Architectural Monuments have to overcome the challenge of time due to physical properties. The fundamental issue must be grounded in an understanding of history and art to overcome this challenge and make them sustainable. Many efforts to preserve the monuments through the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century to record them in scientific form were successful. To be aware of the meaning of the art and not to be ‘barbare’ anymore was behind the promotion of these activities. Above all, the 19th-century French architect Viollet-le-Duc contrasted the concept of barbarism with the concept of art and tried to redefine architecture as art. The ritual to escape ‘barbare’ played an important role in the end. This consciousness was also at work in the propaganda for the preservation of medieval architectural monuments in France, led by intellectuals such as Rodin. Also, the concept of ‘barbare’ served as an important yardstick whenever the cause of their loss was questioned while important monuments were destroyed in the First World War. From the viewpoint of Germany, Dehio was the pioneer of the preservation movement and documentation of monuments. The principle he advocated was preservation, not restoration. The historian Pevsner, who moved to England, also surveyed monuments in various parts of England and left them in the same format as Dehio. These facts show that architecture as art plays a fundamental role in the history of human life.

Environmental justice is the principle, concept, and practice that all human beings should have equal and equitable rights to enjoy safe physical environment. Due to increasing pollutions caused by industrialization, economic development and man-made other activities, however, environmental justice is denied to various poor segments of populations across the world. In order to address the growing inequalities and inequities for safe environment to these affected communities, environmental justice movement has emerged and accelerated during the past few decades. This article presents an analysis of the concept and practices of environmental justice within a global context. The article also highlights the roles and responsibilities of the public, business and NGO sectors in promoting environmental justice

코로나 19 팬데믹으로 인한 한국 교회의 위기는 선교 사역 전반에 대한 재고와 더불어 선교의 본질을 새롭게 이해하는 계기가 되었다. 급격하게 변화된 선교 상황과 한국 교회의 성장 감소는 한국 선교사들의 비자발적 철수, 선교비 축소와 현지 교회의 자립 문제, 선교지 재산 분쟁 등의 문제를 불러일으키고 있는데 이는 선교 이양의 주제와 깊은 관계를 갖는다. 본 연구에서 선교 이양의 관점은 세 가지 면에서 위와 같이 변화된 선교 현장에서 파송의 개념을 새롭게 이해하도록 돕는다. 첫째, 선교 이양의 관점에서 파송은 현지 교회의 자립과 유기적 성장을 목적으로 한다. 새로운 파송의 개념은 선교사의 입구와 출구, 그리고 다시 입구(자립을 위한 출발)로 이어지는 지속적 성장을 추구한다. 둘째, 선교 이양의 관점에서 파송은 선교사의 순례자적 정체성을 강조 한다. 새로운 파송의 이해는 세상을 향한 하나님의 사랑의 방향성을 보여준다. 셋째, 선교 이양을 통한 파송의 새로운 이해는 삼위일체 하나님의 선교를 통해 선교사와 현지 교회가 동등한 관계를 지닌 동역자 로서 양방향으로 파송하는 선교를 의미한다.

Ship reporting systems are used to exchange information between ship and shore. To realize the digital ship reporting concept, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) recently developed revised guidelines and descriptions of Maritime Service for ship reporting systems in the context of e-navigation. To improve the existing ship reporting system, each Administration should follow the IMO guidelines for ship reporting system. The purpose of this paper is to identify follow-up measures to be taken by the Korean Government as a member State according to the recently developed IMO guidelines in the context of e-navigation, and to present the considerations for the implementation of follow-up measures in Korea. In this study, a ship reporting system in Korea was investigated to identify the considerations for the digital ship reporting system. Consequently, a digital reporting system and digital traffic clearance were proposed and considerations for ship reporting system are presented. This paper is expected to be helpful for the safe operation of ships by presenting the considerations necessary for the implementation of an automated and standardized ship reporting system.

The variation of countries’ industrial policies and political strategies in a multipolar world brings the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) regime to a crossroad. Backlash to the inconsistency, non-transparency, partiality and unfairness of the ISDS regime results from the states’ changing interests and policy priorities, including the rising awareness of democracy. In pursuing the benefits of multilateralism, a multilateral investment court can serve as an alternative to the current investment arbitration regime. States need to clarify the scope of consent based on their political economic considerations. Substantial investment protection standards can be different, whereas the principle of proportionality can serve as an approach to the balance between investment protection and states’ policy arrangements. Meanwhile, there should be efforts to align the interpretation and application of key provisions, possibly through interpretation notes and an appellate body that reviews arbitral decisions, to generalise implicit consensus and to broaden collective acceptance of the regime.

Fashion companies and brands’ marketing activities focus on resolving environmental problems; however, these companies’ efforts, there are some examples of so-called “greenwashing”. This paper aims to analyze different perceptions of brand authenticity, green marketing, and purchase intention toward the brand before and after exposure to case information about greenwashing. A total of 211 data were gathered and analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Respondents were asked to respond to same questionnaires related to green marketing and the brand authenticity before and after their exposure to greenwashing information. The study participants’ perceptions of green marketing from the brand were statistically significantly negatively changed after exposure compared to before exposure. Similar patterns in results were found in the context of consumers’ perception of brand authenticity (genuineness, originality, and consistency), and purchase intention. The originality of this study is in evaluating consumers’ perception of greenwashing focused on brand authenticity. The findings of the study suggest that if a fashion brand’s green marketing activity is perceived as greenwashing by consumers, the perceptions of green marketing, brand authenticity, and purchase intention can all decline. It is suggested that fashion brands need to develop a sincere and truthful green marketing campaigns to keep and enhance their brand authenticity.

This action research explores an effective teaching method for EFL teacher’s questioning types in a Korean online university context. By reviewing the previous studies on teachers’ questioning types which have been categorized mostly by cognitive linguistic tradition, this study sorts out the different questioning types from socio-linguistic perspective using the Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) framework. These new categorized questioning types are applied to instruct the participant students (57) who were majoring in English and were mostly interested in TESOL (Teaching English to the Speakers of Other Languages) certificate program provided by the online university in Korea. Using a series of lecture content, two assignments, and an online discussion board, these newly added questioning types (offer and request types replacing command) were successfully taught in an online lecture entitled ‘Classroom English and Communication’ in the first semester of 2021. With a mixed analysis method, this study explains the procedures of various classroom tasks and analyzes the assignment data and online discussion board texts. This teacher classroom communication consisting of instruction and questioning needs to be reconsidered due to this study’s findings and its pedagogic implications that are clearly based on socio-linguistic perspectives.

The global economy has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic, and countries around the world urgently need to restore economic growth. As countries in Eurasia become more and more closely connected, it is inevitable for China's Belt and Road Initiative and South Korea's new Northern policy to connect. In this context, what matters is the connection of the railway network. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the integration of the Korean Terminal Railway (TKR) into the Eurasian railway network by connecting the Korean Terminal Railway (TKR) with China's China-Europe freight trains. The results show that there is an interactive positive correlation between railway freight volume and GDP, and South Korea is expected to become the logistics center of East Asia and improve its status and influence in the world center. Within the Korean peninsula, the railway connection can draw North Korea into a larger multilateral agreement system, and South Korea can use external forces within the system to push North Korea to seek more economic cooperation and actively promote the reunification process. The economic development of Northeast Asia also plays a positive role in the economic recovery of the three provinces in northeast China.

본 연구의 목적은 COVID-19 상황에서 온라인 태권도대회 출전이 초등학생의 자아존중감에 미치는 영향을 분석하는데 있다. 이를 통해 성장기에 있는 초등학생들이 COVID-19 상황을 잘 극복하는데 효과적인 프로그램을 제시한다. 나아가 온라인 태권도대회를 통한 수련생의 자아존중감에 대한 연구의 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 의의와 필요성이 있다. 본 연구는 온라인 태권도대회에 출전한 초등학생(2학년~6학년) 60명과 미출전 비교집단 60명을 대상으로 비교분석 하였다. 연구결과, 온라인 태권도대회에 출전 경험이 실험집단의 경우에는 사전(M=1.92)보다 사후(M=3.47)에 자아존중감이 1.55 증가하였다. 비교집단의 경우에는 사전(M=1.96), 사후(M=1.95)에 변화가 거의 없었다. 이와 같이 두 집단 간에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(t=46.747, p <.001). 참여자의 성별에 따른 자아존중감의 차이는 별로 없었으며, 성별 구분 없이 모두 비슷하게 사전에 비해 사후에 자아존중감이 높아진 것으로 나타났다. 수련 시간에 따른 자아존중감은 수련시간에 관계 없이 모두 자아존중감이 높아진 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과, 코로나-19로 인한 온라인 대회 출전 경험이 자아존중감에 긍정적인 효과가 있었음을 알 수 있다.

This study conducted a survey and evaluation on ‘The 2021 Jeju World Natural Heritage Festival’ with a framework of various stakeholders related to festivals. While aiming for the essential context of the celebration, we tried to find suggestions to ensure the continuity of the celebration and the designation of the World Natural Heritage. As a methodology, surveys and interview surveys were conducted in parallel with the framework of multifaceted evaluation. To summarize the important contents presented as policy suggestions, first, it is necessary to expand the concept of ' encounter with hidden nature' from the positivity of the concept of 'encounter with hidden nature' to have fellowship with mankind about natural heritage. For reference to this, efforts should be made to secure the continuity of the designation of World Natural Heritage through a contextual approach using the frame of 'encounter'. Second, since the participation of experts can help in many ways, it is necessary to encourage many experts to participate as a staff or activist. Third, it is necessary to sublimate Jeju's natural heritage into a public celebration without damaging it. Finally, it should be a festival centered on local communities and local residents. It is necessary to actively seek a system in which the World Natural Heritage Village Preservation Association, which will be created (tentative name), will be centered and promoted by the villagers.

Treatment and management of chronic low back pain (CLBP) should be tailored to the patient’s individual context. However, there are limited resources available in which to find and manage the causes and mechanisms for each patient. In this study, we designed and developed a personalized context awareness system that uses machine learning techniques to understand the relationship between a patient’s lower back pain and the surrounding environment. A pilot study was conducted to verify the context awareness model. The performance of the lower back pain prediction model was successful enough to be practically usable. It was possible to use the information from the model to understand how the variables influence the occurrence of lower back pain.

“Zhe” in the structure of “V1 zhe V2” in the Chinese translation of Qingwen Zhiyao is a counter translation of the Manchu adverb affix “- me” “- fi” “- hai, - hei, - hoi”. There are some special uses of this structure in Chinese translation, such as the combination of the tentative state and the continuous marker “zhe”, and the non continuous verb enters the “V1 zhe V2” structure as V1. The reason is that it is influenced by Manchu. The interference characteristics of Manchu language are weakened in the adaptation of Qingwen Zhiyao. By investigating the literature of the Qing Dynasty, it is found that the usage influenced by Manchu such as “Xiang zhe qiao” and “Zhuo liang zhe” once entered Chinese in the Qing Dynasty, and disappeared in modern Chinese with the decline of Manchu. The Chinese version has traces of Southern Mandarin, and the adapted version reflects the characteristics of Beijing Mandarin. The principle of iconicity has different constraints on the word order of verb conjunction in Manchu and Chinese. The text adaptation follows the law of sentence pattern development and reflects the prescriptive direction of Chinese sentence pattern development. Language contact affects the development of relevant sentence patterns to a certain extent, but it is ultimately restricted by the law of Chinese itself.

Since the Japanese government recently unveiled a plan to release radioactive water into the ocean, the neighbouring countries have expressed concerns. In particular, certain environmental groups claimed that the execution of this operation would have a significant impact on the marine environment in the region. In light of significant potential risks, this article argues that such an operation is likely to trigger an international dispute at an international court or tribunal for several reasons. Accordingly, this article would like to explore the highly likely international litigation. First, the background of this potential international litigation, including the reasons why the operation may end up at an international court or tribunal are addressed. Subsequently, certain legal and factual issues that are expected to be contested between the parties at the court or tribunal are discussed. Finally, this article discusses some of the expected outcomes of this likely international litigation, including reparation.

There is a growing research interest in language teachers’ professional identity. Nevertheless, unlike studies involving the identity of native and non-native English-speaking teachers, few studies analyzed Gyopo English teachers’ identity despite a sizeable body of Gyopo teachers in the Korean educational context. Using post-structural perspectives of identity, this case study analyzed the identities of a Gyopo instructor as an English teacher and how such identities were reflected in classroom practice. Data were collected through interviews, classroom observations, and self-reflective reports written by the participant. Findings reveal that the participant constructed multiple professional identities as a teacher with previous language learning experiences, a bridge-builder, a multitasker, and a teacher who is not a native English speaker but an American, and a replaceable person. While experiencing identity conflicts, she constantly negotiated and renegotiated her multiple, contradictory identities to position herself more favorably. Based on these findings, the present study offers pedagogical suggestions.

Due to growing concerns regarding the effectiveness of full-scale online education, this study investigated motivational regulation strategies employed by tertiary-level English as a foreign language (EFL) learners taking a writing course via Zoom. Using a mixed method, this study examined a dataset comprising questionnaire responses of 154 Korean students with two proficiency levels and subsequent semi-structured interviews. Findings showed that the learners with a high English proficiency level utilized the instructor’s feedback significantly more than those having a low proficiency level. The high proficiency group also appreciated the Zoom context and the university-wide policy of English-medium instruction (EMI) significantly better than the other group. Finally, correlation analysis revealed significant relationship between the students’ uses of motivational regulation strategies and their responses to the context-dependent factors. For example, the strategic choice of instructor feedback was positively related to their perception of EMI. These findings are discussed for effective online EFL writing instruction in the post-pandemic era.

리더십은 영향력이다. 교회는 사회에 선한 영향력을 끼쳐야 할 존재이다. 미시적 리더십을 다룬 전통적인 리더십이론인 특성. 귀인, 행위, 상황이론과 변혁이론은 각각 한국교회의 대사회적 행동에 적절한 시사점을 알려준다. 한국의 비신자들은 교회가 자기들의 가치관과 문화가 다른 이질적인 집단으로 인식하고, 교회를 색다르게 보며, 교회에 대한 부정적인 이미지가 팽배한 상태이다. 코로나 사태를 맞이 한 한국교회가 사회에 리더십을 회복하기 위해서는 교회의 의식과 태도, 행위의 변화가 필요하다. 하나님의 일하심에 대한 인식의 변화, 선교의 개념과 범위에 대한 인식의 변화, 그리스도인이 사랑을 표현(봉 사)하는 방식과 방향에 대한 올바른 인식, 예배에 대한 포괄적 인식, 이원론적 사고의 극복, 세상을 바라보는 시각의 교정, 새로운 일상에의 적응, 그리고 사회에 신뢰를 줄 수 있는 획기적인 행동의 변화가 필요하 다. 교회는 코로나 사태를 교회와 세상을 향해 하나님께서 주신 새로운 기회로 보아야 할 것이다. 교회를 갱신할 기회, 세상을 선도해 나갈 기회, 선교할 기회이다. 코로나 사태가 인간의 자본주의적 탐욕의 결과라고 해도 교회는 이 위기를 기회로 삼아 세상에 선한 영향력을 가져야 한다.

Considering critical roles of teachers in education, an increasing number of studies have investigated language teacher identity. Although many studies have reported nonnative English-speaking teachers’ identity, few studies have explored native English-speaking teachers’ (NESTs’) professional identity. Taking poststructural approaches towards identity, the present study investigated how two NESTs working in Korean universities perceived themselves professionally and how their identities were realized in class. Data were collected through interviews, class observations, and material collections. Findings showed that the NESTs constructed multiple identities differently shaped by various factors, such as previous experiences and college majors. One NEST had identities of a role model for foreign language learning and a caretaker, while the other showed weak identities as a teacher with identities of a writer and a babysitter. Despite such differences, the NESTs commonly manifested an overarching identity as a guide who desired to create safe and comfortable learning environments. These findings confirm close connections between teachers’ professional identity and practices.