용하여 성성숙 유도 예정인 양식산 암컷 뱀장어 친어를 8주의 겨울철 사육기간 동안, 4개의 사육환경(해수저온, ; 해수고온, ; 담수저온, ; 담수고온, )에 각각 순치하여 사육하였다. 그 후 각각의 실험구의 뱀장어를 해수 로 이동하여 SPE를 매주 1회 8주 동안

설치류를 포함한 대부분의 포유동물은 페로몬 반응을 중개하는 두 개의 화학감각 시스템(chemosensory system)을 갖고 있는데, 각각 주후각시스템(main olfactory system, MOS)과 부후각시스템(accesory olfactory system, AOS)이다. MOS에 속하는 화학감각뉴런들은 주후각 상피 내에 위치하며, AOS에 속하는 화학감각뉴런들은 비강 윗부분의 서골비기관(vomeronasal organ, VNO)에 위치한다.

본 연구는 임신한 생쥐에 DEHP의 투여가 자손의 번식특성과 혈액성분에 미치는 영향을 검토하였으며 그결과는 다음과 같다. 임신기에 DEHP의 투여가 웅성 자손의 체중, 번식기관 무게 및 정액 성상에 미치는 결과는 투여구간에 커다란 차이가 없었다. 임신기에 DEHP의 투여가 웅성 자손의 혈액 성상에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, WBC, HB, HT, MCH 및 albumin은 투여구간에 차이가 없었으나, RBC MCV, MCHC, PLT 및 total p

본 연구는 임신한 생쥐에 DEHP의 투여가 분만 후 생쥐의 번식기능과 태아의 성비에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 임신한 자성 생쥐에 DEHP을 투여한 후 임신 19일째에 임신한 자성의 체중, 태아의 체중, 태아수 및 태아성비를 조사한 결과, 실험개시시와 실험종료시 임신한 자성의 체중은 각 투여구간에 차이가 없었으며, 자웅성태아의 체중, 평균 태아수 및 태아의 자웅성 성비는 투여구간에 커다란 차이가 없었다. 임신기에 DEHP의 투여가 분만한 후 어미의 번식

본 연구근 신 등(2004)의 후속연구로서, 연근해의 상세 공간 분할의 계산에 적용하여 높은 정밀도의 파랑 추산이 가능한 수정 WAM cycle 4모형을 토대로 2003년 9월 한 달 동안의 파랑을 상세히 추산하고, 태풍 ‘매미’가 야기한 우리나라 남해안 일대의 극한파랑 특성을 분석한 것이다 계산된 파랑 제원은 이어도 해양종합기지에서 관측된 파랑 제원과의 비교를 통하여 모형의 정밀도를 확인하였고, 우리나라 남해안주요 4개 지점의 전면 해상에 대해서는 1시간 간격의 파랑 추산 결과의 분석을 통해 태풍 ‘매미’가 야기한 외해 극한파랑을 다음과 같이 추산하였다. 1) 제주도 서편 차귀도 전면 해상； 2003년 9월 12일 16시에 최대 유의파고 7.41m, 평균 주기 13.6s, 평균 파향 6.4˚, 2) 마산만 입구； 12일 21시에 최대 유의파고 12.50m, 평균 주기 13.65s, 평균 파향 1.2˚, 3) 부산 수영만 전면 해상； 12일 22시에 최대 유의파고 13.85m, 평균 주기 13.81s, 평균 파향 0.2˚, 4) 울산항 전면 해상； 12일 23시에 최대 유의파고 11.00m, 평균 주기 13.25s, 평균 파향 2.8˚.

WAM 모형은 대양의 파랑추산에 있어서 높은 정밀도를 가지고 있으면서도 타 모형에 비해 상대적으로 간결한 구조를 가지고 있어 국내외 많은 연구자들이 널리 활용하고 있으나, 모형의 특성상 심해ㆍ광역조건과 더불어 비교적 큰 격자에 적합하도록 설계되어 있고 파향의 격자 분할 방법으로 인해 경우에 따라서는 예기치 못하는 계산 결과를 산출하기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 WAM Cycle 4 모형을 대상으로 이 같은 문제점을 상세히 검토하고 관련 내용을 수정하여 천해ㆍ상세 해역에 대한 적용성을 확장하였으며, 수정된 WAM 모형은 이어도 해양과학기지에서 관측한 2003년 9월 한 달 동안의 정밀 파량관측 자료를 토대로 검정하여 그 타당성을 확인하였다.