This study were performed on roadside buffer green in Songpa-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul in order to analyze the anion concentration according to the type of composition of roadside buffer green. Buffer green separating the physical structure of the measurement points and measurement locations were separated by roadside, green interior, the other side of the road. planting density and deposit of trees per each buffer green was measured in the order of mounding type> slope type> the plain type. If the measured temperature of the location-specific weather elements roadside> inside> the other side of the road in order of measurement and the temperature is lowered farther away from the road. If the relative humidity of the road on the other side> inside> the roadside in order to measure and this is the opposite of the temperature tendency. According to physical structure reduction of the temperature on the other side of the road and roadside in order of mounding type> the plain type> slope type was measured. As a result of measuring a anion therefore concentration of the anion inside of melt is in order of mounding type> the plain type> slope type, tended to match the melt characteristics. According to measured positions anion concentration is in the order of the other side of the road> inside> the roadside was measured. As a result of correlation analysis, in the case of measurement location-specific weather and anions the temperature is positive correlation, relative humidity is negative correlation and that's results of previous studies were supported.

In order to verify the healing effect in the variety of effects according to fountain type, anion which is the representatives factor of healing, as the center of case studies which in Gwanghwamun(Ground fountain), Cheonggyecheon(Waterfall) and Myeongdong(Formative fountain). According to fountain type, the anion distribution as follow, figures typically 15,721 ± 419 ea/cm³, Formative fountain 40,190 ± 788 ea/cm³, Waterfall 4,480 ± 290 ea/cm³ and ground fountain 2,492 ± 180 ea/cm³. It is usually exceed to the distribution in natural green, which is 1070∼2100 ea/cm³. The interrelation between air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and relative humidity, and wind speed is that, the relative humidity is directly proportional to wind speed and inversely proportional to temperature. As the temperature goes up, the distribution of anion goes down. And as the wind speed and relative humidity goes up, the distribution of anion decrease sharply. The result of interrelation between fountain type and the anion distribution is that, the distance of water falling is directly proportional to the anion distribution in the formative fountain and inversely proportional in the ground fountain. And the distribution of anion is largest in formative fountain. The distribution of anion in ground fountain is lower than in formative fountain, but it is far more than in natural greenery. And as the distance from fountain increase, the distribution of anion goes down.

C3식물과 CAM식물에 광량을 달리 처리하여 음이온 발생량을 조사하였다. C3식물은 0, 20, 100, 200(µmol·m-2·s-1)의 광량이 주어졌으며, CAM 식물에는 주간과 야간에 음이온 발생량을 측정하였다. C3식물의 광량별 음이온 발생량은 관음죽(300/cm3), 팔손이나무(497/cm3), 로즈마리(735/cm3) 3종 모두 20µmol·m-2·s-1에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 20µmol·m-2·s-1이상의 광량에서는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. CAM 식물의 음이온 발생은 주간과 야간에 비슷하게 양이 발생하였으며, C3 식물에 비해 매우 적은 양이 발생하였다. CAM 식물 중에 음이온 발생량은 금전수가 가장 많고, 산세베리아가 가장 적었다. 결과적으로 C3 식물의 음이온 발생량은 20µmol·m-2·s-1 에서 가장 많았으며, CAM 식물의 음이온 발생량은 C3 식물에 비해 매우 적고, 주간과 야간에 비슷한 양이 발생하였다.

본 연구는 건조된 코아세르베이트 필름의 물리적 특성이 샴푸 건조 후 모발 사용감에 미치는 상관관계를 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 단순 샴푸 조성물은 동일한 조성의 계면활성제에 양이온 전하 밀도가 서로 다른 두 종류의 양이온 폴리머를 사용하여 제조하였다. 이 단순 조성물을 물에 희석하여 코아세르베이트(Coacervate)를 형성되도록 하였고,3000 rpm, 30 min 조건으로 원심 분리하여 형성된 코아세르베이트를 얻었다. 얻어진 코아세르베이트를 유리판 위에 균일한 두께로 도포하고 50 ℃ 건조기에서 1 h 건조하여 코아세르베이트 필름을 얻었다. 이렇게 얻어진 코아세르베이트 필름의 접촉각과 코아세르베이트의 SEM 이미지 조사를 수행하였고, 코아세르베이트의 수분 보유량과 수분 유지력을 동시에 조사하였다. 샴푸 후 건조된 모발의 부드러움과 보습감은 모발타래를 이용하여 전문 미용 패널이 평가를 수행하였다. 본 실험결과 건조된 코아세르베이트 필름의 특성이 샴푸 후 건조된 모발의 부드러움 및 보습감에 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다.

This study is mainly focused on micellar effect of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTABr) solution including alkylbenzimidazole(R-BI) on dephosphorylation of isopropyl-4-nitrophenylphosphinate(IPNPIN) in carbonate buffer(pH 10.7). The reactions of IPNPIN with R-BI⊖ are strongly catalyzed by the micelles of CTABr. Dephosphorylation of IPNPIN is accelerated by BI⊖ ion in 10-2 M carbonate buffer(pH 10.7) of 4×10-3 M CTABr solution up to 89 times as compared with the reaction in carbonate buffer by no benzimidazole(BI) solution of 4×10-3 M CTABr. The value of pseudo first order rate constant(kψ) of the reaction in CTABr solution reached a maximum rate constant increasing micelle concentration. Such rate maxima are typical of micellar catalyzed bimolecular reactions. The reaction mediated by R-BI⊖ in micellar solutions are obviously slower than those by BI⊖, and the reaction rate were decreased with increase of lengths of alkyl groups. It seems due to steric effect of alkyl groups of R-BI⊖ in Stern layer of micellar solution. The surfactant reagent, CTABr, strongly catalyzes the reaction of IPNPIN with R-BI and its anion(R-BI⊖) in carbonate buffer(pH 10.7). For example, 4×10-3 M CTABr in 1×10-4 M BI solution increase the rate constant(kψ=98.5×10-3 sec-1) of the dephosphorylation by a factor ca.25, when compared with reaction(kψ=3.9×10-4 sec-1) in 1×10-4 M BI solution(without CTABr). And no CTABr solution, in 1×10-4 M BI solution increase the rate constant(kψ=3.9×10-4 sec-1) of the dephosphorylation by a factor ca.39, when compared with reaction (kψ=1.0×10-5 sec-1) in water solution(without BI). This predicts that the reactivities of R-BI⊖ in the micellar pseudophase are much smaller than that of BI⊖. Due to the hydrophobicity and steric effect of alkyl group substituents, these groups would penetrate into the core of the micelle for stabilization by van der Waals interaction with long alkyl groups of CTABr.

Ultrasound and Surfactant aided soil washing process has been shown to be an effective method to remove diesel from soils. The use of surfactants can improve the mobility of diesel in soil-water systems by increasing solubility of adsorbed diesel into surfactant micelles. However, a large amount of surfactant is required for treatment. In addition, synthetic surfactants, specially anionic, are more toxic and the surfactant wastewater is hard to treat by conventional wastewater treatments even by AOPs. Ultrasound improves desorption of the diesel adsorbed on to soil. The mechanisms are based on physical breakage of bonds by hot spot, directly impact onto soil particle surface, the fragmentation of long-chain hydrocarbons by micro-jet and microstreaming in the soil pores. The use of ultrasound as an enhancement method in both anionic and nonionic surfactant aided soil-washing processes were studied. And all experiments were examined proceeded under CMC surfactant concentration, frequency 35 khz, power 400 W, Soil-water ratio 1:3(wt%), particle size 0.24 ~ 2mm and initial diesel concentration. 20,000 mg/kg. Combination with ultrasound showed significant enhancements on all the processes. Especially, nonionic surfactant Triton-X100 with ultrasound showed remarkable enhancements and diesel removal rate enhanced by ultrasound helps desorpting of surfactant adsorbed onto soils which prevented decreasing surfactant activity.

Several adsorbents were tried to remove the selenium ions from industrial wastewater and the following ascending order of the adsorption performance for the selenium at pH 9 was observed: cation exchange resin < chelate resin < zeolite < brown marine algae < granular activated carbon < anion exchange resin. Initial concentration of selenium(146 mg/L) in industrial wastewater was reduced to 63 mg/L of selenium at pH 9 by neutralization process. The maximum uptake of Se calculated from the Langmuir isotherm with anion exchange resin was 0.091 mmol/g at pH 10 and that with granular activated carbon was 0.083 mmol/g at pH 6. The affinity coefficients of Se ion towards anion exchange resin and granular activated carbon were 3.263 L/mmol at pH 10 and 0.873 L/mmol at pH 6, respectively. The sorption performance of anion exchange resin at the low concentration of Se, namely, was much better than that of granular activated carbon. The Se ions from industrial wastewater throughout neutralization process and two steps of adsorption using anion exchange resin was removed to 97.7%.

일반적으로 음이온 계면활성제는 효소의 disulfide bond를 분해시켜 효소의 활성이 없어진다. 따라서 특정한 캡슐에 효소를 포집하여 안정도를 증대시킨다. 본 연구에서는 polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), 그리고 PEG- PPG-PEG block copolymer 등의 폴리올을 이용하여 papain 효소의 안정도를 증대시켰다. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)와 confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) 분석을 통하여 폴리올은 고분자층과 효소의 중간에 위치하며, 이들은 완충액으로 작용하여 효소의 안정도를 증대시키는 것으로 확인하였다. 또한, 이온 복합체를 이용하여 다층 캡슐을 제조하여 wash-off 형태의 세정제에 응용하였다. 세정제 내에서 계면활성제와 물은 효소캡슐의 표면에 분산되었으며, 캡슐의 중앙부분으로 서서히 침투되었다. 반면에 본 연구에서 사용된 sodium lauroyl sarcosinate와 polyguaternium-6는 물이 효소부분으로 침투하지 않는 것을 in vivo 시험을 통하여 확인하였다.

SIS triblock copolymers, one of the major raw materials of oil gelling agent, were synthesized by living anionic polymerization and the resultant copolymers formed with various shapes and sizes were used to examine their oil gelling capacities. Coupling method was adapted to form final triblock products from diblock living polymers. Prior to polymerization, the impurities in monomers and solvents were throughly removed by killing technique. We experimentally investigated the effects of operating parameters of synthesis and forming of SIS triblock copolymers on oil gelling capacity. The photocatalytic decomposition of SIS triblock copolymer under ultraviolet circumstance was also investigated and it is found that the addition of P-25 enhances the photocatalytic decomposition.

In the aqueous solutions the dephosphorylations of isopropyl phenyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphinate(IPNPIN) mediated by hydroxide(OH⊖) and o-iodosobenzoate(IB⊖) ions are relatively slow, because of hydrophobicity of the substrate, and however it appears that OH⊖ is inherently better nucleophile than IB⊖, which is more soft ion. On the other hand, in cetyltrimetylammonium bromide(CTABr) solutions which contain cationic micelles, the dephosphorylations of IPNPIN mediated by OH⊖ or IB⊖ are very accelerated to 120 or 100,000 times as compared with those in the aqueous solutions. The values of pseudo first order rate constants reach a maximum with increasing. Such rate maxima are typical of micellar catalysed bimolecular reactions and the rise in rate constant followed by a gradual decrese is characteristic of reactions of hydrophobic substrates. In the cationic micellar solutions of CTABr, IB⊖ accelerates the reactions much more than that OH⊖ does. The reason seems that IB⊖ which is more hydrophobic and soft ion than OH⊖ is more easily moved into the Stern layer of the CTABr micelles than OH⊖. In the anionic micellar solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), the dephosphorylations of IPNPIN are slower than those in aqeous solutions. It means that OH⊖ or IB⊖ cannot easily move and approach to the Stern layer of the micelle in which almost all the hydrophobic substrate are located and which has a negative circumstance.

두 양이온 유기폴리머(Hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA)과 Cetylpyridinium (CP))를 합성한 유기벤토나이트에 대해 음이온의 흡착특성을 조사하였다. 이들 유기벤토나이트는 상온에서 저면간격이 약 42.0 a으로 현저한 층간팽창을 나타냈다 유기벤토나이트 시료 0.2 g을 음이온인 질산염, 황산염, 인산염의 각 여러 농도별 용액 40 mL와 반응시킨 흡착실험을 행하였다. 그 결과, 무처리 벤토나이트는 모든 음이온에 대해서 거의 흡착능력을 보이지 않는데 비하여. 유기벤토나이트는 아주 높은 흡착성을 나타냈다. HDTMA-bentonite의 경우, 인산이온과 질산이온의 흡착률이 100 mg/L의 농도에서 약 90% 정도로 높게 나타나고, CP-bentonite의 경우, 질산이온의 흡착률이 100 mg/L의 농도에서 97%로 높게 나타났다. 음이온 및 유기벤토나이트의 종류에 따라 흡착거동이 약간차이를 나타냈다. 두 유기벤토나이트에 있어서 질산이온과 인산이온의 흡착률은 황산이온에 비해 모두 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 이러한 유기벤토나이트의 높은 음이은 흡착성은 유해성 음이온의 제거와 같은 환경오염처리에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

The adsorption of the anionic surfactants, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) anion surfactants from aqueous solutions with nonionic resins, Amberlite XAD-2, XAD-4 and XAD-7 at temperatures in 15∼45℃ range was studied. Several adsorption isotherm models were used to fit the experimental data. The best results were obtained with the Redlich-Peterson equation and the Freundlich model provided remarkably good fits. For a particular resin at a particular temperature, SDBS was more extensively adsorbed than SLS. The highest adsorption were obtained with XAD-4 resin and the specific surface area of the resins plays a major role in adsorption of the surfactants. Estimations of the isosteric heat of adsorption were indicative of an exothermic process, and their magnitudes manifested a physisorption process.