This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time for wheat to make grain silage, in Honam region of Korea. We harvested wheat grain every third day from 30 to 42 days after heading (DAH). The moisture content decreased from 61.6% at 30 DAH to 42.8% at 42 DAH. Yield of wheat grain significantly increased from 30 to 42 DAH (p< 0.05). Yield at 39 DAH (3.46T/ha) was not significantly different from that at 42 DAH (p< 0.05). With respect to the feed value of wheat grain silage, the amount of crude protein, crude fiber, and crude ash was different by harvesting time (p< 0.05). However, the amount of total digestible nutrients (TDN) from 30 and 42 DAH was not significantly different. The pH of wheat grain silage from 30 to 42 DAH was between 3.8 and 4.5 and it was stable until 39 DAH (p< 0.05). The lactic acid content of wheat grain silage from 30 to 42 DAH decreased from 3.08% to 1.10%. With respect to moisture content, yield, feed value, and fermentation, the optimal harvesting time for wheat grain silage was 39 DAH.

This study was conducted in 2014 in the Gangjin area of Jeonnam province for the purpose of confirming the potential of Kenaf as an alternative feed crop of rice. The weather and soil conditions were favorable and there was no adverse effect on the growth of Kenaf. The amount of seeding was given at 10 kg, 15 kg and 20 kg. As the seeding volume increased, plant height and dry matter yield increased, and stem diameter and number of nodes decreased. The highest growth rate was observed between 75 and 90 days from the date of planting(p<0.05). As the growth progressed, stem rate increased and leaf rate decreased(p<0.05). Increased amount of seeding and growth resulted in decreased CP and TDN and increased ADF and NDF, which resulted in the decreased economic value of Kenaf as a feed crop. The result of increasing the use of organic fertilizer to 20 kg and 30 kg was similar to increasing the amount of seeding. As organic fertilizer usage increased, dry matter yield and growth rate improved(p<0.05).

The present study was carried out to deduce optimum harvesting time based on fruit traits that were examined with fruits hanging the higher part (HP, higher than or equal to 2m height from the ground) and lower part (LP, lower than or equal to 1.5m height from the ground) on ‘Niitaka’ tree. The fruits of HP compared to of LP tended to be heavy and showed significantly higher soluble solid contents (SSC), hardness and gravity at each of the harvest time. On the basis f the discrepancies of the fruit traits between HP and LP, harvest time for the fruits of LP are acquired to be delayed for raising fruit weight and SSC. Due to the substantial probability of flesh pithiness based on the dramatic decrease of fruit gravity, it is necessary that the fruits of LP distributed just after harvesting or stored for short-term period.

쌈채소 수경재배 시 문제가 되는 체내 질산염 함량을 효과적으로 저감시키기 위해 폐쇄형 생산시스템에서 1) 저광도(100μmol·m-2·s-1내외) 조건에서의 수확 7일 전 양액조성 방법과 2) 질산염 저감을 위한 적정 광도 및 수확 전 적정 양액결제시기를 구명하기 위해 수행하였다. 청치마상추에서 수확 7일 전 양액조성 방법 중 양액결제(양액공급 중단) 처리와 양액내 질소 공급원으로 탄산 암모늄[(NH4)2CO3]을 사용한 처리는 처리기간 동안 체내 질산염 함량을 감소시켰으나, 생체중, 엽면적 등의 생육량도 감소되었다. 하지만 100μmol·m-2·s-1조건에서 수확 7일전 양액내 NO3-N 비료를 결제하여 조성하거나 배양액 농도를 1/2배액으로 낮추어 공급함으로써 외적 품질 및 생육량의 저하없이 질산염 함량은 감소되었다. 또한 수확 전 양액결제시기 및 적정 광도를 구명하기 위해 실험을 수행한 결과, 100, 200, 및 300μmol·m-2·s-1 의 3수준의 광조건 모두 수확 7일 전 양액결제시에 체내 질산염이 가장 낮게 나타났으며, 특히 300μmol·m-2·s- 1의 광도와 수확 7일 전 양액결제 처리시 식물체내 질산염의 빠른 저감효과를 볼 수 있었으나 생육량의 감소를 가져왔다. 수확 3일 전 양액결제 처리에 의해 300μmol·m- 2·s-1 광도에서 체내 질산염 함량은 2,021ppm에서 480ppm로, 200μmol·m-2·s-1 광도에서 3,018ppm에서 1,035ppm로 감소되었으며, 외적 품질의 저하 없이 생육량이 높으면서 동시에 짧은 시간 동안 식물체내 질산염의 저감 효과를 볼 수 있었다. 수확 7일 전 양액결제 처리는 체내 질산염의 저감효과가 컸던 반면 엽중, 엽면적 등의 생육 감소를 가져왔는데, 200과 300μmol·m-2·s-1의 광조건에서 수확7일 전 양액결제시 수확 3일 전 양액결제보다 엽중은 20~35%, 엽면적은 16~31% 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 광도 및 양액결제시기에 따른 비타민 C 함량을 분석한 결과 100, 200보다 300μmol·m-2·s-1 에서 수확 3일과 5일전 양액결제 처리시 비타민 C 함량이 가장 높게 나타났다.

This study was carried out to investigate the optimal harvesting time, feed value and fermentation quality of barley and wheat for the making of chopped whole crop silage substitute for formula feed. As a result, the moisture content of barley and wheat decreased with a late harvest, and barley progressed faster than wheat. The plant height was similar with harvesting time, and the number of spikes decreased with prolonged period after heading. The dry matter yield and TDN yield of barley harvested at 35 and 40 days after heading were significantly higher than those at 30 days after heading and wheat was significantly higher at 40 and 45 days than at 35 day after heading(P<0.05). Crude protein content of barley and wheat were increased with later harvesting time, and crude fiber, crude fat and crude ash were slightly decreased, but not statistically significant. NDF and ADF content of barley decreased with later harvesting time, and those showed similar level in wheat. TDN content of barely was slightly increased but there was no difference in wheat. Comparing the effects of fermentation on feed value of chopped whole crop silage, the approximate compositions were slightly increased after fermentation, but the difference was not significant. Fermentations resulted in increasing the pH value of barley silage with late harvesting time, but decreasing the lactic acid content(p<0.05). A pH value of wheat silage showed similar level in different harvest time, and lactic acid content was decreased. Considering the quantity and quality of fermentation, barley and wheat can be used for making chopped silage of whole crop silage when they were harvested at 35 days and 40~45 days after heading, respectively.

아메리카왕거저리는 곤충강 딱정벌레목 거저리과에 속하는 곤충으로 사료용, 식약용, 환경곤충으로 이용되고있으며 최대 5cm까지 자라 갈색거저리에 비해 지방 함량이 높다. 본 연구는 아메리카왕거저리의 최적 수확시기를설정하고자 령기별로 구별하여 9령에서 12령까지 아메리카왕거저리를 채취하여 동결건조한 후 영양 및 기능성분을조사하였다. 일반성분 분석은 AOAC 방법을, 아미노산은 아미노산자동분석기를 이용하여 분석하였다. 수분 함량은1.36~5.06%로 령기가 높을수록 많았고 단백질 함량은 52.4~55.7%였으며, 지방 함량은 30.6~35.7%로 령기가 낮을수록많아지는 경향을 보였다. 총아미노산 함량은 4.8~8.1%로 령기가 낮을수록 높았으며 아미노산 중 프롤린 함량이0.9~2.3%로 가장 많았다.

To investigate the optimum harvesting time of rice from June to December 2015 at Yezin in Middle plain area of Myanmar. The rice cultivars tested were Dasan2, Yeongpungbyeo(Korean cultivars) and Shwe Thwe Yin(Myanmar cultivar). The ripened grain rate were high when the harvesting date after heading were between 35 and 40 days for Dasan2, Yeongpungbyeo and between 30 and 35days for Shwe Thwe Yin, respectively. The highest yield of rice was obtained when harvested 35 to 40days after heading for all cultivars. However, the shattering loss was the highest in 40days after heading, the yield losses in 40DAF(days after flowering) are 2 to 2.7 times more than other treatments in 30DAF. Therefore, the estimated optimum harvesting times are 40DAF, 31DAF and 25DAF for Dasan2, Yeongpungbyeo and Shwe Thwe Yin, respectively.

본 실험은 벼 육묘장의 연중 활용을 위해 다단 재배상에서 벼 육묘판을 이용한 어린잎 채소의 적정 수확시기를 구명하고자 다단재배에서 단 위치 및 재배 일수가 생육과 품질에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시되었다. 공시 작물은 배초향(Agastsche rugosa O.)과 큰다닥냉이 (Lepidium sativum L.)를 사용하였고, 코코넛코이어로 충진한 벼 육묘판에 각각의 작물을 10일 육묘한 어린잎 채소를 6단 재배상(120×45×180cm)의 1층 저단(지면으로 부터 20cm)과 6층의 고단(지면으로부터 170cm)에 배치하였다. 공급액은 EC 1.5 dS·m-1의 배양액과 지하수를 하루간격으로 번갈아 각각 격일로 공급하였고, 하루 3회, 회당 200~400ml/tray씩 두상관수하였다. 7일 또는 14일 간 재배하여 수확한 후 생육 및 항산화 함량을 분석하였다. 저단처리와 고단처리에서의 재배 기간 중 일평균 누적광량 및 온도는 5.1~6.2MJ·m-2, 26.5~26.6oC과 9.3~9.6MJ·m-2, 27.5oC로 계측되었다. 배초향의 생육(초장, 엽장, 엽폭, 엽수, 생체중)은 저단에서 14일 재배되었을 때 높았고, 고단에서 재배된 배초향의 초장은 짧고, 엽 수가 감소하였다. 큰다닥냉이의 초장, 엽폭, 엽수, 생체 중은 저단에서 14일 재배되었을 때 유의적으로 높았으며, 재배일수가 길어졌을 때 엽장, 엽폭, 엽수는 차이가 없었다. 배초향의 수량은 적산온도와 누적광량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 큰다닥냉이의 수량은 적산 온도 증가시 증가한 반면, 누적광량에서는 감소하여 작물간 누적광량에 따른 수량에 차이를 보였다. 배초향의 폴리페놀 및 안토시아닌 함량은 고단에서 높았으며, 재배일수가 길어졌을 때 폴리페놀, 안토시아닌 및 플라보노이드 함량은 증가하였다. 큰다닥냉이의 폴리페놀 함량은 고단 처리에서 높았고, 안토시아닌 및 플라보노이드 함량은 다단 위치와 재배일수에 따른 차이가 없었다. 한편 두 작물의 총엽록소 함량은 저단에서 7일 재배하였을 때 가장 높았다. 따라서 고온기 다단 재배 시 생육과 품질을 고려한 어린잎 채소 재배시 육묘 후 배초향은 고단에서 14일, 큰다닥냉이는 저단에서 7일 재배하여 수확하는 것이 좋으리라 판단한다.

본 연구에서는 국내산 고려엉겅퀴를 건강기능식품 소재로 활용 시 기초자료 제공하고자 수확시기에 따른 고려엉 겅퀴의 항산화활성 및 항비만 활성의 차이를 구명하고자 수행 하였다. 2016년 6월, 7월 그리고 8월에 수확한 고려 엉겅퀴를 이용하여 지표성분 분석, 총 플라보노이드 함량, DPPH 라디칼 소거활성, ORAC assay 및 지방축적과 ROS 생성 억제효과를 관찰하였다. 지표성분 pectolinarin 함량은 수확시기별로 43.13 ± 0.22 ~ 95.65 ± 0.34 mg/g 로 수확 시기 가운데 2016년 8월에 수확한 고려엉겅퀴에서 가장 높은 함량을 보였으며 총 플라보노이드 함량의 경우 2016 년 8월에 수확한 고려엉겅퀴 주정추출물에서 40.43 ± 0.35 mg RE/g로 수확시기 가운데 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈다. DPPH 라디칼 소거활성은 수확시기에 따른 활성 차이를 보이지 않았지만 ORAC 지수의 경우 총 플라보노이드 및 지표성분 함량의 결과와 유사하게 2016년 8월에 수확한 고려엉겅퀴 주정추출물에서 6월 수확시기보다 2.4배가량 높은 ORAC 지수를 나타내었다. 수확시기별 고려엉겅퀴 주정추출물은 50~200 μg/mL의 농도에서 지방세포에 대한 세포독성을 나타내지 않았으며 지방세포 분화 중 세포 내 지방축적 및 ROS 생성량을 비교한 결과, 수확시기별 고 려엉겅퀴 주정추출물을 처리한 지방세포의 경우 지방축적 량과 ROS 생성량 모두 유의적으로 억제되는 것으로 나타 났다. 따라서 고려엉겅퀴는 비만 등 대사증후군 관련 질환의 개선을 위한 건강기능식품 소재로의 활용이 기대된다.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of harvesting time of rice on growth characteristics and dry matter yields of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) ‘Kowinearly’ after seeding them in paddy field. Experiments were performed in National Institute of Animal Science, RDA (Cheonan, Choongcheongnam-do province of Korea) for four years (2011~2014). Italian ryegrass variety ‘Kowinearly’ was seeded at experimental paddy fields before rice harvest in late September. Rice were harvested at 10, 20, and 30 days after seeding of IRG. As the harvest time of rice became later, the number of tillering before winter was reduced and IRG plant length before winter was shorter. The dry matter yield of IRG was also reduced. When rice were harvested at 20 days and 30 days after sowing of IRG compared to the rice harvested in autumn at 10 days after sowing of IRG, the number of tillering for IRG before winter was decreased by an average of 19% and 40%, respectively. The winter survival ratio of IRG was decreased by an average of 13% and 19%, respectively. Their dry matter yields were also reduced by an average of 8% and 19%, respectively. The heading date was different from each other in three years. The plant length at the time of IRG harvest in the spring was not significantly different among treatment groups. Taken together, our results suggest that when Italian ryegrass is grown in paddy fields by the method of ‘seeding of IRG before rice harvest’, rice should be harvested as soon as possible after sowing of IRG ‘Kowinearly’ in the autumn to increase forage productivity.

This study aimed to investigate the concentration of vitamin C in Momordica charantia (MC) by cultivar, harvest time, and maturity. The methods for determining vitamin C levels were validated by measuring their linearity, specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, and accuracy using HPLC. Results showed high linearity in the calibration curve, with a coefficient of correlation (R2) of 0.9994. The LOD and LOQ values for vitamin C were 0.05 and 0.16 μg/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for intra- and inter-day precision of vitamin C measurements were 2.34 and 1.34%, respectively. Depending on cultivar, the concentration of vitamin C in MC varied from 20.75~107.31 mg/100 g, fresh weight, with an average level 68.85±25.57 mg/100 g, FW. When MC was analyzed by harvest time, the 20150612 MC showed the highest amount of vitamin C (113.20±1.89 mg/100 g, FW). On the other hand, the highest vitamin C content by maturity was 48.59±0.87 mg/100 g, FW (15 day old MC). This information on the comparative vitamin C levels of MC might be useful to food scientists and should be explored for functional food development.

This study investigated the chemical composition of Cirsium japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura essential oil and the quantitative changes of major volatile flavor compounds according to the harvesting season. The essential oils obtained by the method of hydrodistillation extraction from aerial parts of C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Sixty-four volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oil from C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura harvested in May 2012; hexadecanoic acid (49.31%) was the most abundant compound, followed by 6,10,14- trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (13.72%), phytol (13.40%) and 9-hexadecenoic acid (4.16%). Eighty-three compounds were identified in the essential oil from the plant harvested in October 2012; phytol (40.56%), hexadecanoic acid (17.69%), 6,10,14- trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (13.71%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.15%) were the most abundant compounds. Types and levels of volatile compounds from different harvesting seasons varied. The essential oil composition of C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura harvested in the spring and autumn was characterized by higher contents of aliphatic fatty acid, diterpene and sesquiterpene, respectively.