사과 해충으로서 복숭아순나방(Grapholita molesta)은 과실에 피해를 주는 일차해충이다. 이에 따라 과실 내부에서 피해를 주는 유충이 방제 대상이나, 살충제와 접촉이 어려워 방제가 어렵다. 이를 극복하기 위한 방제기술이 성페로몬을 이용한 교미교란제 처리이다. 그러나 소규모로 흩어져 있는 국내 사과원 구도는 단일 과원의 교미교란제 처리는 교미된 암컷의 이주에 따라 유효성을 얻기가 힘들다. 이에 따라 광범위한 교미교란제 처리가 불가피하나, 현실적으로 어느 정도의 규모가 처리 대상인지 결정하기 어렵고 불필요한 광역화는 비용면에서 현실성이 없다. 대안으로 복숭아순나방 성충의 교미 반경을 측정할 수 있다면 교미교란제 처리 규모를 합리적으로 결정할 수 있다. 이러한 복숭아순나방 교미 반경 결정을 위해서는 집단간 차이를 보이는 분자지표의 개발이 우선적이다. 본 연구는 이를 위해 세 가지 전략으로 접근하였다. 첫째로, 복숭아순나방 미토콘드리아 전체 염기서열 분석으로 이를 통해 집단간 변이를 보이는 부위를 결정하려 했다. 둘째로 PCR-RFLP 기술로서 미토콘드리아 DNA의 제한효소 다형부위 결정기술이다. 끝으로 PCR-RAPD로서 전체 게놈에 대한 임의적 증폭물에 대한 다형 유전좌위 개발 전략이다.

This study demonstrates a variability in efficacy of mating disruption against the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, populations infesting apples cultivated in differential environmental conditions. Throughout the growing seasons, trap catches of G. molesta male moths and damaged leaf and fruit were examined to evaluate the efficacy of a commercialized mating disruptor. Treatment of the mating disruptor significantly reduced the trap catches of male moth in treated plot, compared to those of the untreated plot. This reduced trap catches were significantly correlated with leaf and fruit damage. Moreover, the highest host damage occurred in June just after the highest overwintering adult peaks in both plots. The treatment of mating disruptors in Chungsong effectively disrupted the overwintering population in April and May, resulting in no noticeable host damage during the following growing seasons. However, there was a marked difference in host damage between two plots, especially in late seasons. Variation in the efficacy of mating disruption technology in terms of host damage appeared to be related with nearby pheromone-untreated orchards, which may result in the immigration of gravid females.

Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, is a serious pest on apples. To control this pest in an environmentally friendly method, mating disruption strategy using sex pheromone has been developed. Area-wide application of mating disruption has been needed to be effective, with little understanding on how much size of apple cultivating area should be treated in one time application of the mating disruption technique. On this matter, we needed to determine a minimal mating active zone of G. molesta that should be applied with mating disrupters to be effective. Molecular markers to discriminate a specific population should be developed to trace population migration for reproductive behaviors. Here we developed two effective molecular markers using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Different field populations of G. molesta, based on locations and seasons, were analyzed with these markers. In a specific location, G. molesta populations varied in genetic composition with different seasons. Different local populations showed differential variation according to their relative distances among apple orchards. In overall, genetic variation among different populations became lessen with progression of seasons.

Three active components (Z8-12:Ac, E8-12:Ac, and Z8-12:OH) are known in sex pheromone of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, and have been commercially available to apply for population monitoring and mating disruption. However, there have been variation among commercial products in pheromone composition and amount impregnated in each pheromone releaser. This study was performed to optimize factors influencing on pheromone monitoring of G. molesta by analyzing pheromone composition/amount, effective period of releaser, and trap type/placement in apple trees. High purity of Z8-12:Ac component was effective to attract males, in which 96% or more of cis acetate isomer component appeared to be optimal composition. Pheromone amounts (0.01-1 ㎍) impregnated in each rubber dispenser did not give significant effect on monitoring during 90 days from June to August. "Delta" trap was much more efficient than "cone" trap to collect males. Trap installation was another factor, in which placing traps at canopy level was much efficient than at trunk or ground levels. Pheromone trap monitoring with these optimal factors indicated three to four adult peaks from June to September in addition to high overwintering population from April to May in pesticide-applied orchards in Andong, Korea.

This study was performed to estimate the efficacy of three commercial mating disruptors for the control of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), using a food-baited trap to collect field females. Mated female ratios estimated in the mating disruptor-treated areas were compared with the estimates of male trap captures, and both estimates were evaluated on the basis of crop damage measured by shoot tip damage caused by G. molesta. Both males and females were attracted to the food trap-baited with terpinyl acetate in apple orchard. Spermatophore of G. molesta was similar to female bursa copulatrix in size. Though there was more than 95% reduction in male trap captures indicating significant mating disruption, significant crop damage occurred on apple leaf buds, in which more than 35% of captured females were mated. This study demonstrates that assessment of the mated females would be more reasonable to represent the efficacy of mating disruptor(s) than the assessment of the male captures in G. molesta.

Two fruit moths of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), and the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii (Matsumura), infest apples in Korea by internally feeding behavior. C. sasakii is a quarantine insect pest from some other countries importing Korean apples. G. molesta is not a quarantine insect pest, but can be incorrectly identified as C. sasakii especially when it is found inside apple fruits at its larval stages because it is not easy to identify the two species by morphological characters alone. This incomplete identification results in massive economical loss by fruits needlessly destroyed or turned away at border inspection stations of the importing nations. This difficulty can be overcome by molecular DNA markers. Several polymorphic regions of mitochondrial DNA of both species were sequenced and used for developing specific restriction sites and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Based on these sequences, three diagnostic PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) sites were detected and validated for their practical uses. Also, species-specific PCR primers were devised to develop diagnostic PCR method for identifying the internal feeders.

Three sex pheromone components (cis-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z12Ac), trans-8-dodecenyl acetate (E12Ac), cis-8-dodecenol (Z12OH)) of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, were chemically synthesized. Especially to increase the composition of cis-stereoisomer, a triple bond intermediate was hydrogenated at -20℃ with catalytic Pd/BaSO₄. The resulting product consisted of the acetates with a stereoisomer ratio in 92:8 (Z:E). The biological activity of the synthesized pheromone compounds was analyzed both in male responses and orientation disruption. The indoor pheromone effect was determined by male flight behavior showing wing movement in response to lure. Different mixtures of the synthetic pheromone components were prepared by mixing acetate and alcohol components in 100:0, 99:1, and 90:10 (g/g) and tested with a comparison of a standard commercial pheromone lure. The highest pheromone effect was observed in only acetate mixture (100:0) and the effect was reduced with the addition of the alcohol component. This indoor pheromone effect could be observed in field monitoring trial, in which 100:0 mixture showed the highest trap catches. Orientation disruption assay was conducted indoor by using a cage, in which the center had a commercial lure on sticky plate and the four candidates were placed at 6 ㎝ away from the central lure on each of four directions. Test males were released to the arena during overnight (12 h) and then the caught males on the sticky plate were counted. The synthesized pheromone as well as the commercial pheromone showed 100% orientation disruption. However, the orientation disruption effect was reduced with decrease in the number of the surrounding disrupting pheromone baits. These results clearly suggest that the synthesized sex pheromone of G. molesta is biologically active and can be used for field mating disruption.

Efficacies of two commercial mating distruptors (SPLAT<SUP>®</SUP> and Isomate<SUP>®</SUP>-ROSSO) were evaluated on field overwintering populations of Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in four apple orchards. Based on the monitoring with sex pheromone traps, all the orchards (Youngchun, Kyungsan, Chungsong, and Youngju in Korea) exhibited significant overwintering populations from late April to late May. Both mating disruptors that were applied 10 days before the monitoring period significantly inhibited the male orientation to the monitoring lures, in which SPLAT type was more effective than Isomate type in the disrupting efficacy. The disruption of male orientation was highly correlated with the reduction in the early leaf damage caused mostly by G. molesta.

복숭아순나방 성페로몬(Z8-12AC : E8-12AC : Z8-12OH = 95 : 5 : 1) 처리량에 따른 수컷 성충 유인수 및 페로몬 총량 1.0mg-미끼의 유인력 지속기간을 포장조건에서 평가하였다. 또한 수원지역 복숭아과원에서 연간 복숭아순나방 페로몬 유살량 및 계절초기 알 발생밀도 등 기초 생태자료를 이용하여 주요 발생시기별 적산온도를 산출하였다. 복숭아순나방은 실험을 실시한 페로몬 처리량 0.1-4.0mg 범위에서 처리량이 증가할수록 유인수가 감소하였다. 0.1 mg-미끼에 가장 많은 수컷성충이 유인되었고, 0.5-4.0mg 범위에서는 통계적으로 유인수의 차이가 없었다. 1.0mg-미끼를 이용하여 20일 간격으로 미끼를 교체한 트랩과 교체하지 않은 트랩 간 수컷 유인수를 조사한 결과 약 50일까지 서로 차이가 없었으나, 그 후에는 미끼를 교체하지 않은 트랩에 더 많은 수컷 성충이 유인되는 경향을 보였다. 복숭아순나방 초발생일까지 적산온도는 1월 1일부터 이상 평균 대기온도를 누적했을 때 약 39DD 이었다. 또한 초발일 기준 각 발생최성기까지 누적된 적산온도는 1세대 98 DD, 2세대 620DD, 3세대 1233DD, 4세대 1916DD 이었다. 1세대 성충 발생최성기에서 알 밀도 최성기까지는 약 130DD 차이가 있었고, 2세대 성충 발생최성기와 알 발생최성기는 비슷한 시기에 나타났다. 기타 복숭아과원에서 복숭아순나방 방제 전략에 대하여 고찰하였다.

배 과수원에서 복숭아순나방의 발생과 피해에 대하여 1996년부터 2000년에 걸쳐 나주 지역에서 조사하였다. 배나무에서 월동하는 유충의 밀도는 조생종에서 낮았으나 감천배와 만삼길과 같은 만생종에서 높은 경향을 나타내어 품종의 수확시기에 따라 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 그리고 대부분의 월동 유충은 배나무의 주지와 주간과 같이 지표면과 가까운 곳에서 월동하였다. 월동유충은 2월 중순부터 용화하기 시작하였고 3월 하순부터 우화하였다. 배 과수원에서 복숭아순나방은 3월 하순부터 10월 상순까지 페로몬 트랩에 유인되었으며 년 4회 발생하는 것으로 조사되었다. 모든 발생 세대의 유충은 배나무의 신초와 과실을 가해하였다. 그러나 1, 2세대의 유충은 주로 신초에 피해를 주며 3, 4세대 유충은 과실을 가해하는 것으로 조사되었다. 심식나방류 유충에 의해 피해를 받은 배 과실 중에서 거의 대부분은 복숭아순나방에 의한 것이었으며 복숭아심식나방과 배명나방 유충에 의한 피해 과실은 발견되지 않았다.