담배가루이(Bemisia tabaci)는 국내 주요 농업 해충으로서 고추, 오이, 토마토 등의 시설재배 작물에 큰 피해를 입힌다. 담배가루이는 작물을 흡즙하여 식물체의 상태를 악화시키고 TYLCV(tomato yellow leaf curl virus)등 100 여 종의 바이러스를 매개하며, 배설물을 통해 그을음병을 유발한다. 가장 일반적인 담배가루이의 방제방법은 빠르고 높은 효과를 지닌 살충제 살포이다. 하지만, 지속적인 화학적 방제는 해충의 살충제 저항성을 야기한다. 살충제 저항성은 방제 효율 감소와 농가의 경제적 손실을 일으킨다. 본 연구는 국내 지역별 시설 고추 재배지에서 발생한 담배가루이의 약제별 저항성을 조사하여, 지역별로 효과적인 약제 선정 및 대체 약제 추천 등 지속 가능한 해충관리법을 제시하고자 한다. 담배가루이는 전국 13개(파주, 양평, 화성, 횡성, 당진, 천안, 공주, 예천, 구미, 사천, 남원, 나주, 고흥) 지역에서 채집되었다. 작용기작 별 사용량이 많은 8종을 선정하였으며, 엽침지법을 사용 하여 살충률을 확인하였다. 곤충생장조절제(insect growth regulators, IGR)인 피리프록시펜계 약제는 알을 대상 으로, 그 외 7개 약제는 2령약충을 대상으로 살충률을 확인하였다. 높은 살충력을 보인 약제는 아버멕틴, 밀베마 이신계, 스피노신계, METI살충제, 디아마이드계 약제이다. 아버멕틴, 밀베마이신계는 권장사용농도로 처리 시 최소 84.5%, 최대 100% 살충률을 보였다. 스피노신계는 최소 86.3%, 최대 90.6% 살충률을 보였으나 천안, 파주, 사천에서 각각 59.7%, 66.6%, 79%로 다른 지역에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 살충률을 보였다. METI살충제는 최소 81.1%, 최대 98% 살충률을 보였으나 나주, 예천, 천안, 사천이 각각 61.6%, 68.8%, 68.9%, 69.2%의 상대적으로 낮은 살충률을 보였다. 디아마이드계는 최소 83.9%, 최대 91.9% 살충률을 보였으나 천안과 구미가 각각 56.6%, 59.8%로 상대적으로 낮은 살충률을 보였다. 낮은 살충력을 보인 약제는 네오니코티노이드계, 설폭시민계, 테트 론산 및 테트람산 유도체, 피리프록시펜계 약제이다. 네오니코티노이드계는 최소 14.1%, 최대 41.9% 살충률을 보였다. 설폭시민계는 최소 17%, 최대 42.8% 살충률을 보였다. 테트론산 및 테트람산 유도체는 최소 30.5%, 최대 54.9% 살충률을 보였으나 천안이 14.4%로 특히 낮은 살충률을 보였다. 피리프록시펜계는 최소 55.3%, 최대 64.3% 살충률을 보였으나 횡성이 72.2%로 상대적으로 높은 살충률을 보였으며, 파주가 35%로 상대적으로 낮은 살충률을 보였다. 실험 결과를 통해 살충제 별 살충력의 차이와 지역별로 살충률의 차이를 확인하였다. 본 연구결 과를 통해 효과적인 약제 추천과 지역에 따라 다른 방제 전략 제시에 도움이 되고자 한다.

한국의 목조건축문화유산은 상당수가 산림에 인접하여 흰개미에 의한 피해에 취약하다. 국내 흰개미 방제법은 살충제 접촉을 통한 화학적 방제법이 주로 이용되며, 방제 기간을 단축하기 위해서는 흰개미를 빠르게 약제까지 유인시킬 방법이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 한국 서식 흰개미 에 대한 유인물질로 이산화탄소를 선정하여 유인여부 및 적절한 유인농도를 탐색하였으며, 지중 환경에서의 유인효력 기초평가를 진행하였다. 평가를 통해 흰개미에 대한 이산화탄소의 유인 효과를 확인하였으며, 이산화탄소 농도 10% 이하의 유효한 범위를 선정하였다. 또한 지중에서의 유인 효과를 확인함으로써 지중 환경에서의 적용 가능성을 파악하였다. 향후 현장에서 이산화탄소의 적용방안을 연구함으로써, 목조건축문화유 산의 흰개미 방제 시 개선된 방제 효과를 가질 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

외래생물은 애완용 등의 목적으로 유입되고 있으며 파충류는 특이하거나 희귀한 생김새로 인해 거래량이 지속적으로 늘어나 고 있다. 수입량이 증가함에 따라 야생에서 발견되는 외래거북의 수도 증가하고 있으며 최근에 발견된 외래생물은 대부분 도심지 근처에서 발견되었다. 따라서 본 연구는 서울 도심에 위치한 중랑천에 서식하는 외래거북 현황을 보고하고자 한다. 조사 결과 동부비단거북(Chrysemys picta picta), 리버쿠터(Pseudemys concinna), 플로리다붉은배거북(P. nelsoni), 붉은귀 거북(Trachemys scripta elegans), 노란배거북(T. s. scripta), 쿰버랜드거북(T. s. troostii), 중국줄무늬목거북(Mauremys sinensis) 등 총 7종의 외래거북을 확인하였으며 국내종은 자라(Pelodiscus maackii) 1종이 확인되었다. 이 중 6종은 국내에서 생태계교란종으로 지정되어 있다. 가장 많이 발견된 종은 리버쿠터(P. concinna)로 나타났으며 현재 파충류 펫샵에서 거래중 인 동부비단거북(C. p. picta)도 발견되었다. 이를 통해 도심하천의 외래거북 현황을 확인할 수 있었으며, 지속적으로 야생에 유입되고 있음을 보여주는 결과라 판단된다.

Numerous studies have attempted to predict the energy output of solar-powered vehicles based on different parameters such as road conditions, driver characteristics, and weather. However, since these studies were conducted on stationary vehicles, they are limited in their accuracy when applied to driving vehicles. This study aimed to improve the accuracy of electric power prediction for a solar-powered bus by applying a technique that improves energy efficiency without affecting driving performance. A comparative analysis of power generation and solar irradiance data was conducted for the bus driven on different roads to forecast its power generation, and a high-accuracy power generation prediction equation was derived. A comparison with actual test results revealed that a power generation forecast accuracy of at least 90% was achieved, validating the equation used for forecasting. With this power generation prediction process, it is possible to forecast the amount of energy generated in advance when a solar bus is operated in a specific area.

The DPRK had been upgrading its nuclear weapons capabilities from the past to the sixth nuclear test in 2017, and Kim Jong-un has been in power since the death of Kim Jong-il in 2011, striving to upgrade and diversify four nuclear tests and firing means. In 2022, in particular, DPRK launched more than 40 ballistic and cruise missiles and provoked them in various ways, such as developing solid rocket engines, flying fighter jets, and invading drones. In addition, reprocessing facility activities have been observed again since 2021 at the Yongbyon Nuclear Research Complex. Operational activities such as continuous activities of the 5MWe Yongbyon reactor and the additional construction of new buildings are observed. DPRK’s recent activities could result in nuclear weapons in all except conventional weapons provocations. DPRK has researched and developed nuclear weapons since the 1950s. It has been preparing to operate nuclear weapons, operating nuclear power, and modernizing nuclear power simultaneously. Given the number of nuclear weapons using DPRK’s nuclear materials and various means of missiles, an offensive transition is expected to enable restrictive deterrence strategies that can be used first use and on assured retaliation. In addition, based on the nuclear strategy, which is interpreted as Vipin Narang’s nuclear doctrine and nuclear posture, DPRK is also capable of assured retaliation and asymmetric escalation posture. In particular, considering the continuous activities of the Yongbyon Nuclear Research Complex, which has recently diversified the investment vehicle, and the delegation of nuclear weapon use, it is expected to move differently from the previous one based on the changed nuclear strategy. However, there are clear limitations to interpreting it as a completely assured retaliation and asymmetric expansion nuclear strategy. First, there is a lack of development of atmospheric reentry vehicles that can avoid ICBM interception for assured retaliation capabilities against the United States. Second, there are limitations in the open capacity of nuclear weapons due to the absence of SSBN capabilities. However, delegation to operations at strategy force suggests the possibility of asymmetric expansion strategies. The previous analysis of DPRK’s nuclear strategy and limitations is valid in that the U.S. nuclear umbrella guarantees the Republic of Korea in a strong alliance between the Republic of Korea and the U.S. If the Republic of Korea lacks a nuclear umbrella due to the weakening of the alliance or limits U.S. intervention by having more than dozens of ICBMs, it is considered that DPRK can use a definite confirmation retaliation and asymmetric escalation nuclear strategy. As a response to this, it is the first way to verify and strengthen the validity of the three-axis system (Kill Chain, KAMD, KMPR), second to strengthen the Korea-U.S. alliance, and finally to appeal to the international community and increase consensus. In particular, it is possible to form a consensus of sanctions and condemnation DPRK by expressing concerns about nuclear dominoes caused by nuclear proliferation and arms competition to the international community.

The Republic of Korea has implemented an obligatory vaccination on major livestock breeds to prevent and eradicate nationwide foot and mouth disease (FMD) since the end of 2010. The government has executed massive serological survey to check the immune level of various herds after vaccination, and seropositive rates against FMD virus (FMDV) structural proteins can be measured to assess FMD immunity level. The purpose of this study is to investigate the FMDV serological level of every cattle breeding farm in the country and to determine whether there is a significant difference between groups classified by time, age, and management authority. A total of 5,781 serum samples was collected in 18 cattle breeding farms from 2020 to 2021, and the seropositive rates were measured using PrioCHECK FMDV Type O ELISA kit. Firstly, the cattle breeding farms were classified by which they are managed: the central government, the local government, and the private agency. Every management authority had a seropositive rate of 99.5% or higher. Secondly, the samples were divided into 6 to 12 months old, 12 to 24 months old, and 24 months or more. The 6 to 12 months old group in 2020 showed a significantly low seropositive rate of 98.1%, but it was improved by implementing the enhanced vaccination policy from 2021 to 100%. In summary, there are considerably high seropositive rates including all groups with time, age, and by which they are managed, which means the FMD vaccination in cattle breeding farms is well-managed.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are members of the family Orthomyxoviridae and genus Orthomyxovirus. Avian and mammalian species are the host of IAVs, which includes humans and dogs. Canine influenza virus (CIV) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe and acute respiratory diseases in dogs. This study monitored the antigen and antibody against CIV in dogs in the Republic of Korea (ROK) from 2016 to 2021. One thousand and seventy-two nasal swabs and 1,545 blood samples were collected from animal hospitals and animal shelters. Five nasal swabs in 2017 and seven in 2018 from stray dogs were positive for CIV according to RT-PCR. The prevalence of H3N2 CIV ranged from 9.5% to 24.8%, according to the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. On the other hand, none of the serum samples from 2018 to 2021 showed seropositivity against the avian H5, H7, and H9 viruses. The HI titers for H3N2 ranged from 16 to 512. The distribution of HI titer 16–32 was 57.6% in seropositive samples. The pet dogs were vaccinated against CIV, but the stray and military dogs were unvaccinated. In 2017 and 2018, the seroprevalence of CIV in stray dogs was higher than in the other years, and viral RNA was detected in nasal swabs. It may mean previous exposure of stray dogs to CIV. With the increasing number of pet dogs and the close contact between humans and dogs, canines could serve as an intermediate host for transmitting IAVs to humans. Therefore, continuous surveillance of CIV is needed for public health and the potential emergence of novel zoonotic viruses.

Ticks and tick-borne pathogens are among the main sources of interest in veterinary medicine and public health. This review aimed to cover published data on tick species and their geographical distribution in Korea. Over 143 articles regarding ticks were published between 1966 and 2022, and reporting at least 29 species belonging to the family Ixodidae and five belonging to the family Argasidae. Among these, Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava, and Ixodes nipponensis were the main genera distributed nationwide, whereas Amblyomma was mostly identified in the southern region. Conversely, only a limited number of Argasidae ticks were present, including the genera Argas and Ornithodoros. Considering the changes in tick distribution patterns due to global warming, continuous nationwide monitoring of ticks is required.

The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs introduced the Agrifood Voucher in 2020. The Agrifood Voucher is the program that provides vouchers to purchase selected food items with dietary management education. This study aimed to explore value and meaning of dietary management based on the Agrifood Voucher. First, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program of the United States and the Agrifood Voucher of Korea were reviewed. Second, various terms used for describing the purpose of food assistance programs were comparatively reviewed and ‘food and nutrition security’, together with the corresponding Korean term, was proposed to be the most appropriate term for the purpose. Subsequently, the value and meaning of dietary management based on the Agrifood Voucher were presented as enhancing food and nutrition security of the vulnerable. Diverse education programs should be developed and implemented to improve the dietary management capacity of the Agrifood Voucher recipients in order to properly realize the meaning and value of dietary management based on the Agrifood Voucher in the future.