The emergence of Corona viruses have plunged human society into an unprecedented epidemic disaster, which made the way of communication between countries has changed dramatically. Korean Universities launched a new attempt to implement live streaming Korean language courses (LSKLC) in a purpose of continuing exchanges and cooperation with Chinese Universities. This study noticed that students attend these courses in different ways. In order to investigate whether students' satisfaction is affected by the way of attending the classes, this study was conducted using SPSS 26.0 software and Kruskal-Wallis test method, and the data was extracted from a LSKLC implemented by a Korean University. As results, the satisfaction level of students was high, meanwhile the teaching method satisfaction was the highest, following content setting, and timetable setting, but neither attending way showed any significant difference in course satisfaction.

The purpose of this study is to explore the language attitude of 20s toward genderlect. This study focused on the representation of genderlects in South Korean dramas, and was based on the media reception theory. In the research, 32 men and women aged between 19 to 24 were interviewed in focus groups. The data were analyzed qualitatively. The research results are as follows. First, the participants partially recognized the characteristics of genderlect which were reported in previous studies, and the opinions among the participants hardly agreed. Second, the way which dramas represent genderlect was shown as breaking away from traditional gender roles and the reestablishment of overturned gender roles. Third, this study categorized the positive and negative responses of the participants toward the use of gender language. Fourth, participants’ attitude toward genderlect was gradually arranged from negotiation to opposition. This study is meaningful in that it comprehensively demonstrated the language attitudes of the younger generation. However, there still remains a margin on further research in consideration of non-binary participants and broader contexts.

In order to implement a dialogue system for Korean language tutoring, this paper aimed to describe a method of constructing a large amount of Korean task-oriented dialogue data using the Wizard-of-OZ method and a pedagogical feedback and evaluation method for Korean language errors made by foreign learners. The procedure for constructing a large amount of Korean task-oriented dialogue data consisted of three steps. The first step was the preparation step for the learner’s prior learning. The second step was related to a large Korean dialogue map constructed by Korean native speakers using the Wizard-of-OZ method. The third step was implementation of a Korean dialogue system based on the dialogue map. In educational feedback and evaluation, functions such as paraphrases, recommendation expressions, educational success rate, and error content evaluation by learner level were proposed. By means of the Wizard-of-OZ method, 3,253 Korean task-oriented dialogue data were established in four domains: restaurant, hotel, tourist attraction, and taxi. The dialogue system for Korean language tutoring is currently being implemented based on Korean taskoriented dialogue data. Ultimately, the task-oriented dialogue system for Korean language tutoring aims at an “augmentation of education” that collaborates with human teachers, not “teacher-less education” that replaces human teachers.

The present study aims to investigate the patterns and characteristics of impoliteness strategies and impoliteness formulas in Korean learners’ interlanguage complaints, focusing primarily on advanced Chinese learners. Discourse Completion Test(DCT) was utilized to investigate interlanguage complaints, with each scenario providing the research participants with information on publicness, familiarities between the interlocutors, and their social status levels. Impoliteness, as well as politeness, were examined. In the meantime, the effect of those three factors above on the selecting impoliteness strategies or politeness strategies were also investigated. According to the results of the patterns of impoliteness strategies, learners were more inclined to use impoliteness strategies in private scenarios compared to those public scenarios, to hearers with equal or lower social status compared to those with higher social status, and to familiar hearers compared to those unfamiliar. In terms of the characteristics of impoliteness formulas, learners showed a high proportion of bald-on impoliteness strategies in all the 12 scenarios. Secondly, some of the learners failed to use honorifics in certain scenarios, damaging decencies of their hearers and even in being regarded as interlocutors with improper manners. Lastly, most of the learners neglected negative politeness, which is by no means less important that its positive counterpart.

In the contrasting reports of the THAAD deployment in South Korea, the conflicting national media stances are reflected in the discursive patterns of the Chinese and Korean newspapers' headlines. Grounded upon van Dijk's socio-cognitive perspective in the critical discourse analysis, these patterns are analyzed in terms of the Attitude systems of the Appraisal Theory. The data of headlines are collected from online articles in Chinese and Korean major daily newspapers. The findings show that the newspapers' contrasting stances on the THAAD issues are discursively differentiated into their attitudinal representations of the headlines. These results also demonstrate the discursive strategy of positive self and negative other presentation to establish each nation's solidarity involved in the THAAD issues.

The research aims to identify vocabulary meaning of “resentment” in Chinese and Korean language. For this, words were extracted, meaning “resentment” in 『A Dictionary of Modern Chinese Usage』, 『A Dictionary of Modern Reverse Chinese Usage』, and 『The Korean Standard Unabridged Dictionary』 published by The National Institute of the Korean Language. Through analysis of these words, distributions by parts of speech and types of word formation were analyzed. The results are as follows: in Chinese, the meaning of “resentment” are the most common in verbs, followed by nouns and adjectives. On the other hand, nouns includes the most “resentments” words, followed by verbs and adjectives. In terms of word formation, most of the Chinese “resentment” vocabulary are compound words; their internal structure mainly consist of verbs and objectives, or modifier and nouns. On the contrary, in case of Korean language, compound nouns and derivative verbs are the most common. Finally, in respect of representative vocabulary of “resentment”, metaphor concept for “resentment” in Chinese and Korean language are in the following: both Chinese and Korean words conceptualize the meaning of “water, red, fire (or heat or hot vapor), thing, food, climate, and weapon.” However, conceptualizing as “plant” appears in only Korean language, and as “letter” and “dangerous animal” in only Chinese language.

This study provides step-by-step suggestions for expanding the foundation of Korean language education and the systematic teaching and learning of the Korean language in New Northern Policy countries. To this end, a literature review was undertaken to explore the existing knowledge in the field, and surveys and online interviews were conducted with local experts. According to the surveys, the New Northern Policy countries were highly accepting of multilingualism and multiculturalism, currently using the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) to accommodate the global standard education model and seeking to strengthen English education in accordance with the de-Russian trend. Also based on CEFR, achievement standards are systematically presented. Korean language education is divided into curricular and extra-curricular, with the Korean language curriculum further subdivided according to the development of the Korean language curriculum. The extra-curricular stream is mainly conducted in after-school programs. The proposed development phase of the Korean pro-language curriculum should establish a reference system including goals and grades that connects with the CEFR. Moreover, to develop the Korean language curriculum further, it is necessary to establish and analyze the Korean language profiles of Korean learners.

The aim of this study is to analyze the research trend of speech acts in Korean language. This study targets 371 master's and doctoral dissertations published from 1985 to 2020. These papers are analyzed according to the year of publication, type of paper, type of speech act, research topic, subject of research, and data collection method. As a result of the analysis, research related to speech acts in Korean have been diversified in terms of topics, subjects of research, and data collection methods along with a quantitative increase. However, three directions are proposed for the development of the study of speech acts in Korean language. First, subjects of research need to be diversified in terms of their learning environment and proficiency. Second, in order to analyze the actual use of language, it is required to collect data close to actual conversation. Lastly, longitudinal studies are needed to research Korean language learners' development or acquisition of Korean language.

본고는 한·중 감각어 중 하나인 시각어에 대한 원형 의미와 의미 확장 그리고 특 성에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 그중 한국어의 시각어 중 토박이말을 대상으로 주요 시 각 동사와 시각 형용사를 살펴보고, 이에 상응하는 중국어의 시각 동사와 시각 형용 사를 살펴보고 비교 분석하고자 한다. 한국어의 주요 시각 동사로는 ‘보다’를, 시각 형용사로는 ‘밝다·어둡다, 희다·검다·붉다·푸르다·누르다’를, 이에 대한 중국어의 시각 동사는 ‘看’을, 시각 형용사는 ‘亮, 暗, 白, 黑, 红, 蓝, 黄’을 살펴보고 비교 분석 하고 자한다.

Abstract: Rhetorical modal adverbs are a special kind in both Chinese and Korean languages. They have flexible syntactic positions and empty sematic meanings. Therefore, they are one of the difficulties in teaching Chinese as a foreign language and Korean language. Taking Chinese and Korean students as the research object, this paper makes a questionnaire survey on the use of Chinese and Korean rhetorical modal adverbs, and analyses the errors of Chinese and Korean rhetorical modal adverbs from the perspective of syntax and semantics. The syntactic distribution errors include the wrong ordering at the beginning and middle of the sentence. The syntactic combination errors include the misuse of modal particles and auxiliary verbs. The semantic errors include the misunderstanding of rhetorical meaning and the misunderstanding of realistic and non-realistic meaning. Among these, the error rate of syntactic combination is the highest. This is because the differences between Chinese and Korean are reflected most in the combination characteristics of rhetorical modal adverbs. Students are influenced by their mother tongue and have many errors. This part is the key and difficult point in the teaching of rhetorical modal adverbs. It is necessary to carry out targeted teaching for individual rhetorical modal adverbs with high error rate.

The purpose of this paper is to summarize research trends and analyze major discussions of previous studies on language policy and planning from a research historical perspective. In order to accomplish this purpose, this paper firstly established a database of related research lists through a complete enumeration survey of research articles by Korean researchers published in Korean academic journals. Then, based on the database, this paper summarized research trends of preceding studies by fields (status, corpus, education, etc.), by topics (language rank/function, orthographic norm, national language education, etc.), by relevant countries/regions (Korea, Asia, Europe, etc.). Finally, dividing the preceding studies into those related to Korea and those related to foreign countries, this paper analyzed major discussions by fields and topics based on representative and recent preceding studies. 'Not only does the aforementioned summary and analysis have research historical significance for preceding studies on language policy and planning, but 'they can also contribute to exploring the tasks and directions of future research.

Tense, aspect and epistemic modality belong to the background information of sentences and have the effect of transforming virtual events into actual events. Linguistic typology studies show that the development of future tense into epistemic modality is a common feature of human languages. The future tense markers "- 겠 -" and "Yao" in Korean and Chinese language have the conceptual meanings of "speculation" and "intention", which are used to describe the future events. The description of the future events can be divided into objectively inevitable events and subjectively inevitable or possible events. For these two cases, due to the uncertainty of future events, both of them show strong subjectivity. Therefore, they are closely related to epistemic modality. Epistemic modality can be divided into three categories according to the speaker's certainty of subjective evaluation: inevitability, possibility and virtuality. This study aims to find out the similarities and differences of "- 겠 -" and "Yao" in syntax, semantics and pragmatics, and explain the cognitive mechanism behind the differences by comparing the degree of grammaticalization and subjectification.

This study aims at identifying how the Korean scholarly group's internet language features changed during the last 10 years. For this study, 2,450 written texts on the same web-site in which a previous study collected data were analyzed. This comparison study showed the following results: 1)First of all, the scholarly group's internet texts still involved standard language, high-quality vocabulary and long sentences; 2)However, it was very difficult to find Chinese characters and the percentage of the usage of English increased significantly; 3)Presenting objective data and numbering were still frequently seen; 4)Furthermore, typical internet languages such as slang, argot and abbreviations began to appear; 5)Texts showing self-reflection and teaching tone have been decreased. Instead, texts implying psychological pressure and worries about their jobs have increased; 6)The biggest change was that most of communicator's names were written in English (or unidentified words) or commonly used internet names. This study concludes that comparing to the previous study, the scholarly group's internet language features have changed (although some based on occupational variables remained the same), and that these changes might be affected by social changes taking place in the scholarly group.

This study is about meta-language used for teaching the Korean language in Serbia, where it is not a native language. This study examined meta-language for teaching preferred by Korean language learners of Serbia and explored efficient methods of meta-language use for teaching. First, meta-language and meta-language for teaching were discussed, and meta-language for Korean language teaching was defined. After setting up the research question and hypothesis, a survey was conducted on Korean language learners at the University of Niš in Serbia to determine their preferred meta-language for teaching. According to the survey, many learners wanted to take classes in ‘Korean-Serbian languages.’ Beginner and intermediate learners of vocabulary, grammar, and conversation preferred ‘Korean-Serbian’ meta-language for teaching, and advanced learners preferred ‘Korean’ meta-language for teaching. Based on such grounds and existing theories, this paper proposed a usage model of meta-language for teaching in beginner, intermediate, and advanced Korean language classes in Serbia and presented the necessity for fostering professional Korean language instructors overseas.

다양한 학문기반의 토대가 되는 한문과의 중요성에 대한 논의는 이미 선행 연구들을 통해서 가치 실현이 되었다. 이러한 전제 속에 본고는 연구자 실제 강의했던 경험을 바탕으로 실제 한문과의 운영이 어떻게 존립하고 현상 유지되거나 위기에 처해 있는지 실증적으로 보여주고자 했다. 이를 종합하면 2019년도 강행된 강사법 시행령 문제와 관련하여 대학 내 현장적 운영 모습은 다음과 같이 정리될 수 있다. 첫째 현 시류에 영향을 받지 않은 것으로 판단되나 계속 그 추이를 주목해야 하는 경우, 둘째 시행령의 포섭되어 강좌 폐지로 즉결된 경우 두 가지 사례가 진단되었다. 이러한 사실의 목도는 기실 이 논의가 필요한 이유이자 배태한 연원과 관련 깊다. 이러한 전후 상황과 관련하여, 실제 학습자들의 요구 사항을 검토해 본 결과, 유념해야 할 사항을 정리하면 3가지 정도로 추릴 수 있다. 먼저, 대학 본부에서는 학생들의 의견 수렴 창구 토대를 긴밀히 구축할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 학과별 한문과가 연합하여 제각기 다른 가치 창출을 위한 밑거름 이 될 수 있도록 통합적 모색이 필요한데, 이때 다양한 채널이 필요하다. 마지막으로 비전공자를 위한 수강과목 그리고 전공생을 위해서는 난이도 평가 구별을 통해 소수로만 운영될 분반별 강좌가 시행될 수 있도록 하는 조처도 요구된다. 이 같은 필요점은 취업 혹은 실용과 직결되는 교과목이 아닌 여타 학문과나 교양과 전체로 확대될 수 있을 것이다.

Korean-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary, which was compiled by the National Institute of Korean Language, is a web dictionary translating Korean Basic Dictionary into Chinese. As more and more Chinese wanted to learn Korean, the National Institute of Korean Language planned for the translation. A research team in Korea University carried out the project for 3 years from 2016 to 2018. The main focus of the project was to present Chinese counterparts with Korean headwords by translating them into Chinese.　 This paper aims to provide an overview of the compiling project, Korean-Chinese Learning Dictionary, the principles applied to the actual translation process, and to examine the current status of the Sino-Korean headwords and the detailed translation method. In Chapter 2, the review of the purpose, steps, and progress of Korean-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary is provided. Chapter 3 presents the statistical results of the Sino-Korean headwords in Korean-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. In addition, the detailed principles applied to the process of Chinese translation are reviewed along with the main cases by the headword type. Moreover, the characteristics of the cultural vocabulary and the band system according to them are discussed.

The paper introduces KorLex, Korean WordNet, which uses Princeton WordNet (PWN) as a reference model as well as a pivot that provides KorLex with the multilingual interface. Sub-section 2.1 describes the background for which we intended to build KorLex by ourselves, and the motivations for which we selected PWN as a reference model among other wordnets. Sub-sections 2.2 and 2.3 deal with the semantic features that share both PWN and KorLex, and the linguistic features that we attach to KorLex in order to improve Korean Language Processing (KLP). Section 3 presents two representative applications of KorLex in the field of Natural Language Processing: (1) in KLP environment, <Korean Spell/Grammar Checker (KSGC)> that we have developed for the last 30 years, and for which we decided to elaborate KorLex version 1.5 and to attach the sophisticate information of Korean language to the version 2.0; (2) in multilingual environment, <Korean-Korean_Sign_Language Machine Translation (K2KSL MT)>, which would not be successfully developed without the hierarchical semantic structure of KorLex as well as PWN, since the hierarchy enables K2KSL MT to solve logically the notorious ‘data sparseness (= lack of lexicon)’ problem that KSL encounters during the translation process, like in other bilingual or multilingual MT systems.

정보통신 기술의 발전과 더불어 기계번역, 음성인식, 언어자료 데이터베이스(DB) 구축 등 언어처리 시스템의 실현에 있어서 자연언어처리(NLP)의 중요성이 커지고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한·중 문법구조 대응 방법에 대한 자연언어처리의 정확도를 높이기 위한 방법을 모색하고자 ‘있다’에 대응하는 중국어 단어인 ‘有，在，着’를 중심으로 한국어와 중국어의 대응 구조를 분석하였다. 이와 관련하여 한국인 중국어 학습자들이 자주 범하는 오류 유형에 대해 Google 번역을 시도하고 그 결과를 분석하여 오류를 수정·보완할 수 있는 해결 방안을 제시 하였다. 본 연구가 한국어와 중국어를 위한 전산시스템을 구축하는 데 도움이 되길 기대한다.

This study aims to show that language purification policies are the most important factors that influence Korean language differentiation, based on the premise that Korean is a pluricentric language having two regional varieties: South Korean P’yojuno and North Korean Munhwao. To this end, on the basis of a precedent study that analyzed regional variation mechanisms in French through four factors—terminological, socio-terminological, psycho-terminological, and extra-terminological—we identified two factors having great influence on the language change in South and North Korean societies: socio-terminological and extra-terminological. We also found that these factors precisely correspond to two categories in Kloss's(1969) theory of language planning— corpus planning and status planning; this confirmed that we should consider Korean language differentiation from the standpoint of language policy. There are many factors that cause language differentiation, and there is no doubt that these factors also have complex interrelationships. However, this study is all the more meaningful in that it uses systematic analysis to state that language policy plays an important role in Korean language differentiation.

The purpose of this study is to analyze research trends in Korean language education for North Korean refugees. In pursuance of this goal, the study collected bibliographic information from 1,924 academic papers related to North Korean defectors and analyzed their research trends using language network analysis methods. The frequency and centrality of the academic papers were analyzed by year, using an analysis tool, NetMiner 4.0, which focuses on analyzing social networks. The findings of the analysis were as follows: First, the study of North Korean defectors began to explode in 2010. Second, the most central words were ‘education,’ ‘unification,’ ‘policy,’ ‘support,’ ‘experience’ and ‘relationship.’ Third, for North Korean defectors, Korean language education as a foreign language was more actively done than general Korean language education. Fourth, the analysis of 15 topics showed that topics on social issues accounted for the highest percentage at 25%. Finally, the areas of greatest interest in Korean language education were vocabulary, pronunciation, and intonation education. It is hoped that more research on Korean language education for North Korean defectors will be carried out in the future.