There are two methods for evaluating two or more mutually exclusive projects. One is a total investment approach and the other is an incremental investment approach. The former can rank projects by the criterion of the net present value, but the latter can’t do it. An incremental investment approach is only possible when all pairwise alternatives are compared. Thus an incremental investment approach is superior in ranking them over an incremental investment approach. To do so, a principle of comparison must be established. Comparisons of profitability are reasonable when operating the same amount of investment over the same period of time. One principle is that all projects are invested in the largest of the projects. Another principle is that all projects are invested during the longest project life of the projects. In this paper, even if the principle is followed, it will be shown that the external rate of return fails to rank them. However, the productive rate of return criterion would prove to be able to rank them like the net present value standard, provided that the principle of comparison is kept. In addition, rate of returns can be assessed so that all mutually exclusive projects can be compared at once, such as on the criterion of the net present value. That is, it can be also compared with many other returns, such as the profit rates on financial investments or real investments.

Ginseng has a unique production system that is different from those used for other crops. It is subject to the Ginseng Industry Act., requires a long-term cultivation period of 4-6 years, involves complicated cultivation characteristics whereby ginseng is not produced in a single location, and many ginseng farmers engage in mixedfarming. Therefore, to bring the production of Ginseng in line with GAP standards, it is necessary to better understand the on-site practices of Ginseng farmers according to established control points, and to provide a proper action plan for improving efficiency. Among ginseng farmers in Korea who applied for GAP certification, 77.6% obtained it, which is lower than the 94.1% of farmers who obtained certification for other products. 13.7% of the applicants were judged to be unsuitable during document review due to their use of unregistered pesticides and soil heavy metals. Another 8.7% of applicants failed to obtain certification due to inadequate management results. This is a considerably higher rate of failure than the 5.3% incompatibility of document inspection and 0.6% incompatibility of on-site inspection, which suggests that it is relatively more difficult to obtain GAP certification for ginseng farming than for other crops. Ginseng farmers were given an average of 2.65 points out of 10 essential control points and a total 72 control points, which was slightly lower than the 2.81 points obtained for other crops. In particular, ginseng farmers were given an average of 1.96 points in the evaluation of compliance with the safe use standards for pesticides, which was much lower than the average of 2.95 points for other crops. Therefore, it is necessary to train ginseng farmers to comply with the safe use of pesticides. In the other essential control points, the ginseng farmers were rated at an average of 2.33 points, lower than the 2.58 points given for other crops. Several other areas of compliance in which the ginseng farmers also rated low in comparison to other crops were found. These inclued record keeping over 1 year, record of pesticide use, pesticide storages, posts harvest storage management, hand washing before and after work, hygiene related to work clothing, training of workers safety and hygiene, and written plan of hazard management. Also, among the total 72 control points, there are 12 control points (10 required, 2 recommended) that do not apply to ginseng. Therefore, it is considered inappropriate to conduct an effective evaluation of the ginseng production process based on the existing certification standards. In conclusion, differentiated certification standards are needed to expand GAP certification for ginseng farmers, and it is also necessary to develop programs that can be implemented in a more systematic and field-oriented manner to provide the farmers with proper GAP management education.

본 연구는 방문객 유형별로 장성 편백치유의 숲(Jangseong Pyunbaek Healing Forest: JPHF) 내 ‘치유필드’의 이용객 수에 대한 지각(perceived number of users: PNU)과 이용객수에 대한 평가기준(evaluative standards)을 설정, 비교하기 위해 시행되었다. 2017년 9월 중 JPHF 내 ‘치유필드’ 이용객을 대상으로 편의표본추출 방법을 통해 선정된 158명의 표본으로부터 설문지기법을 이용하여 자료를 수집하였다. 치유필드 방문객 중 휴양객(일반 휴양을 목적으로 한 방문객) 은 49.3%, 치유객(건강 및 치유를 목적으로 한 방문객) 15.3%, 휴치객(휴양과 치유를 동일정도로 추구하는 방문객) 35.3%로 구성되어 있었다. 응답자가 지각하는 치유필드 이용객수는 전체적으로는 평균 23.8명(중앙값: 20.0명)으로 나타났으며, 방문객 유형별 평균범위는 21.1-27.8명(중앙값: 20.0명 동일)으로 조사되었다. 응답자의 PNU는 혼잡지각(perceived crowding: PC)(r=0.23) 및 치유경험 방해 지각(perceived interference of healing experience: PIHE) (r=0.20)과 낮은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 방문객 유형 간에 치유필드 적정이용객수(optimal number of users: ONU)는 차이가 없었다. 전체적으로 적정이용객수는 평균 28.9명(중앙값: 25.0명)으로 나타났으며 방문객 유형별 적정이용객수 범위는 평균 25.4-31.4명(중앙값: 25.0-27.5명)으로 분석되었다. 또한 최대 허용가능 이용 객수(maximum acceptable number of users: MANU)는 전체적으로 38.1명으로 나타났으며, 방문객 유형별로는 휴양객 36.9명, 치유객 32.0명, 휴치객 38.0명으로 각각 조사되었다. 방문객 유형별로는 MANU에 차이가 없었다. 응답자의 PC는 평균 2.73(SD: 3.26, 9점 척도), PIHE는 평균 3.26(SD: 1.77, 9점 척도)으로 나타났으며 방문객 유형별로는 휴치객이 휴양객에 비해 통계적으로 높은 PC와 PIHE를 보였다. PNU가 ONU를 초과한 그룹은 그렇지 않은 그룹에 비해 높은 PC와 PIHE를 나타냈다. 연구결과를 토대로 관리적 관점에서의 시사점을 제시하였으며 본 연구의 한계점과 추후 연구에 대하여 토의하였다.

A finite element impact simulation study was performed to assess structural performances of a guard-rail system for roadside using new steel materials (SS275) in the KS standard. The type SS275 shows an enhanced tensile strength in comparison with the former type SS400. Subsequent simulation results present that the improved model performs much better in containing and redirecting the impacting vehicle in a stable manner. The numerical results for various parameters are verified by comparing different models with dynamic responses determined in the barrier from the crash simulation.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this research is to analyze the characteristics of panels that affect the evaluating results of riding quality and to evaluate the appropriateness of roughness management criteria based on ride comfort satisfaction. METHODS: In order to analyze the influence of panel characteristics of riding quality, 33 panels, consisting of civilians and experts, were selected. Also, considering the roughness distribution of the expressway, 35 sections with MRI ranging from 1.17 m/km to 4.65 m/km were selected. Each panel boarded a passenger car and evaluated the riding quality with grades from 0 to 10, and assessed whether it was satisfied or not. After removing outlier results using a box plot technique, 964 results were analyzed. An ANOVA was conducted to evaluate the effects of panel expertise, age, driving experience, vehicle ownership, and gender on the evaluation results. In addition, by using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, the MRI value, which can most accurately evaluate the satisfaction with riding quality, was derived. Then, the compatibility of MRI was evaluated using AUC as a criterion to assess whether the riding quality was satisfactory. RESULTS: Only the age of the panel participants were found to have an effect on the riding quality satisfaction. It was found that satisfaction with riding quality and MRI are strongly correlated. The satisfaction rate of roughness management criteria on new (MRI 1.6 m/km) and maintenance (MRI 3.0 m/km) expressways were 95% and 53%, respectively. As a result of evaluating the roughness management criteria by using the ROC curve, it was found that the accuracy of satisfaction was the highest at MRI 3.1-3.2 m/km. In addition, the AUC of the MRI was about 0.8, indicating that the MRI was an appropriate index for evaluating the riding quality satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, the distribution of the panels’age should be considered when panel rating is conducted. From the results of the ROC curve, MRI of 3.0 m/km, which is a criterion of roughness management on maintenance expressways, is considered as appropriate.

With the development of industrial technology and science, production and manufacturing facilities have been enhanced and improved, and the importance of the safety of workers has also been regulated and limited by various safety management methods. As a way to secure the safety of the workers from the production facility, the fail-safe and fool-proof methods are now being applied. Any possible insecure behavior and unsafe conditions can be removed by adopting the standards and specifications that are now secure the safety of workers and equipment. This research analyzes EN ISO 13849-1 international and European standards during CE certification. In order to secure acceptable reduced risks, the risk assessment process of ISO 12100 and the processes for reducing its risk are applied. In the current ISO 13849-1 standard, the criteria for the required performance level PLr (Required Performance Level) for the applicable risk and safety functions through the risk assessment are subjective and not subdivided. Therefore, the evaluation criteria are likely to cause judge’s judgement error due to qualitative judgement. This research focuses on evaluation and acceptable performance level setting for the safety circuit of the equipment. We propose an objective and specific evaluation criteria to secure safety, and the proposed evaluation criteria are applied to the case study of the safety circuit for the equipment. In order to secure the safety of the entire safety circuit, the improvement of the MTTFd and DC level related to the SRP/CS (Safety-Related Parts of Control Systems)’ lifetime is required for the future research.

미국 정부는 2011년 식품안전현대화법(FSMA, Food Safety Modernization Act)을 제정하였으며 단계적으로 실시 및 실시예정에 있다. 이중 농산물안전(Produce Safety) 최종규칙은 농산물 재배, 수확, 포장 및 보관과 관련된 생물학적 위해요소에 초점을 맞추고 있는데, 영농규모 등에 따라 2017년 1월부터 단계적으로 시행되고 있다. FSMA 의 농산물안전 규칙 중 현장에서 준수해야 하는 조항을 55개 선별하여 한국 GAP기준과 비교한 결과, 비교 대상 인 두 개의 기준이 조항별 관리사항에 대해 1:1로 단순비교하기에는 어려운 점이 있으나 상당수의 한국 GAP기준이 대응이 가능하다. 다만 한국 GAP기준은 포괄적 기준으로 평가자에 따라 다른 판단을 할 여지가 많으므로 기준의 세부 사항의 보강이 필요하다. 조항별로 보면, 작업자 안전위생(FSMA Subpart D)에 대하여 한국 GAP기준은 가장 높게 대응이 되며, 그 다음으로는 가축 및 야생 동물(FSMA Subpart I), 건물·장비·도구(FSMA Subpart L), 재배·수확 등의 활동(FSMA Subpart K) 순으로 대응이 되고 있다. 그러나, 농업용수 관리(FSMA Subpart E)와 관리자의 자격 및 교육(FSMA Subpart C)에 대해서는 다소 미 흡한 실정이며, 가축분뇨기반 퇴비 관리(FSMA Subpart F) 에 대해서는 대응이 취약한 편이다. FSMA 규칙은 인증 기준은 아니나, 세계적으로 식품안전의 표준을 선도하는 미국이 제시한 규칙인 만큼 파급력이 상당할 것으로 예상 된다. 따라서 국내 농산물 기준 중 FSMA 규칙에서 강조 하는 미생물적 안전성에 대응하는 기준이 GAP기준이므로 한국 GAP기준의 재검토를 통해 우리 농산물의 품질 향상 및 수출확대에 도움이 되기를 바란다.

본 연구에서는 단일 시료를 검사하는 식품공전의 방법을 통계적 개념인 n, c, m, M을 도입하여 국제기준에 발 맞춘 시스템을 확립하고자 식품 중 미생물 오염실태 조사 및 기준·규격 재평가를 실시하였다. 즉석섭취·편의식품 류에 대한 미생물의 오염도 조사를 위한 모니터링을 실시 하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 통계적 개념을 도입하여 새로운 기준·규격을 마련하고자 하였다. 즉석섭취·편의식품류 총 2,040건(즉석섭취식품 630건, 즉석조리식품1,020건, 신 선편의식품390건)을 구입하여 일반세균수, 대장균군, E. coli, B. cereus, S. aureus, C. perfringens 에 대한 모니터 링을 진행하였다. 즉석섭취·편의식품류의 일반세균수는 평균 2.10 log CFU/ g, 대장균군은 평균 −0.60 log CFU/g, E.coli은 평균 −1.33 log CFU/g, B.cereus은 평균 −1.23 log CFU/g으로 검출되었 으며, S.aureus은 신선편의식품에서만 평균 −1.35 log CFU/ g, C. perfringens은 즉석조리식품에서만 평균 −1.37 log CFU/g 검출되었다. 일반세균수, B. cereus, S. aureus, C. perfringens은 현 기준규격을 초과하지 않은 것으로 나타났으나, 신선편의식품에 한하여 E. coli 는 34건이 식품기 준 및 규격을 초과 하였다. 즉석섭취·편의식품류의 모니 터링 결과를 바탕으로 Newsamplesplan 2 프로그램을 활용하여 이론적 규격을 도출하였다. 오염 분포도가 넓어 사 실상 규격 마련의 실효성이 없는 것으로 파악되었고, 대장균은 즉석섭취식품 및 즉석조리식품에서 n=5 c=1 m=0 M=10으로, 신선편의식품에서는 n=5 c=1 m=10 M=100으로 이론적 규격이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Advances in information technology, communication and network technology are radically facilitating digital convergences as the integration of human, equipment, and space in the current industry 4.0 era. In industry 4.0 environment, the vast amount of information with networked computing technology can be simultaneously accessible even in limited physical space. Two main benefit points out of these information are the convenience and efficiency in their online transactions either buying things online or selling online. Even though there exist so many benefits that information technology can create for the people doing business over the internet there is a critical problem to be answered. In spite of many such advantages, however, online transactions have many dysfunctions such as personal information leakage, account hacking, and cybercrime. Without preparing the appropriate protection methods or schema people reluctantly use the transaction or would find some other partners with enhanced information security environment. In this paper we suggested a novel selection criteria that can be used to evaluate the reliable means of authentication against the expected risks under on-going IoT based environment. Our selection criteria consists of 4 steps. The first step is services and risk identification step. The second step is evaluation of risk occurrence step. The third step includes the evaluation of the extent of damage. And the final step is the assessment of the level of risk. With the help of the above 4 step-approach people can systematically identify potential risks hiding in the online transactions and effectively avoid by taking appropriate counter actions

Current seismic design provisions such as ASCE 7-10 provide criteria for selecting ground motions for conducting response history analysis. This study is the sequel of a companion paper (I – Ground Motion Selection) for assessment of the ASCE 7-10 criteria. To assess of the ASCE 7-10 criteria, nonlinear response history analyses of twelve single degree of freedom (SDF) systems and one multi-degree of freedom (MDF) system are conducted in this study. The results show that the target seismic demands for SDF can be predicted using the mean seismic demands over seven and ten ground motions selected according to the proposed method within an error of 30% and 20%, respectively

For estimating the seismic demand of buildings, most seismic design provisions permit conducting linear and nonlinear response history analysis. In order to obtain reliable results from response history analyses, a proper selection of input ground motions is required. In this study, an accurate algorithm for selecting and scaling ground motions is proposed, which satisfies the ASCE 7-10 criteria. In the proposed algorithm, a desired number of ground motions are sequentially scaled and selected from a ground motion library without iterations.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 복지 사회가 요구하는 작업치료서비스의 질 관리와 역량 있는 작업치료사를 양성 하기 위하여 국내 실정에 맞는 한국작업치료인증기준 평가항목을 개발하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 국내 작업치료학과 교수를 대상으로 2016년 6월부터 8월까지 한국작업치료인증기준 평가항목 의 타당성을 조사하였다. 평가항목은 문헌고찰 및 자료조사를 통하여 작업치료교육인증기준에 대한 6개 영역으로 구성하였으며, 항목의 타당도는 4점 척도를 사용하여 측정하였다. 1차 조사를 통하여 회수된 84부의 타당도 분석결과를 바탕으로 포커스집단 회의를 통해 내용을 재검토하고 수정 보완하여, 작업치 료 핵심실무역량 평가요소 및 항목을 포함하여 최종 한국작업치료인증기준 평가항목을 구성하였다. 최종 평가항목은 작업치료교육전문가 10명을 대상으로 내용타당도를 조사하였다. 결과 : 한국작업치료인증기준 평가항목은 총 6개 영역, 15개 부문, 31개 하위항목으로 구성하였으며, 항목 별 타당도 평균은 3.3~4.0점까지의 범위로 최종 내용타당도 지수(Content Validity Index; CVI)는 0.8~1.0까지로 나타났다. 작업치료 핵심실무역량 평가항목은 상담/평가 및 중재/기타 2개 영역, 21개 하위항목으로 분류하였으며, 타당도 평균은 3.0~3.6점까지의 범위로 CVI값은 1.0이었다. 핵심실무역량 평가 방법으로는 실제 테스트가 상담/평가에서는 40.6%, 중재/기타에서는 37.5%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 결론 : 한국작업치료인증기준을 확립하고 적용하여 역량 있는 작업치료사를 양성할 수 있는 교육시스템을 권장하고, 국내 모든 대학의 작업치료 교육의 질을 향상시킴으로써 작업치료서비스의 국제적 호환성 및 사회적 책무성을 달성할 수 있어야 할 것이다.

OBJECTIVES : This study develops an evaluation method, which is useful to inspect pavement condition of specific boroughs. This is because pavement condition is broadly divided into five grades via visual inspection, which does not consider the types of deteriorations, and is decided by an investigator having a subjective viewpoint. This visual inspection method is not a satisfactory method for accurate maintenance when various deteriorations occur. METHODS: The performance model considers several factors such as crack, rutting, and IRI. This method is also modified from borough SPI based on SPI (Seoul Pavement Index). Considering limited budget of borough, PI (prediction index) is suggested, which is related to the grade of pavement condition evaluation and type of materials. Practical correlation review is also conducted with statistical verification by using the Monte Carlo simulation. RESULTS: The results of the study show that modified criteria are reasonable. First, the comparison between the visual inspection result and the SPI result indicates that the R-square value is sufficiently high. Second, through the common section, each evaluation method could be compared, and the result shows considerable similarity, which increases when the range is modified. Finally, PI for predicting remaining life and the random number SPI have common parts, which means that each indicator would be adequate to be used as an evaluation method. CONCLUSIONS : Comparison and analysis results show that the developed evaluation method is reasonable for specific boroughs where financial support is inadequate for the evaluation process by using the newer equipment. Moreover, for more accurate evaluation method, previous visual inspection data should be utilized, and the database of inspection equipment have to be collected.

목 적 : DBS 제조사에서는 자사의 일부 제품에 대한 RF power의 제한기준을 B1+rms 2.0 μT 이하로 변경하였다. 이에 brain MRI 영상비교를 통해 새로운 가이드 라인의 임상적 유용성을 평가하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 뇌 질환이 없는 총 5명의 자원자(남자 2명, 여자 3명, 나이 range 19~46세)를 대상으로 T1 SE sagittal, T2 TSE, T1 SE, T2 FLAIR axial로 구성된 Brain MRI routine protocol과 SAR값을 0.1 W/kg 미만으로 조절 된 protocol, B1+rms를 2.0 μT 이하로 조절 된 protocol 등 3개의 protocol을 사용하여 1.5T에서 brain MRI(Siemens avanto, head matrix A Tim coil, Germany)를 시행하였다. 획득된 영상 중 axial영상에서 전두엽 피질(cortex)의 백질(white matter), 회백질(gray matter)과 중심회질(central gray matter)의 조가비핵(putamen), 시상(thalamus)에서 signal intensity를 측정하여 각 부위의 SNR과 백질과 회백질간 CNR을 계산하여 영상을 정량적으로 비교하였다. 정성적 영상평가는 해부학적 묘사력을 기준으로 routine protocol의 영상과 비교하여 RMS, SAR protocol 각각의 영상에 대해 3단계(I: 열등, E: 동등, S: 우월)로 평가하였다. 통계적 유의성은 Medcalc(version 16.1) 프로그램을 사용하여 분석하였으며, 유의수준은 0.05로 검정하였다. 결 과 : 전두엽 피질의 백질과 회백질간 CNR은 T2, T1 axial에서 routine과 RMS 영상은 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았고(p<0.05), FLAIR axial에서는 routine 영상(10.0±0.8)이 가장 높게 나타났다(p=0.004). 백질과 중심 회질간 CNR은 조가비핵의 경우 T2, T1, FLAIR axial에서 모두 routine과 RMS 영상은 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았고(p<0.05), 시상은 T2 axial에서 3개의 protocol간 차이가 없었으나(p=0.16), FLAIR axial에서는 routine영상(7.9±0.5)이 가장 높게 나타났고(p=0.003), T1영상에서는 routine과 RMS 영상은 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다(p=0.009). 정성적 평가에서는 routine영상에 비해 SAR영상은 모든 sequence에서 ‘열등’으로 평가되었으나, RMS영상은 두 명의 FLAIR영상과 한 명의 T2영상에서만 ‘열등’ 판정을 받았고, 나머지는 모두 ‘동등’ 판정을 받았다. 결 론 : RMS protocol 영상은 백질, 회백질간 CNR과 해부학적 구조의 묘사력을 기준으로 비교하였을 때 SAR 영상보다 모든 sequence에서 우수하였고, routine 영상과는 T2, T1 sequence에서 동등하였다. DBS 환자에 대해 RF power를 B1+rms 2.0 μT 이하로 제한하는 제조사의 새로운 가이드라인은 기존의 SAR 기준에 비해 영상의 질향상, scan time 감소, scan parameter 조절 용이성 등 임상적으로 유용함을 확인하였다.

Recently damage of structures and loss of life by terrorism are internationally increasing. Among these terror that have a possibility to can happen in korea and that can caused lot of human life loss is the vehicle terror. To prevent the vehicle terror, the anti-ram barriers are needed. But domestic standard about anti-ram barriers are not clear. So, in this study, we will utilize and analyze the vehicle impact to evaluate the efficiency of the domestic bollard and suggest the installation standard of those. In Korea, granite, elastic, steel and stainless bollard are used. The performance of those bollard is not available. Elastic bollard couldn’t stop the vehicle, and the others just could stop the vehicle only at the speed under 10kph. Therefore, set the variable to reinforce, and evaluate the defence efficiency of bollard. As a result, granite and elastic bollard was not suitable for the anti-ram barriers. Performance of steel bollard increased as thickness grew. So steel bollard should must be thicker than 10T. And the concrete compressive strength effected insignificantly on the defence efficiency, so more than 24MPa compressive concrete be used. Performance of stainless bollard increased as thickness grew. So stainless bollard should must be thicker than 13T.

농림축산검역본부에서 규제병해충 또는 비검역병해충 및 수입 금지식물․금지지역․금지병해충을 지정하거나 조정 하는 경우 병해충 확인․위험평가․위험관리의 3단계의 순서로 위험분석을 실시한다. 병해충의 확인단계에서는 국내분 포 및 식물에 피해 여부, 발생예찰 여부 등을 검토하게 되고 다음 단계인 위험평가를 실시하게 된다. 위험평가는 유입가능성, 정착가능성, 확산가능성 및 경제적 중요성에 대해 세부항목별 위험평가요소를 평가하여 그 결과를 위험관리에 적용하여 금지병해충 적용여부 및 별도의 식물위생 안전조치 요구 여부 등을 결정하게 된다. ‘12년에서 ‘15년(4년간)은 이미 검역병해충으로 규제하고 있는 관리병해충 및 잠정규제병해충 2,176종을 대상으로 위험도 재평가를 실시하였고, ‘16년에는 수입검역과정에서 최초 검출된 병해충과 해외병해충발생정보 등을 통해 수집된 새로운 병해충 129종에 대한 위험평가를 진행 중에 있으며, 새로운 수입금지식물의 수입허용을 위해 29개국 18품목에 대해 수입위험분석을 추진하고 있다.

The regulation for industrial accident rate level assessment of construction companies was introduced to the construction industry in the Republic of Korea since 1993 and has brought positive outcome on industrial accidents reduction at construction work sites. There were considerable decrease of industrial accident ratio and enforcing of contrators' safety organizations from the beginning of the regulation for industrial accident rate level assessment. In spite of these positive outcomes, there were some negative effects such as contractors' shrinking accident reports to keep good accident ratios since these figures had a great impact on pre-qualification stage of bidding when general contractors were competing for new construction projects. In addition, Comprehensive evaluation bid system, which replaces the lowest price bid system is applied to government-ordered construction projects since 2016. Comprehensive evaluation bid system includes construction company's accident rate as one of the evaluation items and carries out with the industrial accident rate level assessment of construction companies at the same time. The regulations of two systems have been called for improvement to unify these different procedures and standards which have led business stakeholders to confusion for several years. This study aims to devote on lessening shrinking accident reports and to reduce the waste of business stakeholders through changing the regulation for industrial accident rate level assessment.