Background : The cultivation method of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has been introduced not only in the existing shading facilities but also in the cultivation method using the rain shelter house. In addition, direct seedling cultivation of ginseng is increasing in order to save labor. Ginseng cultivation area in the northern area is increasing with the disappearance of first planted field. Proper shading method in the northern ares is needed to grow direct grown ginseng using rain forest house. Methods and Results : Shading method using rain shelter house was Polyethylene film with layered polyethylene net 75%, blue-white duplicated PE film 85%, blue-white duplicated PE film 90%. Plant materials is 5-years-old Ginseng using direct seedling cultivation. In order to select proper shading materials of the rain shelter house in northern area, we investigated photosynthetic properties and growth of 5-years-old ginseng in rain shelter house. The temperature and humidity were slightly different between the traditional conventional shade facility and the rain shelter house, but the light intensity of the shading facility tended to decrease with the passage of time. The difference in shading method in rain shelter house was the highest at polyethylene film with layered polyethylene net 75%. As a result of the growth characteristics of the top part, 90% of blue-green double-sided film showed the greatest growth with 89.8 ± 1.5. The difference in top part between rain shelter house and shading facility is about 23 ㎝. Conclusion : Although the above growth characteristics of the ginseng shows this tendency, the root growth characteristics of the ginseng must be further observed.

Background : Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a multi-year-cultivated plant that causes many insects and disease damage during the growing season. The Ginseng Rain-sheltered Shade House is one of the efficient cultivation techniques as reducing the damages caused by natural disaster such as blight, high temperature & humidity, dry, and heavy rain & snow. This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics of 4-years-old ginseng using rain-sheltered shade house suitable shading materials for the Gyeongsangbuk-do. Methods and Results : The rain-sheltered shade house shading materials were PE film with layered polyethylene net 90%, Light diffusion film with layered polyethylene net 75%, blue-white duplicated film. In order to determine proper shading materials of the rain-sheltered shade house, ginseng growth characteristics such as plant length, stem diameter, leaf length, root length and root diameter were investigated at 4-years-old ginseng. As a result, the evaluations of aerial part growth by measurements were good in the following order: PE film + polyethylene net 90%, Blue-white duplicated film and light diffusion film + polyethylene net 75%. The evaluations of root weight by measurements were heavy in the following order: Blue-white duplicated film, PE film + polyethylene net 90% and light diffusion film + polyethylene net 75%. The net photosynthetic rate was higher in blue-white duplicated film than other shading materials treatments during growth season including summer high-temperature period. Conclusion : In the 4-years-old ginseng cultivation in Gyeongsangbuk-do using the rain-sheltered shade house, aerial part growth in PE film + polyethylene net 90% was better than other shading materials. In addition, root weight in Blue-white duplicated film was heavier than other shading materials. It will be possible to know which shading material is the most suitable for Gyeongsangbuk-do area after further growth.

Background : The rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale) is widely used as a spice or a traditional medicine. It contains the phenolic compounds, such as gingerol, zingerone and shogaols as the major pungent compound. Ginger is commonly used for various types of "stomach problems," including motion sickness, colic, upset stomach, gas, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), nausea. The cultivation area of ginger is 1,046 ha, and it is cultivated as 5th of 55 medicinal crops in Korea (2016). When ginger is cultivated in a vinyl house, the growing periods can be prolonged by early sowing and the yield is improved compared to the conventional cultivation. This experiment was carried out to investigated on growth, rhizome shape and yield as affected by the soil covering in rain-shelter greenhouse. Methods and Results : Seed ginger was planted on March 10 at 75 × 15 ㎝ planting density in greenhouse. The soil covering on furrow area was carried out on June 20, July 20 and August 20. The control, conventional cultivation was planted four rows on 120 ㎝ wide ridge. As a results of applying the soil covering, emergence was 2 - 3 days earlier than that of conventional cultivation. On November 5, samples were harvested for each treatment, and growth characteristics, tuber shape, and yield were investigated. As the number of soil-cover increased up to 3-times, the weight of the tuber increased to 44.4% and the length to 21.9% as compared with the control. However, as the number of soil-cover increased, workspace was needed, resulting in fewer seeding gingers and lower total yield. Therefore, it was advantageous to perform two times soil-cover to obtain the maximum yield. In the case of soil cultivation, the length of the foot was longer than that of conventional cultivation, and the quality was improved. Conclusion : From the above results, it is recommended that the soil covering is carried out twice at greenhouse’s cultivation. The first covering is in mid-June, and the second is in mid-July.

Background : This study was carried out to secure technology for stable production of ginseng by developing technology to reduce the high temperature in response to climate change. Methods and Results : Polyethylene film (PE film), scattering film and blue-white double-sided film (85% shading rate) were tested for ginseng rain-shielding materials. The shading materials used were a black shading net (90% shading rate) in the first, and an aluminum screen (40% shading rate) in the second. The first shading materials were installed on April 10 with PE film + black light shielding net, and scattering film + black light shielding net. As the treatment for high temperature injury relief, an aluminum screen was installed under a scattering film + black light shielding net and a blue-white double-sided film at a high temperature. The amount of transmitted light was 12.9% at scattered film, 14.5% at double sided film, and 12.5% at PE film when the primary rain-shielding material was covered. In secondary shading, scattering film + aluminum screen and blue-white double-sided film + aluminum showed 8.6% and 7.6% of light transmitting, respectively. In the case of temperature, the average temperature was lower than the outside temperature at the scattering film + aluminum screen, clear double sided film + aluminum screen and PE film recovery. The differences among the cultivars were significant in plant height, stem height, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area. There were significant differences in the plant height, stem height, leaf length, and leaf width between treatments, but there was no interaction effect between varieties and treatments. The interactions between treatments were found only in the number of brach root. Conclusion : High temperature damage was influenced by the amount of irradiation in the facility rather than the temperature, which was presumed to be due to the accelerated aging of the ginseng leaf as the light transmittance increased.

Background : Acreage of rain-shelter plastic greenhouse to prevent anthrax is being gradually increased according to growing importance of safe Boxthorn production. But When Boxthorn is grown in the hot season in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse, Fertility decreases. The fertilization rate tends to be different according to cultivated variety and ventilation type of rain-shelter plastic greenhouse. Therefore it is necessary to identify cause and look for a solution. Methods and Results : In the experiment, ‘Cheongun’ cultivar was grown in the rain-shelter plastic greenhouses for the tests. Environment of rain-shelter plastic greenhouses, fertilization rate and density of flower visiting insect were investigated according to ventilation type. Pollen germination and pollen tube elongation on stigma were investigated according to temperature. In mid-July, the temperature on a clear day rose to 45℃ in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of side vents. Pollen germination and pollen tube elongation on stigma were normal for 3 hours on 30, 35℃. Fertilization rate was somewhat reduced on 40℃ but Pollen germination and pollen tube elongation was good. On 45℃, fertilization rate was very poor and There was no pollen germination. Density of flower visiting insect in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of roof and side vents was higher than that in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of side vents. The fertilization rate on high temperature did not show any difference regardless of ventilation type. The rate of artificial cross-fertilization and airborne fertilization were high in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of roof and side vents. It was necessary to improve airborne fertilization rate because airborne fertilization rate was significantly lower than artificial cross-fertilization regardless of ventilation type. Conclusion : When it was cultivated in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse, the reasons for the lowering of the fertilization rate were as follows. Density of flower visiting insect was low. Boxthorn, which was insect pollination crop, was needed sufficient flower visiting insect on flowering period. But it was insufficiency especially in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of side vents. Another reason was decrease in pollen germination and pollen tube elongation. Pollen germination was suppressed in the high temperature.

Background : The use of the rain shelter facility gets more prevalent in the Ginseng cultivation area these days. This study is designed to establish a technique for the stable cultivation of Ginseng in the rain shelter facilities in high temperature (above 30 ℃) without the damage from high temperature Methods and Results : This study was carried out on 3-year Ginseng roots in 2016 in order to find out how to stably cultivate Ginseng in high temperature without suffering the high temperature damage during the cultivation of Ginseng under rain shelter facilities. The rain shading materials were coated with scattering film (scattering film + black shading net 90%), bluish white double-sided film (shading 85%) and PE film (PE film + black shading net 90%). The damage reduction by high temperature was made to the scattering film and bluish-white double-ended film only. An aluminum screen (shading rate: 40%) was installed when the high temperature (above 30℃) was reached while the isoprene (solution of 2000 times) was sprayed 4 times every 7 days from the full development stage. The light transmittance was 12.6 - 13.4% for the scattering film, 10.5 - 10.8% for the bluish-white double sided film and 7.1% for the PE film in the first coating while it was 7.3% for the scattering film and 7.1% for the bluish-white double-sided film when the aluminum screen was installed in high temperature. The high, average and low values in the relative humidity were higher inside the facility than in the outside during the survey period. The area of leaf was the largest under the scattering film. The area of leaf was the largest for the scattered film under the aluminum shade of 40% shading followed by that of spraying of isoprene 4 times, and that of the no-treatment. As for the growth under ground, the growth of underground shoots increased by 40% in aluminum screen, 53.7% in shading and 26.1% in the spraying of isoprene 4 times than non-shading while there was no difference among other rain shelter materials. Conclusion : The result of the research showed that when the scattering film is selected as the rain shelter material film for the cultivation of Ginseng, it is necessary to shade the sunlight as much as 40% by using the aluminum screen or the shading net to reduce the high temperature damage.

Background : Ginseng rain cover farming is expanding around Jinan county and Jangsu country of North Jeolla Province. Some farmers doing ginseng rain cover farming have suffered from difficulties due to hot weather damages. However, it is a situation that the study on mitigation techniques for high temperature damage do not exist with ginseng rain cover farming. Methods and Results : The test covering work was firstly done on April 28th for heat block film+90% black light blocking net, blue double sided film, and PE film+75% black light blocking net and when it comes to second treatment, 30% and 40% shading were implemented for heat block film group and blue double sided film group respectively and 75% black light blocking net was installed on PE film+75% shading group. When it comes to micro-climate measurement in rain cover facility, temperature, humidity and light intensity were measured during the growing period of ginseng. The results are as follows. Regarding the light transmittance (per PAR, 10 am in clear day) in facility with 1st covering, light block film covered group (LBF), blue double sided film group (BDF) and PE film group have 12.9±1.8%, has 11.6±1.0% and 27.1±1.1% respectively and after 2nd covering, in LBF groups, 30% blocking, 40% blcoking and no blocking have 10.6±1.3%, 8.2±0.9% and 12.9±1.8% and in BDF groups, 30% blocking, 40% blcoking and no blocking have 9.4±0.8%, 7.9±0.7% and 11.6±1.0 respectively and PE film group has 10.6±0.7%. Relative humidity also showed the same trend as temperature. The average monthly amount of light and maximum light intensity were lower in 30% and 40% light blocking groups of LBF and BDF and a little higher in no light blocking group compared to PE film group. The degree of high temperature damage was 1 in no LBF of BDF, but no LBF of LBF was so bad like 3. However, there was no high temperature damage in the test groups of blocking films or BDF with 30% and 40% light blocked light screens. Regarding root weight, all secondly treated groups of LBF group and BDF group were lighter compared to 4.36g of PE film group and especially, prism sheetof no light blocking group has 2.5g and BDF of of no light blocking group has 3.21g. 30 % and 40% light blocking groups of LBF group and BDF group were light with 3.20~4.07g. Conclusion : Regarding the analysis result on micro-climate in facility with different cover materials for 2 years old ginseng in ginseng rain cover farming of Gyeonggi Province, the covering method suitable for high temperature damage mitigation in ginseng rain cover farming was that 1st covering was done by PE film+75% black light blocking net and then 75% black light blocking net is additionally covered at a time when outside temperatures reaches 30℃.

Background : The area of ginseng cultivation has nearly exhausted in the main ginseng growing area in Korea but virgin fields need for ginseng cultivation due to continuous cropping injury. To count for the decrease of the virgin fields of ginseng cultivation, technical improvement to increase, or maintain the amount of harvest are necessary in ginseng cultivation. The Ginseng Rain-sheltered Shade House is one of the efficient cultivation techniques as reducing the damages caused by natural disaster such as blight, high temperature & humidity, dry, and heavy rain & snow. However a soil description needs to be developed to reduce the period of re-cultivation because ginseng has to be cultivated at the only one ginseng rain-sheltered house without soil or cultivation change. Methods and Results : This study was carried out in the ginseng rain-sheltered house where ginseng had cultivated and harvested one time. Each section of Cultivation of sudan grass+flooding, rice straw+flooding, and flooding was covered with vinyl and then, all areas were solarized through the summer season. The soil temperature was inspected at 5cm, 10cm, 15cm, and 20cm below ground. As a result, the soil temperature of the place with vinyl covered and solarized was approached to 40℃ regularly during the period of high temperature in July and August. After the solarization, the inspection result of Cylindrocarpon destructans spore density checked by Real time PCR was that C. destructans spores were not found at the place where sudan glass+flooding and rice straw+flooding were used. However, the detected number of C. destructans spores in the inspection condition was roughly 9 at the soil samples from the fields which were flooded and solarized, and 33 at those from the repeatedly cultivated fields. The evaluations of aerial part growth by measurements were good in the following order: Sudan grass+flooding, rice straw+flooding, and flooding. Conclusion : The purpose of this study was to reduce the period of ginseng re-cultivation in a ginseng rain-sheltered shade house. The incidence rate of the pathogens distantly decreased by the treatments of sudan glass + flooding, rice straw+flooding, and solarization.

Background : Recently, some of the previous stuies reported that was useful technique on growth and yield of organically grown ginseng transplantation in a rain shelter greenhouse. This study was conducted to investigate the optimum method of greenhouse shading for ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivaton in the northern area of Ganwon, Korea. Methods and Results : We carried out to select optimal shade materials and light-penetrated ratio among polyethylene film with two-layered polyethylene net(PEF+PEN) and blue-white duplicated PE film(BWD-PEF) in the condition of greenhouse for ginseng cultivation. The order of light-penentrated ratio by shade meterials was PEN(75%)+PEF 〉 PEN(85%)+PEF 〉BWD-PEF(85%) 〉BWD-PEF(90%) and the order of air temperature was BWD-PEF(85%) 〉BWD-PEF(90%) 〉PEN+PEF(85%) 〉PEN+PEF(75%). The net photosynthetic rate was higher in PEN(75%)+PEF than other shading material treatments during growth season including summer high-temperature period. The root weight and yield were increased by 31.2~55.0% and 25.6~52.2%, respectively under PEN+PEF(75%) compared to other shading materials. Conclusion : We concluded that the PEN+PEF(75%) could be a good shading meterails of the greenhouse for organic 4-year-old ginseng cultivation in northern area of Gangwon, Korea.

Background : The production of healthy ginseng seedling is a critical part of growing 5-6-year-old fresh ginseng. Recently, for the problem of replant failure, it becomes more and more difficult to find first planted field for ginseng seedling cultivation. In this situation, This study was conducted to examine the possibility of seedling production practices of ginseng by utilizing the multi-beds cultivation system as a way to produce ginseng seedling stably. Methods and Results : This experiment was conducted by installing a 3-layed cultivation beds using 50㎜ sandwich panels. As the 1st and 2nd beds get insufficient amount of light, fluorescent lights were installed in 2 rows to further lighten up. And the 3rd bed used natural light. The bed soil used was formulated by mixing saprolite, yakto and peat moss. The control was cultivated under natural light on 1-layed bed with commercial bed soil for ginseng seedling. The commercial bed soil had pH 7.24, higher than the standard of permission, 6.5; and its calcium and sodium contents were 10.7, and 0.85 cmol+/㎏, respectively, higher than the standard. The available phosphate concentration was 34.0㎎/㎏, lower than the appropriate level of 100 ㎎/㎏. The mixing bed soil also had pH 7.69, higher than the standard but its nitrate and phosphate were within the appropriate range. The intra-facility light quantities of the 1st and 2nd beds were constant at around 100 μmol during days. But the light quantity of the 3rd bed was 51.4 μmol in average daily value. The roots of the 1st-3rd beds were found to weigh 0.58 – 0.73 g while those of the control group, about 0.47g to show heavier root weight of the multi-beds cultivation ginseng than that of the control. As for the yield, the control showed 145 ㎏/10a whereas the 1st-3rd beds showed higher levels between 183 – 228 ㎏/10a. Conclusion : In the multi-beds cultivation of ginseng seedling, fluorescent lamps seem to have provided sufficient light as an artificial light source. The soil for ginseng seedling production is different from ginseng cultivation field soil, additional study will be also necessary to set up the physiochemical range of bed soil for ginseng seedling.

Growth of 6-year old ‘Niitaka’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees and control of insect and disease occurrences were compared between fermented soybean extracts and rain-shelter system for two years. Foliar application of fermented soybean extracts was applied at 6 times as a pre-experiment in the open-field in 2013, with a rain-shelter system in 2014. Fermented soybean extract treatment increased foliar concentrations of approximately 0.46% T-N, 0.17% K, 0.19% Ca, and 0.06% Mg in 2013 compared to the control, with similar macro-nutrients between the control and soybean extract treatment observed in 2014. Rain-shelter system increased foliar concentrations of T-N, Ca, and Mg compared to the open-field. There were no significantly different between the control and soybean extract treatment for number of leaves per fruit, leaf dry weight, phytotoxicity, and completed shoot growth on August during the two years. Rain-shelter system increased leaf dry weight and did not affect phytotoxicity in the leaves. Fruit quality parameters were mostly similar to control and soybean extract treatment for two years, with higher fruit firmness observed for soybean extract treatment. Rain-shelter system advanced 4 days of harvest dates, and increased approximately 7.0 ton fruit yield per ha, 20 g mean fruit weight, and fruit soluble solid contents compared to open-field in 2014. Soybean extract treatment little suppressed occurrence of disease and insect on the leaves and fruits in both years. Rain-shelter system increased occurrence of Venturia nashicola on the leaves and to 63.8% of Gymnosporangium asiaticum on the fruits in 2014. Strong winds and storms in May elevated relative humidity in the rain-shelter system and caused high infection of the disease occurrence, requiring for an additional green control method. Soybean extract treatment little affected tree growth and would have initiated for a long-term study to evaluate tree physiological characteristics. Rain-shelter system improved fruit productivity and advanced harvest dates, which could have been more effective facility at a Thanks Giving Day between middle and end of September.

Background : Acreage of rain-shelter plastic greenhouse to prevent anthrax is being gradually increased according to growing importance of safe Boxthorn production. But When Boxthorn is grown in the hot season in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse, quantity of Boxthorn decreases. therefore the research was carried out to investigate Fertilization mode. Methods and Results : Chungwoon was very strong self-incompatibility. Chengyangjaerae, Chengyang18 and CBP11542-206 was self-compatibility. Artificial fertilization rate was slightly higher in roof and side vents than in side vents of rain-shelter plastic greenhouse in hot season. Pollen sterility due to high temperature is not critical because artificial fertilization rate was high in side vents of rain-shelter plastic greenhouse in hot season. Airborne fertilization rate was significantly lower in all varieties. Open fertilization rate was higher in roof and side vents than in side vents of rain-shelter plastic greenhouse Conclusion : Roof and side vents was good in compared to side vents in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of Boxthorn because of high Airborne and open fertilization rate. Self-compatibility varieties were better than self-incompatibility varieties in rain- shelter plastic greenhouse because of high open fertilization rate.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate methods to reduce seeding expenses, thereby increasing farm income. This study investigated the effects of rain shelter controlled cultivation and adapted seeding times on the stable seed production of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Methods and Results: Seed germination was conducted under 10 condition compose to control, water washing, cold storage at 4℃ for 15 days, seed sterilization with a benomyl pesticides, hormone treated seed by submerging in 100 ppm GA3 with the cold storage at 20℃ and 25℃, darkness in a covered petridish and illuminated with a 1,500 Lux lamp. There were three cultivation type, open cultivation with non-woven fabric mulching, cultivation with a vinyl covering and rain sheltered in a plastic greenhouse. Sowing dates were April 27, May 18, June 7 and June 28, 2013. Plants were spaced 10 ㎝ apart in rows 30 ㎝ apart. Mixed oil cake fertilizer, N-P2O5-K2O (12-10-10) was applied at 600 ㎏• 10 a−1. Conclusions: Optimum germination occured in darkness at 25℃ and cold storage after submerging in GA3. The highest seed yields (4.5 ㎏• 10 a−1) occurred in the plastic greenhouse for the April 25 sowing. The highest root yield (17%) was found on April 1, under greenhouse conditions.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of high temperature and deficit irrigation on growth and yield of hot pepper. Hot pepper was subjected to four irrigation treatments: fully irrigation (FI), 10, 20, and 30 days deficit irrigation (DI) combination with high temperature treatment. Control plants were grown natural environment and conventional culture methods. The plant height treated with high temperature was significantly higher than that of control plant. At FI combination with high temperature treatment, growth parameters such as stem diameter, leaf area, fresh and dry weight were the greatest. The yield was the greatest (2,036 kg/10a) under control, DI combination with high temperature treatment decreased by approximately 42% compare with FI combination with high temperature treatment. The number of abnormal fruits was approximately 38/plant under control, which was the smallest and that of 30 days DI combination with high temperature was higher 3.3 times compare with control. Flower abscission and calcium deficiency induced by DI treatments, especially those physiological disorder promoted by increasing DI treatments period. Results indicated that yield of hot pepper reduced by DI treatments, these results suggest that the growers should irrigate to proper soil moisture for preventing reduction of total fruit yield.

This study was carried out to evaluate nitrogen availability of applied fertilizer and to investigate yield and growth of Chinese cabbage as affected by amount of fertilizer and soil fertility in organic farming applied various fertilizers in rainshelter. The head weight of Chinese cabbage cultured in infertile soil (sand loam) with no amendments was very low. and that in fertile soil (clay loam) was higher than in infertile soil (sand loam). The head weight of Chinese cabbage as affected by amount of fertilizer was more variable in infertile soil (sand loam) than in fertile soil (clay loam). Nitrogen availability of applied fertilizer by Chinese cabbage was lower in fertile soil (clay loam) than in infertile soil (sand loam) and the lower that was, the more fertilizer applied. By application of poultry manure compost 20Mg ha-1 and natural mineral materials such as guano, phosphate rock, and potassium magnesium rock equal to amount of fertilizer recommended in conventional farming, the yield of Chinese cabbage in infertile soil (sand loam) with 1% organic matter came up to 90% of the yield in fertile soil (clay loam) with 6% organic matter. Therefore natural mineral materials such as guano for N source, phosphate rock for P source, and potassium magnesium rock for K source may be able to use as environmental-friendly fertilizers in organic Chinese cabbage production in highland.

작약 비가림 재배시 생육 특성과 수량에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 시험을 수행한 결과는 아래와 같다. 비가림 재배시 노지 재배에 비해 맹아기와 개화기가 각각 9일, 15일빨랐으며 경장, 경수 등도 더 크거나 많았다. 병발생은 녹병, 탄저병, 횐가루병, 뿌리썩음병은 비가림 재배가 노지 재배에 비해 현저히 감소 되었으나 점무늬병은 비슷하였다. 근장, 근수, 근경은 비가림 재배가 노지 재배에 비해 생육이 양호하였으며 뿌리 수량도 비가림 재배가 10a당 2,395kg으로서 노지 재배의 2,201kg, 1,892kg에 비해 27%, 9% 증수 되었다. 품질면에서 뿌리 색도는 비가림 재배가 노지 재배에 비해 더 양호하였으며 상품 수량도 향상되었다.