Consumer brand engagement (CBE) signals propensity for brand purchase. A scale proposes three dimensions of CBE (i.e., cognitive, affective and activation dimensions) but the dimensions prominent and driving brand purchase intentions in an Instagram cosmetic purchase context need examination. In this context, this study tests Hollebeek, Glynn and Brodie’s (2014) 10-items/3 dimensions scale and examines an outcome of cosmetics brand purchase intention on Instagram. Data was quantitatively collected from 203 consumers who were students and non-students using convenience and snowballing non- probability sampling method. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were used to analyse the data. The results revealed that although the three CBE dimensions were identified in a Cosmetic Instagram purchase context, it was the affective and activation dimensions that positively predicted consumers’ intentions to purchase cosmetic brands after engaging with the brand on Instagram. Theoretical and practical implications are provided.

The Net Promotor Score (NPS) is one of the most well-known metrics for measuring customer loyalty. Originally designed by Reichheld (2003), the measure asks participants to rate their likelihood to recommend the brand on a scale of 0-10, after which respondents are placed into a ‘detractors’ group, ‘passive’ group or ‘promotors’ group. While the measure has attracted much attention due to its simplicity and ease of use, there has equally been much criticism of its reliability, nomological validity and how it is connected to business outcomes. Therefore, the current study aims to understand whether the NPS can be used to identify brand advocacy, and secondly, does the NPS work in a care-based, low switching service context. The study included three unique contexts: at home care, residential care and disability care. In total, there were 611 participants, all of which were based in Australia. A questionnaire was developed and administered to each group and included both quantitative and qualitative questions to understand the consumer experience. The findings supported NPS as an effective metric in a care-based, low-switching context for identifying positive customer advocacy. The implication is that the NPS can be used to track organizational performance; and the extended NPS allows organizations to understand and encourage (address) positive (negative) advocacy. In addition, suggestions for an ‘earned advocacy score’ were provided which may offer a more effective way of understanding consumer experience, while providing clearer, more detailed and more actionable data. The current study provides much needed insight for brand and care organizations to understand how the NPS might be used effectively to facilitate better brand outcomes.

With the popularity of live streaming commerce, the characteristics of streamers and products subtly influence consumer behavior through visual live streaming form. Based on dual-process theory, this paper develops a comprehensive theoretical model to examine how consumer perceived streamer characteristics and product characteristics influence streamer attractiveness and product attractiveness, and explore how consumer behavior inertia is affected by streamer attractiveness and product attractiveness. An online survey consisting of 300 participants was recruited to empirically examine the proposed research model. The results indicated that consumer perceived streamer characteristics and product characteristics are important factors affecting the streamer attractiveness and product attractiveness, which in turn positively affect consumer’s shopping experience memory, which further influence consumer behavior inertia. In addition, the moderating effects of mindfulness are also examined.

Online communities are identified as people gathering online and communicating through the internet to share ideas, objectives, goals, without any geographical boundary. The growth of user-generated content created in online communities has transformed the way consumers search for and share information, particularly in the hospitality industry. Particularly, in the restaurant and food sectors due to the intangible nature of hospitality services, online reviews play an important role on consumer decisions. Furthermore, online reviews on restaurants are not only informational but also, they impact consumers’ choices regarding restaurants. Consequently, the nature of such user-generated content that is produced at a high speed and is diverse and rich should be treated and understood. This study proposes the first tailored BERTopic model together with sentiment analysis based on pre-trained BERT model that takes advantage of its novel sentence embedding for creating interpretable topics into the analysis of restaurant online reviews to determine how the customers elaborate their criteria in the context of certain experiences. An exploratory analysis is presented involving a large-scale review data set of 261,531 restaurant online reviews from 4 different countries retrieved from the eWOM community thefork.com. A broad list of the topics discussed by customers post-dining in restaurants is built. Insights into the behavior, experience, and satisfaction of the customers across the different restaurants are discovered. This approach and findings are encouraging hospitality managers in understanding customers’ perception, through which applicable marketing can be developed to attract and retain potential customers.

Previous studies do not provide information on which channel governance exporters should use in combination. Moreover, they neglect the role of multiple channel system and psychic distance in the implementation of channel governance. Accordingly, this study investigates the combined effects of channel governance, multiple channels, and psychic distance on export performance. The methodology used in this study is a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), which is a powerful method for analyzing whether combinations of conditions (i.e., configurations) lead to certain outcomes. The results show that which channel governance combination leads to higher export performance depends on multichannel use and on psychic distance. This study contributes to the advancement of international marketing channel research by identifying patterns in superior combinations of governance mechanisms.

Organizations are increasingly implementing recommendation systems on their websites. A growing body of research is focusing on how the characteristics of online message content affect consumers’ consumption intentions, taking into account consumers’ static personal information, such as demographics. However, limited research has explored how the social context of consumers and online message content characteristics can affect the consumers’ intention to consume events. To address this gap, the present study investigates the joint effects of consumers' social context and arousal potential cues on their intention to attend cultural events. Based on the Target-arousal level theory, we suggest that people who anticipate solo consumption (i.e., accompanied by no one) will tend to attend cultural events promoted by a low arousal potential cue ("A calming experience."), while those who anticipate social consumption (i.e., accompanied by one or more companions) will tend to attend cultural events promoted by a high arousal potential cue ("An exciting experience”). Furthermore, we argue that anticipated enjoyment will mediate this relationship. The joint impact of the social context and arousal potential cues of a cultural event on consumers' intention to attend, as well as the mediating role of anticipated enjoyment, were demonstrated through two studies. The use of message cues and personalized recommendation algorithms as tools to target consumers and improve attendance rates is discussed. References available upon request.

본 논문은 힌데미트의 그로테스크가 도드라지는 초기 기악곡 ≪우스꽝스러운 신포니에타≫ op. 4와 ≪한 밤 중에 ... 꿈과 체험≫ op. 15에 주목하면서 유럽 문예사에서 구축되어온 그로테 스크의 개념, 내용, 미학의 맥락 안에 힌데미트의 그로테스크를 놓아본다. 힌데미트는 그가 당면한 낭만주의 음악의 전통, 질서, 윤리, 표현 방식을 풍자하면서 그것들의 무의미와 무가치를 드러내는 작업에서 그로테스크를 요긴한 도구로 쓴다. 거센 반음계와 불협화음, 혼란의 박절과 리듬, 피아노 의 타악기화 등을 통해 낭만주의 음악을 과장, 왜곡하며 일그러뜨린다. 이것은 기존 질서에 대한 부정 및 거부라는 그로테스크의 본질적인 의도를 담아내면서 강렬한 긴장, 당혹, 생경, 섬뜩의 인 상을 불러일으킨다. 힌데미트는 반낭만주의적 그로테스크의 악곡들 사이에 재즈 춤곡을 위치시켜 본질과 태생이 다른 형상들의 혼합이라는 그로테스크의 고전적 어법을 다루기도 한다. 표현주의 시와 엮어 교향곡 중심부의 구조 체계를 허물어버리기도 한다. 이때 고대부터 르네상스, 바로크를 거쳐 19-20세기까지 주요하게 쓰인 그로테스크의 수법과 어법들이 곳곳에서 읽힌다. 힌데미트의 창작을 넘어 음악예술이 더 큰 문예사적 맥락 안에 놓이게 되는 지점이 형성되는 순간들이다.

Architectural Monuments have to overcome the challenge of time due to physical properties. The fundamental issue must be grounded in an understanding of history and art to overcome this challenge and make them sustainable. Many efforts to preserve the monuments through the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century to record them in scientific form were successful. To be aware of the meaning of the art and not to be ‘barbare’ anymore was behind the promotion of these activities. Above all, the 19th-century French architect Viollet-le-Duc contrasted the concept of barbarism with the concept of art and tried to redefine architecture as art. The ritual to escape ‘barbare’ played an important role in the end. This consciousness was also at work in the propaganda for the preservation of medieval architectural monuments in France, led by intellectuals such as Rodin. Also, the concept of ‘barbare’ served as an important yardstick whenever the cause of their loss was questioned while important monuments were destroyed in the First World War. From the viewpoint of Germany, Dehio was the pioneer of the preservation movement and documentation of monuments. The principle he advocated was preservation, not restoration. The historian Pevsner, who moved to England, also surveyed monuments in various parts of England and left them in the same format as Dehio. These facts show that architecture as art plays a fundamental role in the history of human life.

Environmental justice is the principle, concept, and practice that all human beings should have equal and equitable rights to enjoy safe physical environment. Due to increasing pollutions caused by industrialization, economic development and man-made other activities, however, environmental justice is denied to various poor segments of populations across the world. In order to address the growing inequalities and inequities for safe environment to these affected communities, environmental justice movement has emerged and accelerated during the past few decades. This article presents an analysis of the concept and practices of environmental justice within a global context. The article also highlights the roles and responsibilities of the public, business and NGO sectors in promoting environmental justice

코로나 19 팬데믹으로 인한 한국 교회의 위기는 선교 사역 전반에 대한 재고와 더불어 선교의 본질을 새롭게 이해하는 계기가 되었다. 급격하게 변화된 선교 상황과 한국 교회의 성장 감소는 한국 선교사들의 비자발적 철수, 선교비 축소와 현지 교회의 자립 문제, 선교지 재산 분쟁 등의 문제를 불러일으키고 있는데 이는 선교 이양의 주제와 깊은 관계를 갖는다. 본 연구에서 선교 이양의 관점은 세 가지 면에서 위와 같이 변화된 선교 현장에서 파송의 개념을 새롭게 이해하도록 돕는다. 첫째, 선교 이양의 관점에서 파송은 현지 교회의 자립과 유기적 성장을 목적으로 한다. 새로운 파송의 개념은 선교사의 입구와 출구, 그리고 다시 입구(자립을 위한 출발)로 이어지는 지속적 성장을 추구한다. 둘째, 선교 이양의 관점에서 파송은 선교사의 순례자적 정체성을 강조 한다. 새로운 파송의 이해는 세상을 향한 하나님의 사랑의 방향성을 보여준다. 셋째, 선교 이양을 통한 파송의 새로운 이해는 삼위일체 하나님의 선교를 통해 선교사와 현지 교회가 동등한 관계를 지닌 동역자 로서 양방향으로 파송하는 선교를 의미한다.

Ship reporting systems are used to exchange information between ship and shore. To realize the digital ship reporting concept, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) recently developed revised guidelines and descriptions of Maritime Service for ship reporting systems in the context of e-navigation. To improve the existing ship reporting system, each Administration should follow the IMO guidelines for ship reporting system. The purpose of this paper is to identify follow-up measures to be taken by the Korean Government as a member State according to the recently developed IMO guidelines in the context of e-navigation, and to present the considerations for the implementation of follow-up measures in Korea. In this study, a ship reporting system in Korea was investigated to identify the considerations for the digital ship reporting system. Consequently, a digital reporting system and digital traffic clearance were proposed and considerations for ship reporting system are presented. This paper is expected to be helpful for the safe operation of ships by presenting the considerations necessary for the implementation of an automated and standardized ship reporting system.

The variation of countries’ industrial policies and political strategies in a multipolar world brings the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) regime to a crossroad. Backlash to the inconsistency, non-transparency, partiality and unfairness of the ISDS regime results from the states’ changing interests and policy priorities, including the rising awareness of democracy. In pursuing the benefits of multilateralism, a multilateral investment court can serve as an alternative to the current investment arbitration regime. States need to clarify the scope of consent based on their political economic considerations. Substantial investment protection standards can be different, whereas the principle of proportionality can serve as an approach to the balance between investment protection and states’ policy arrangements. Meanwhile, there should be efforts to align the interpretation and application of key provisions, possibly through interpretation notes and an appellate body that reviews arbitral decisions, to generalise implicit consensus and to broaden collective acceptance of the regime.

Fashion companies and brands’ marketing activities focus on resolving environmental problems; however, these companies’ efforts, there are some examples of so-called “greenwashing”. This paper aims to analyze different perceptions of brand authenticity, green marketing, and purchase intention toward the brand before and after exposure to case information about greenwashing. A total of 211 data were gathered and analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Respondents were asked to respond to same questionnaires related to green marketing and the brand authenticity before and after their exposure to greenwashing information. The study participants’ perceptions of green marketing from the brand were statistically significantly negatively changed after exposure compared to before exposure. Similar patterns in results were found in the context of consumers’ perception of brand authenticity (genuineness, originality, and consistency), and purchase intention. The originality of this study is in evaluating consumers’ perception of greenwashing focused on brand authenticity. The findings of the study suggest that if a fashion brand’s green marketing activity is perceived as greenwashing by consumers, the perceptions of green marketing, brand authenticity, and purchase intention can all decline. It is suggested that fashion brands need to develop a sincere and truthful green marketing campaigns to keep and enhance their brand authenticity.

This action research explores an effective teaching method for EFL teacher’s questioning types in a Korean online university context. By reviewing the previous studies on teachers’ questioning types which have been categorized mostly by cognitive linguistic tradition, this study sorts out the different questioning types from socio-linguistic perspective using the Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) framework. These new categorized questioning types are applied to instruct the participant students (57) who were majoring in English and were mostly interested in TESOL (Teaching English to the Speakers of Other Languages) certificate program provided by the online university in Korea. Using a series of lecture content, two assignments, and an online discussion board, these newly added questioning types (offer and request types replacing command) were successfully taught in an online lecture entitled ‘Classroom English and Communication’ in the first semester of 2021. With a mixed analysis method, this study explains the procedures of various classroom tasks and analyzes the assignment data and online discussion board texts. This teacher classroom communication consisting of instruction and questioning needs to be reconsidered due to this study’s findings and its pedagogic implications that are clearly based on socio-linguistic perspectives.

The global economy has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic, and countries around the world urgently need to restore economic growth. As countries in Eurasia become more and more closely connected, it is inevitable for China's Belt and Road Initiative and South Korea's new Northern policy to connect. In this context, what matters is the connection of the railway network. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the integration of the Korean Terminal Railway (TKR) into the Eurasian railway network by connecting the Korean Terminal Railway (TKR) with China's China-Europe freight trains. The results show that there is an interactive positive correlation between railway freight volume and GDP, and South Korea is expected to become the logistics center of East Asia and improve its status and influence in the world center. Within the Korean peninsula, the railway connection can draw North Korea into a larger multilateral agreement system, and South Korea can use external forces within the system to push North Korea to seek more economic cooperation and actively promote the reunification process. The economic development of Northeast Asia also plays a positive role in the economic recovery of the three provinces in northeast China.

본 연구의 목적은 COVID-19 상황에서 온라인 태권도대회 출전이 초등학생의 자아존중감에 미치는 영향을 분석하는데 있다. 이를 통해 성장기에 있는 초등학생들이 COVID-19 상황을 잘 극복하는데 효과적인 프로그램을 제시한다. 나아가 온라인 태권도대회를 통한 수련생의 자아존중감에 대한 연구의 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 의의와 필요성이 있다. 본 연구는 온라인 태권도대회에 출전한 초등학생(2학년~6학년) 60명과 미출전 비교집단 60명을 대상으로 비교분석 하였다. 연구결과, 온라인 태권도대회에 출전 경험이 실험집단의 경우에는 사전(M=1.92)보다 사후(M=3.47)에 자아존중감이 1.55 증가하였다. 비교집단의 경우에는 사전(M=1.96), 사후(M=1.95)에 변화가 거의 없었다. 이와 같이 두 집단 간에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(t=46.747, p <.001). 참여자의 성별에 따른 자아존중감의 차이는 별로 없었으며, 성별 구분 없이 모두 비슷하게 사전에 비해 사후에 자아존중감이 높아진 것으로 나타났다. 수련 시간에 따른 자아존중감은 수련시간에 관계 없이 모두 자아존중감이 높아진 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과, 코로나-19로 인한 온라인 대회 출전 경험이 자아존중감에 긍정적인 효과가 있었음을 알 수 있다.

This study conducted a survey and evaluation on ‘The 2021 Jeju World Natural Heritage Festival’ with a framework of various stakeholders related to festivals. While aiming for the essential context of the celebration, we tried to find suggestions to ensure the continuity of the celebration and the designation of the World Natural Heritage. As a methodology, surveys and interview surveys were conducted in parallel with the framework of multifaceted evaluation. To summarize the important contents presented as policy suggestions, first, it is necessary to expand the concept of ' encounter with hidden nature' from the positivity of the concept of 'encounter with hidden nature' to have fellowship with mankind about natural heritage. For reference to this, efforts should be made to secure the continuity of the designation of World Natural Heritage through a contextual approach using the frame of 'encounter'. Second, since the participation of experts can help in many ways, it is necessary to encourage many experts to participate as a staff or activist. Third, it is necessary to sublimate Jeju's natural heritage into a public celebration without damaging it. Finally, it should be a festival centered on local communities and local residents. It is necessary to actively seek a system in which the World Natural Heritage Village Preservation Association, which will be created (tentative name), will be centered and promoted by the villagers.

Treatment and management of chronic low back pain (CLBP) should be tailored to the patient’s individual context. However, there are limited resources available in which to find and manage the causes and mechanisms for each patient. In this study, we designed and developed a personalized context awareness system that uses machine learning techniques to understand the relationship between a patient’s lower back pain and the surrounding environment. A pilot study was conducted to verify the context awareness model. The performance of the lower back pain prediction model was successful enough to be practically usable. It was possible to use the information from the model to understand how the variables influence the occurrence of lower back pain.

“Zhe” in the structure of “V1 zhe V2” in the Chinese translation of Qingwen Zhiyao is a counter translation of the Manchu adverb affix “- me” “- fi” “- hai, - hei, - hoi”. There are some special uses of this structure in Chinese translation, such as the combination of the tentative state and the continuous marker “zhe”, and the non continuous verb enters the “V1 zhe V2” structure as V1. The reason is that it is influenced by Manchu. The interference characteristics of Manchu language are weakened in the adaptation of Qingwen Zhiyao. By investigating the literature of the Qing Dynasty, it is found that the usage influenced by Manchu such as “Xiang zhe qiao” and “Zhuo liang zhe” once entered Chinese in the Qing Dynasty, and disappeared in modern Chinese with the decline of Manchu. The Chinese version has traces of Southern Mandarin, and the adapted version reflects the characteristics of Beijing Mandarin. The principle of iconicity has different constraints on the word order of verb conjunction in Manchu and Chinese. The text adaptation follows the law of sentence pattern development and reflects the prescriptive direction of Chinese sentence pattern development. Language contact affects the development of relevant sentence patterns to a certain extent, but it is ultimately restricted by the law of Chinese itself.