Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae from industrial insects are traditionally recognized as functional health foods in South Korea. We evaluated the immuno-modulatory effects of feeding beneficial microorganism (Bacillus velezensis TJS119) to P. brevitarsis larvae as a dietary source. In this study, we investigated the immune-enhancing activities of P. brevitarsis larvae hot-water extract (PLW) and PLW after treatment with B. velezensis TJS119 (PLWB) using the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. We examined the effects of PLWB on cell proliferation, cytokine production, and nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells. PLWB showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 1,000 μg/mL in RAW264.7 cells. Treatment with PLWB increased the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)] at doses of 62.5 to 1,000 μ g/mL in RAW264.7 cells. As a result, PLWB exhibited a stronger immune-enhancing effect compared to PLW. In conclusion, the results of this study offer experimental evidence to support the potential utilization of PLWB as an immunity-enhancing nutraceutical ingredient.
Because Scotinophara lurida has the habit of living under the rice plant, an introduction of a method for efficient control when spraying eco-friendly organic materials is needed. In this study, we investigated the density of S. lurida in drained- and irrigated-paddy field after spraying an organic material containing garlic bulb extracts, which has high insecticidal activity in S. lurida in direct spraying test in glass tube. As a result, an irrigated rice paddy showed a control effect of 66.4% after 3 days of spraying and 86.2% after 7 days, while a drained rice paddy showed a control effect of 33.9% after spraying and 61.9% after 7 days. These results suggest that effective control can be achieved in irrigated rice fields if organic farming materials are evenly sprayed and reach to the body of S. lurida. It is remained to study how irrigated water do contribute to increase the insecticidal effect in the future.
Botanical extracts are employed in management of aphids. Extracts from Tanacetum cineariaiaefolium, Derris elliptica, and Sophora flavescens are widely used to control various insects. In this study, we determined concentrations of active insecticidal compounds (Ais) in commercial botanical extracts of these plants, and we investigated the time and concentration for lethal results with the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. The concentrations of Ais, pyrethrins from T. cineariaiaefolium, rotenone from D. elliptica, and matrine and oxymatrine from S. flavescens, were determined after their fractionation by liquid chromatography followed by mass analysis and comparison with standard compounds. The extracts were tested for lethality in a bioassay with green peach aphids. Sprays at defined doses were applied to tobacco leaves infested with aphid nymphs. The lethal concentrations (LC50) were 20.4 ppm for pyrethrins, 34.1 ppm for rotenone, and 29.6 ppm for matrine at 48 h after treatments. At 100 ppm application levels, the lethal time LT50 was 13.4 h for pyrethrin, 15.1 h for rotenone, and 14.4 h for matrine. Kaplan - Meier analysis indicated the lethal times for the three botanical extracts at 100 ppm were significantly faster than application of a chemical insecticide, Sulfoxaflor, applied at the recommended level. These results provide baselines to develop and formulate single or mixed preparations containing botanical extracts to control green peach aphids on commercial crops.
Golden apple snails(GAS) are native to warm regions such as Central and South America and Southeast Asia, and were first introduced as a high-protein food. GAS are omnivorous and have a habit of eating plants submerged in water, so they have been used for eco-friendly weed control in rice fields since 1992. When the GAS was first introduced, it was thought that it would be impossible to overwinter in Korea. However after 2000, overwintering individuals were founded and damage to rice occurred and the development of means to control GAS has been required. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of an eco-friendly pest control agent using Styrax japonicus that grow naturally in Korea. As a result of exposing GAS to S. japonicus fruit powder, a 100% molluscicidal effect was confirmed at 66.7ppm. To investigate the duration of effect, treatment was performed at the same concentration and molluscicidal effect of more than 90% was up to 3 days after treatment. The killing effect of each part of the S. japonicus was compared, and the seed extracts showed no killing effect at all concentrations, while the sarcocarp extracts showed a 100% killing effect up to 33.3ppm, and the fruit extracts showed a 100% killing effect up to 200ppm.
Lyophyllum decastes has been used for culinary purpose. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects from methanol, acetone, and hot water extracts of L. decastes fruiting bodies. The acetone and methanol extracts showed the higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazy radical scavenging activities than that of the hot water extract at 0.5–2.0 mg/mL and was comparable to the BHT, the positive control. The ferrous ion chelating effects of the mushroom extracts at 0.5–2.0 mg/mL were significantly higher than that of BHT. The reducing power of acetone extract (2.12) was significantly lower than that of BHT (2.73) at 2.0 mg/ mL. The mushroom extracts also showed inhibitory effects on production of nitric oxide (NO), and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide-induced murine macrophage cells in a concentration dependent manner. In vivo anti-inflammatory experiment on carrageenan-induced hind-paw edema of rat model, the acetone extract of the mushroom significantly suppressed the carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema of rats in a dose dependently. The results suggest that the fruiting bodies of Lyophyllum decastes are a good natural resource of antioxidant and anti-inflammation.
식물추출물은 작물 해충에 대해 기피, 섭식저해, 해충 효소활성억제 활성을 가지고 있어 해충 방제제로 활용되고 있다. 응애는 원예작물에 심각한 피해를 주고 있고, 실제 포장에서 방제 방법도 화학적 살비제를 이용하고 있지만 효과적이지 않다. 포장에서 응애 방제가 어려운 이유는 짧은 세대수, 많은 산란수와 번식력 등으로 인해 약제저항성 개체가 증가하는 것이 원인이다. 친환경자재로 님, 멀구슬, 제충국, 고삼 추출물을 함 유한 제품들이 개발되고 포장에서 살비제로 활용되고 있다. 이들 추출물은 천적에 대한 낮은 독성으로 식물추출물과 천적을 동시에 사용하여 응 애의 종합 방제에 활용될 수 있는 장점이 있다. 많은 이들 식물추출물의 해충 방제에 대한 리뷰가 있지만, 포장에서 효율적인 이들 추출물의 종합 적인 측면에서 활용이나, 응애별 살충 스펙트럼, 반수 치사농도와 치사시간, 살충기작별로 응애 생활사에 영향을 미치는 종합적인 리뷰는 제한적 이다. 본 리뷰는 이들 식물추출물을 포장에서 효율적으로 활용 가능한 식물추출물별 사용 가능 시기, 방법, 응애 생활사, 천적 활용 등의 종합적인 응애 방제를 목표로 하였다.
환경오염에 의한 미세먼지의 증가로 피부는 산화적 손상과 노화가 가속화된다. 본 연구에서는 선발된 한약재 추출물의 항산화, hyaluronic acid, filaggrin, MMP-1, ROS 항목을 평가함으로써 PM10으 로 부터의 각질형성세포 보호 효능을 확인하였다. 그 결과 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid(ABTS), FRAP assay에서 농도의존적으로 항산화능 이 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 각질형성세포에 PM10 300 ㎍/㎖을 단독으로 처리한 군에서는 hyaluronic acid 및 filaggrin이 50% 이상 감소하였으며, 고량강, 유백피, 토복령 추출물을 처리한 군에서는 증가하였 다. MMP-1의 경우 PM10 단독처리군에는 55% 이상 증가하였으나, 추출물을 처리한 경우 감소하여 콜라 겐, 엘라스틴의 분해를 저해하는 것으로 평가된다. 또한 제브라피쉬 배아를 이용한 ROS 측정의 경우 추출 물을 처리하였을 때 감소되는 것을 확인하였다. 특히 토복령 추출물의 25 μg/ml에서 음성대조군과 유사 한 형광의 세기를 나타내어 ROS의 생성이 유의적으로 감소한 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 선별된 한약재 소재인 고량강, 유백피, 토복령은 미세먼지로부터 피부를 보호하거나 개선할 수 있는 소재로서 피 부 개선을 위한 안티에이징 제품으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.
This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Auricularia auricula-judae ethanol extract (AEE) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis mice. The highest levels of total polyphenols and DPPH radical scavenging activity were observed in AEE. Also, NO production was reduced in a dose-dependent manner in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). AEE was suspended in distilled water and administration per oral at different doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight every day with 3% DSS in drinking water for 7 days. The sample AEE 100 and 300 mg/kg significantly increased body weight, colon length and decreased disease activity index (DAI) score. Histological features showed that 100 and 300 mg/kg of AEE suppressed edema, mucosal damage and the loss of crypts induced by DSS. The serum levels of TNF- and IL-6 were measured in acute colitis mice using ELISA kits. Levels of TNF- and IL-6 in serum were significantly decreased by topical application of AEE. Therefore, AEE increases antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and it is thought that it can effectively help prevent colitis.
In this study, we investigated the effect of the extracts of Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm. (CFJ) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in mouse BV-2 microglial cells. Nitric oxide (NO) production and cell viability were measured using the Griess reagent and the (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) (MTT) assay. Inflammatory cytokines were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in BV-2 microglial cells with and without CFJ extracts. Subsequently, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and antioxidant markers were assessed by western blot analysis. It was found that the CFJ extract significantly decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-, and IL-1) and NO in BV-2 microglial cells that were stimulated with LPS. In addition, the expression levels of the phosphorylation of the MAPK family (p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinases [JNK], and extracellularsignal regulated kinase [ERK]) were reduced by CFJ. Also, treatment with CFJ significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase type 1(SOD1) and Catalase in BV-2 microglial cells. Our results indicate that CFJ has a potent suppressive effect on the pro-inflammatory responses of activated BV-2 microglia. Therefore, CFJ has the potential to be an effective treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, as it can inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators in activated BV-2 microglial cells.
최근 들어 반려동물을 키우는 가구 수가 증가하고 있다. 그로인해 진드기와 냄새에 대한 관심 또한 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 제충국 추출물 (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), 수용성 피톤치드(water-soluble phytoncide)가 진드기 퇴치제로서 효과와 탈취 및 항균 효과가 있는지 알아보기 위하 여 연구를 진행하였다. 틱 클라이밍 테스트(Tick climbing test)에서 제충국 추출물(Tanacetum cinerariifolium) 23.33점, 수용성 피톤치드 22.00점 으로 높은 기피효과를 보였다. 복합추출물로서의 진드기 기피 효과를 확인하기 위해 위 실험에서 기피 효과가 확인된 제충국 추출물, 수용성 피톤치 드를 포함한 복합추출물(Sample이라 함.), 타사 제품(Control이라 함.)로 틱 클라이밍 테스트(Tick climbing test)를 진행하였다. 결과 Sample 13.00점, Control 26.67점으로 Sample이 높은 기피 효과를 나타내었다. 참진드기 실내 기피제 효력 시험법에서도 Sample이 88%, Control이 12%로 우수한 진드기 기피효과를 보인다는 것을 확인하였다. Sample을 가지고 탈취 시험을 진행한 결과 암모니아에서 98.3%, 트리메틸아민에서 99.5%의 탈취 효과를 보여주었으며, 항균시험에서 대장균, 황색포도상구균, 폐렴균 모두 99.9%의 항균 효과를 보여주었다. 본 연구결과를 종합해 볼 때 위 소재를 포함한 복합추출물은 추후 진드기 기피제와 탈취 및 항균에도 효과가 있는 소재로서의 활용 가치가 높다고 판단된다.
This study evaluated cell viability and cytokine release in immortalized human oral fibroblasts (hTERT-hNOFs) and keratinocytes (IHOK) exposed to a dental-impregnated gingival retraction cord. To prepare the extracts, dental gingival retraction cords impregnated with aluminum chloride hexahydrate were immersed in a cell culture medium for 24 h at 37 °C. hTERT-hNOFs and IHOK were cultured for 24 h. The cell culture medium was removed and extracts of the dental gingival retraction cords were added. After incubation with the extract solution, cell viability was evaluated using an MTT assay. The levels of the cytokines IL-1α and IL-8 were measured in the supernatants of each cell type. The cell viability after exposure to the extract solution for 10 min exceeded 70 % in both cell types. The ET50 values for hTERT-hNOF and IHOK were 35.75 and 28.98 min, respectively. For IHOK, the IL-1α level was (5.35 ± 5.22) pg/mL at 10 min, (3.58 ± 5.38) pg/mL at 20 min, and (2.85 ± 4.28) pg/mL at 60 min of exposure (p > 0.05). The IL-8 level in IHOK was (67.16 ± 18.70) pg/mL at 10 min, (78.36 ± 7.50) pg/mL at 20 min, and (111.9 ± 26.10) pg/mL at 60 min of exposure (p > 0.05). Cytokine release was not observed from hTERThNOFs. Based on these results, cell viability and cytokine release were confirmed in cells exposed to the impregnated gingival retraction cord. In addition, the application of the extracts to hTERT-hNOF and IHOK during the actual contact time and determination of ET50 may be beneficial for evaluating the biocompatibility of dental-impregnated gingival retraction cords.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant components, elastase inhibition activities, and melanin synthesis rates of Korean traditional Actinidia (Actinidia arguta) fruits and leaves depending on the ethanol extraction concentrations. The total polyphenol content was the highest in the 50% ethanol extract of both fruits and leaves, with values of 634.1 mg GAE/100 g and 3,985.2 mg GAE/100 g, respectively. The total flavonoid content was the highest in the fruit 90% extract and leaf 50% extract at 191.9 mg/100 g and 2655.6 mg/100 g, respectively. The vitamin C content was the highest in the 50% extract of leaves at 2990.3 mg/100 g. Elastase inhibition was the highest at 56.9% in the leaf 50% extract at a concentration of 1,000 μg/mL. Melanin synthesis inhibition showed the highest melanin synthesis inhibitory effect among the extracts, as the leaf 50% extract showed an inhibitory rate of 65% or more. Therefore, the antioxidant components, elastase inhibition activities, and melanin synthesis inhibitory rate were better in leaves than in fruits. The leaf 50% extract was particularly the best among the extracts. Korean traditional Actinidia leaves can be considered as potential sources for new functional materials.
Seaweed-derived foods have long been popular in Korea because of their high content of nutrients that are beneficial to the human body. Recently, Korean seaweeds have been used as raw materials to produce new natural products with health benefits. Herein, we compared the antioxidant activity of 16 Korean seaweed extracts to explore their potential utility as health foods. The total phenolic content (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of seaweed extracts were determined. We also investigated their ability to protect human diploid fibroblast (HDF) cells against hydrogen peroxide. The results showed that seaweed extracts at a concentration of 100 g/mL did not cause any cell toxicity. Sargassum thunbergii (Jichung-i) had the highest TPC and radical scavenging effects, followed by Porphyra tenera (Gim), Silvetia siliquosa (Tteumbugi), and Sargassum fusiforme (Tot). Hydrogen peroxide increased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, while P. tenera (Gim), Saccharina japonica (Dasima), and S. thunbergii (Jichung-i) extracts significantly decreased it. The effect was highest in the S. thunbergii (Jichung-i)-treated HDF cells. These findings indicate that S. thunbergii (Jichung-i) shows promise as a potential antioxidant raw material.
This study examined the subacute oral toxicity of Dendropanax morbiferus H.Lév leaves hot-water extracts (DMWE) using male and female Spargue-Dawley rats. Rats were orally administered the DMWE at dose levels of 0, 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg body weight (BW) for four weeks. For experimental period, clinical signs and the number of deaths were examined, and feed intake and BW of all experimental animals were measured once a week for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from all rats, and all animals were euthanized and autopsies were performed to collect major organs. No dead animals were found during the experimental period. In addition, no differences were found between control and DMWE-treated groups in feed intakes, BW changes, organ weights, clinical signs, hematological parameters, and serum biochemical parameters. The results of this study provided evidence that oral administration of DMWE at the dose of 2,000 mg/kg BW is safe in rats and may not exert severe toxic effects.