The purpose of this study was to examine the association nutrition education experience in regards to metabolic risk and nutrition intake in Korean adult male using the 2016~2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey as the reference. The study involved a total of 1,978 male subjects aged 40~64 who were classified into the 2 groups based on their nutrition education experience: Educated group (n=88) and non-educated group (n=1,890). The household income and education level of educated group were higher than those of the non-educated group. The two groups showed no significant difference in the level of fasting blood sugar, blood lipid profile including total cholesterol and triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, and hypertension. Vitamin C intake of the educated group (127.5 mg) was higher compared to the non-educated group (88.2 mg) (p<0.05). The percentage of the subjects utilizing nutritional labels was higher in the educated group. The nutrition education experience was inversely proportional to lower Odds Ratio in hyperLDL-cholesterolemia (OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.84) and HypoHDL-cholesterolemia (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.87). This result indicates that nutritional education can be used as an effective tool to avert chronic diseases and develop healthy eating habits.

The objective of this study was to compare nutrients intake, health indices, and prevalence of chronic diseases by occupation in middle-aged men, using results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were divided into two groups by their occupation (Office worker (OW) and Agri-fishery worker (AFW)) and their percentages were 75.5% and 24.5% respectively. In health-related factors, drinking rate was higher in OW (p<0.001), while smoking rate was higher in AFW (p<0.001). Walking and strength exercise were both higher in OW group. In dietary behavior, the rate of skipping breakfast and eating out was higher in OW (p<0.001). Food supplement usage were consumed by OW more than AFW (p<0.001). Daily energy intake was higher in AFW (p<0.05). There were significant differences in nutrient density per 1,000 kcal of minerals and vitamins between the two groups (p<0.05~p<0.001), except calcium, potassium, vitamin A and thiamin. In body weight, BMI, waist circumference and blood pressures, OW was higher than AFW (p<0.05~p<0.001). Whereas, HDL and LDL-cholesterol were higher in AFW (p<0.001). The prevalence of diabetes was higher in AFW (p<0.001). The results of this study can be used as data to establish nutrition and health strategies for occupation in middle-aged men.

We investigated coffee consumption in relation to the abdominal obesity as defined by waist circumference in Korean women aged 19~64 years, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012~2016. The participants to the study were classified according to 3-in-1 coffee consumption level (none-coffee, ≤1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee, >1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee) by a food frequency questionnaire. The analysis was conducted by the following age groups: <50 years and 50≤ years. The 3-in-1 coffee consumption group had significantly more smokers and more alcohol consumption frequency as compared to the none-coffee group. The energy intake from the participants in the 3-in-1 coffee consumption of ≤1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee group, and >1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee group were 131.2 kcal/day and 123.1 kcal/day. In the 50 years or over age group, >1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee group was at a lower risk of abdominal obesity as defined by waist circumference, compared with the non-coffee group multivariable adjustment (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.25~0.77). Our findings suggest that the 3-in-1 coffee consumption may be related to abdominal obesity as defined by waist circumference in Korean females aged 50 years or over.

본 연구는 제6기(2013년~2015년) 국민건강영양조사 결과 중에서 중년남성 882명을 대상으로 밀가루음식 주당 섭취빈도에 따른 건강관련요인, 영양소 섭취, 식행동, 건강지표의 차이를 비교하고자 하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 밀가루음식 저섭취군(54.0%)의 비율은 고섭취군(46.0%) 보다 높았다. 그리고 전체의 밀가루음식 주당 섭취빈도는 4.80회이었으며, 저섭취군(1.78회)과 고섭취군(7.83회)의 섭취빈도 간에 큰 차이를 보였다(p<0.001). 밀가루음식 종류별 섭취빈도를 보면 면류, 과자류, 빵류 순이었다. 2. 건강관련 요인에서 살펴본 월 1회 이상 음주 여부와 현재 흡연 여부, 스트레스 인지율, 1일 평균 수면시간, 1주일간 근력운동과 걷기 일수에서 밀가루 섭취빈도에 따른 유의적인 관련성과 차이는 없었다. 3. 1일 에너지 평균섭취량은 1,970.45 kcal이었고, 저섭취군 보다 고섭취군에서 약 630 kcal 정도 더 높았다(p<0.001). 그리고 고섭취군에서 상대적으로 당질 섭취비는 낮은 반면, 지방과 단백질 섭취비는 더 높았다(p<0.001). 무기질과 비타민의 1,000 kcal당 영양소 밀도에서 칼슘, 인, 나이아신을 제외하고, 모두 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 칼륨, 철분, 비타민 A, 비타민 B1, 비타민 C에서는 저섭취군의 섭취가 더 많았던 반면, 나트륨, 비타민 B2에서는 고섭취군의 섭취가 더 많았다 (p<0.01, p< 0.001). 4. 식행동에서 1일 식사횟수는 밀가루음식 저섭취군에서 고섭취군에 비해 3회 비율이 더 높아 관련성을 보였다(p<0.05). 외식빈도는 저섭취군(46.9%)보다 고섭취군(43.2%)에서 더 낮은 경향을 보였으나, 유의성은 없었다. 구입 시 영양표시 이용 여부는 고섭취군(20.5%)이 저섭취군(15.7%)에 비해 더 이용하고 있었으나, 유의적인 관련성은 아니었다. 5. 건강지표에서 신장과 체중, 허리둘레 값이 고섭취군에서 더 높은 경향이 있었으나, 신장(p<0.01)에서만 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 그리고 총콜레스테롤과 LDL-콜레스테롤에서 고섭취군이 저섭취군보다 더 높은 값을 나타내었다(p<0.01). 혈청 중성지방에서는 저섭취군이 고섭취군보다 10.5 mg/dL 정도 더 높은 값을 보였으나, 유의적인 차이는 아니었다. 본 연구결과는 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용한 횡단면적 연구이어서 인과관계를 밝히기 어렵고, 밀가루음식 섭취량이 아닌 섭취빈도만을 가지고 연구를 행했다는 제한점이 있다. 그러나 대상자 선정에서 교란인자를 제외하였고, 통계분석에서도 보정함으로써 밀가루음식 섭취빈도와 영양소 섭취, 건강지표와의 차이를 독립적으로 측정하고자 하였다. 현재 우리나라에서는 밀가루음식의 섭취가 계속 증가되고 있어 이에 대한 우려가 있다. 실제로 본 연구에서 밀가루음식을 자주 먹는 경우 에너지 영양소의 섭취는 더 많았던 반면 나트륨과 비타민 B2를 제외한 대부분의 무기질과 비타민의 섭취는 더 적은 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 건강지표에서 총 콜레스테롤과 LDL-콜레스테롤 농도가 더 높게 나타나 우려가 현실화 되고 있음을 알 수 있었는데, 본 연구결과가 밀가루음식의 과잉 섭취 시 문제점을 알리는데 활용되었으면 한다.

Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes. This study was conducted to examine the relevance between nutrition intake, meal quality, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Koreans with metabolic syndrome. The 2,536 subjects, aged 19~64, who participated in 2015 National Nutrition Survey were included in this study. The 24-hour recall method was employed to analyze nutrition intake and dietary quality. Subjects were grouped into either the non-metabolic syndrome group (n=1,938) or the metabolic syndrome group (n=598). Total males and females were divided into 3 groups according to the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level to study its relationship to metabolic syndrome and its components, including odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI). Results showed the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value was higher in the metabolic syndrome group (3.37) than non-metabolic syndrome group (1.57) (p<0.001). In the Index of Nutrition Quality, males in the non-metabolic syndrome group showed higher niacin (p<0.05) than males in metabolic syndrome group. Females in the non-metabolic syndrome group had higher vitamin B1 (p<0.01), vitamin B2 (p<0.001), niacin (p<0.05), calcium (p<0.001), and phosphate (p<0.01). Female in the high hs-CRP group showed high OR in blood glucose component (OR 2.488, 95% CI: 1.269~4.879) and metabolic syndrome risk (OR 2.856, 95% CI: 1.292~6.314). Females in the middle hs-CRP group had high triglycerides component (OR 2.956, 95% CI: 1.920~4.551), compared to the low hs-CRP group. The study showed females with higher hs-CRP had a higher risk of metabolic syndrome.

목적: 제 5기 국민건강영양조사(2011년, 2012년) 자료를 기반으로 우리나라 나이관련황반변성(age-related macular degeneration)과 비타민과 무기질의 섭취의 상관성을 분석하였다. 방법: 국민건강영양조사 제 5기 과정 중 2011, 2012년도 조사대상자 중 건강 검진, 안과 검진과 영양검진 조사를 받은 45세 이상 성인을 대상으로 나이관련황반변성과 비타민, 무기질섭취량의 상관성을 분석하였다. 나이관련황반변성의 연관성은 교차분석과 카이제곱 검정으로 분석하고, 위험비(odds ratio)는 로지스틱 회귀분석으로 구하고 유의수준은 0.05 이하로 하였다. 결과: 국민건강영양조사를 받은 45세 이상의 한국인 6,219명 중 나이관련황반변성 유병률은 9.6%로 나타 났다. 초기 나이관련황반변성은 비타민 A, B1, B2, B3 및 C와 칼슘, 인, 철, 나트륨, 칼륨의 섭취와 상관성이 있었으며, 비타민 B3 섭취량이 평균 미만인 경우는 평균이상인 경우보다 초기 나이관련황반변성의 발생 위험이 1.35배(95% 신뢰구간:1.03~1.78) 높았다. 나이관련황반변성 말기 환자 군에서는 칼륨과 비타민 B2 섭취량이 평균보다 적으면 유병률이 높았으며, 칼륨 섭취량이 평균 미만인 경우는 발병 위험이 4.3배(95% 신뢰구간:1.76~10.59) 높았다. 결론: 비타민과 무기질의 섭취는 나이관련황반변성의 발병 위험과 병의 진행을 억제하는 것으로 사료된다.

목적: 한국 폐경기 여성에서 호르몬 관련 요인과 건성안의 연관성에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 본 인구 기반 단면 연구는 제5기 국민건강영양조사(2010-2012)를 완료한 총 4,586명의 폐경기 여성을 대상으로 복합표본설계 프로시저를 구성하여 분석을 시행하였다. 폐경기 여성을 대상으로 건성안 유병 률을 산출하였고, 공변량을 보정한 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하여 내생적 및 외생적 호르몬 관련요인 과 건성안의 연관성을 평가하였다. 결과: 폐경기 여성에서 건성안의 가중된 유병률은 14.2%(95% 신뢰구간: 13.0－15.8)이었다. 사회 인구학 적 요인, 건강행태 요인, 동반질환을 보정한 후에도 경구피임약을 23개월 이상 복용한 경우 건성안 발생 위 험이 1.47배(95% 신뢰구간: 1.03－2.09) 증가하였으며, 여성호르몬제를 36개월 이상 복용한 경우 건성안 발생 위험이 1.70배(95% 신뢰구간: 1.17－2.47) 증가하였다. 결론: 한국 폐경기 여성에서 장기간의 경구피임약과 여성호르몬제의 복용은 건성안의 위험을 유의하게 증가시켰다.

The aim of this study was to examine the association between egg consumption and the risk of chronic disease in Korean adult females using the 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 1,230 subjects aged 40~64 were classified into the 4 groups according to the number of egg consumed per week: <1, 1~2.9, 3~5, ≥5.1 As egg consumption increased, the intake of energy, protein, fiber, cholesterol, calcium, potassium, riboflavin, and vitamin C increased. The percentage of the subjects with lower intake of energy, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C than the estimated average requirement in the <1 group were the highest among the groups. The blood lipid profile including total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol was not significantly different among the 4 egg groups. The higher egg consumption was inversely related to a lower odds ratio of metabolic syndrome, hypertriglycemia, hyperglycemia, hypoHDL-cholesterolemia, and hypertension. This result indicates that egg consumption does not elevate the plasma cholesterol level and has a beneficial effect of decreasing the risk of chronic disease. (175)

The objective of the this study was to identify the potential relationship between eating breakfast together as a family and the nutritional status among Korean adolescents based on the 2013~2015 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey data. This study investigated 1,300 adolescents ranging in agee from twelve to eighteen years-old. In this study, according to their eating breakfast together as a family or skipping breakfast, we classified the subjects into the eating breakfast together as a family (EBF group) (male=379, female=295), eating breakfast alone (EBA group) (male=177, female=169) and skipping breakfast (SB group) (male=152, female=128). Both male and female, age in the EBF group was lower than those of the EBA and SB group (p<0.0001, respectively). In the male, the EBF group exhibited significantly higher fiber (p=0.0168) and potassium density (p=0.0065) and lower beverage intake (% energy) (p=0.0040) than the EBA and SB groups. No difference was observed the proportion of subjects who practiced a healthy diet between three groups, however, the EBF and EBA groups had a smaller proportion of subjects who were in a condition of hypo-nutrition compared to the SB group (p<0.0001, respectively). The present findings suggest that the practice of eating breakfast together as a family in adolescents may bean important consideration in relation to micro-nutrient intake status.

This study was performed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of osteoarthritis in the elderly using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013~2014 KNHANES VI). A total of 2,148 (936 males, 1212 females) elderly participants aged 65 years or older were selected. Prevalence of osteoarthritis was higher in 460 female (80.7%) and 167 rural (29.1%) groups, than in 110 male (19.3%) and 404 urban (70.9%) groups. While the mean values of LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride level, and waist circumference were significantly higher in the osteoarthritis group than the normal group, other parameters including height, HDL-cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin and hematocrit values were not. Quality of life (EQ-5D) was also significantly lower in the osteoarthritis group. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that smoking, alcohol intake, obesity, hypercholesterolemia and energy intakes were significantly different in regards to the prevalence of osteoarthritis. This study suggests that obesity and energy intakes were associated with osteoarthritis, whereas risk factors of chronic disease, such as hypertension, Hypo-high density lipoprotein, hypertriglyceridemia, anemia, diabetes, vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity and walking were not. Long-term prospective study is necessary to investigate the effects of these factors on osteoarthritis.