We used three gas sensors to monitor hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which were frequently emitted from environmental facilities, such as municipal wastewater treatment, livestock manure treatment, and food waste composting facilities. Two electrochemical (EC) sensors for detecting hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, and a photoionization detector (PID) sensor for detecting VOCs were characterized in this study. The performance of their linearity by concentration levels, lower detection limit (LDL), repeatability, reproducibility, precision, and response time were tested under the laboratory condition. The linearity according to concentration levels were favorable for all three sensors with high correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.98). The ammonia sensor showed the highest LDL (18.6 ppb) and the hydrogen sulfide and VOC sensors showed 22.3 ppb and 26.7 ppb of LDL, respectively. The reproducibility and precision were favorable for all three sensors, indicating a lower relative standard deviation (RSD) than 0.9% in the reproducibility test and 7.2% in the precision test. The response times to reach target concentration were varied from 1 to 12 minutes. The ammonia sensor needed 12 minutes of response time at 1 ppm target the NH3 concentration and the hydrogen sulfide and VOC sensors needed less than 2 minutes of response time.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study was to evaluate the field applicability of chip seals using recycled aggregates by comparing performance between natural aggregates and recycled aggregates for chip seals. METHODS : In order to check the performance of chip seals using recycled and natural aggregates, Bitumen Bond Strength (BBS) test, Vialit and bleeding tests were carried out. Cationic emulsions (RS(C)-2 and latex modified RS(C)-2L) were used in the tests. Granite aggregates were used as the natural aggregate and recycled aggregate from road wastes were used as the recycled aggregate. The aggregate was used with uniform gradation between 10 mm and 4.75 mm to clearly compare the performance difference between natural and recycled aggregates. RESULTS : Test results showed that the aggregate retention was low for both natural and recycled aggregates when applying RS(C)-2 (unmodified emulsion), but there was almost no difference between them when applying RS(C)-2L and RS(C)-2L-1 (modified emulsion) in the Vialit test results. In the bleeding tests, there was no bleeding for both natural and recycled aggregates when applying RS(C)-2 and RS(C)-2L. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to apply chip seals using recycled aggregates in the field because the chip seals with recycled aggregates and RS(C)-2L (modified emulsion) showed aggregate retention similar to that of natural aggregates, and there was no bleeding.

In this study, the odor generated in a livestock farm with 500 heads of finisher breed in 661 m² was monitored during 6 months using a gas sensor, a wired / wireless communication system and database server. Odor unit, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were monitored using the gas sensor. To show the tendency of odorous substances generation, the odor concentration was shown in the graph on a monthly and daily basis. Among the analysis items, the maximum generation of odor was found to be closely related to the generation of hydrogen sulfide. Through observing the daily and monthly trends of odor substances, it was found that each substance was a useful indicator for monitoring odor, because ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, odor and TVOC were increased and decreased in a similar pattern. The odors were highest in the hours of the early morning (00:00-05:00), the evening (18:00-23:00), and the morning (06:00-11:00) in a day. After the use of the microbial agent was discontinued in autumn (October), anaerobic digestion of the manure in a pit proceeded and the amount of hydrogen sulfide increased. Therefore, despite a slight decrease in ammonia production, the odor unit level did not decrease after October but rather was somewhat increased. In the future, the use of the odor monitoring system is expected to improve the efficiency of odor sources management.

교미교란(mating disruption, MD) 기술이 사과에 피해를 주는 복숭아순나방(Grapholita molesta) 방제에 널리 사용되고 있다. 복숭아순 나방과 복숭아순나방붙이를 동시에 교미교란(simultaneous MD, SMD)하는 기술이 최근에 개발되었다. 본 연구는 이 SMD 기술을 현장에 접목하는 데 필요한 요인들을 결정하기 위해 수행되었다. SMD 처리 농도를 결정하기 위해 각 처리 지점에 10 mg의 성페로몬을 여러 가지 밀도로 사과나무에 처리하였다. 처리된 세 농도 가운데 두 나무마다 하나의 SMD 처리가 비교적 안정적으로 MD 효과를 유지하였다. 이러한 SMD 효과는 왁스 및 polyethylene 제형 모두에서 나타났다. 두 사과나무마다 하나의 SMD 처리 농도로 3월 말에 1회 처리한 경우 수확기까지 복숭아순 나방과 복숭아순나방붙이에 대해 효과적 교미교란을 유지시켰다. 인근 무처리 과수원에서 SMD 처리 과수원으로 이주하여 들어오는 교미된 암컷의 이입을 막기 위해 울타리 처리 기술이 적용되었다. 암컷 유인제를 개발하기 위해 6종류의 사과 과실 추출물에 포함된 화합물 가운데 terpinyl acetate (TA)가 선발되었다. 서로 다른 TA 농도 처리에서 0.05%가 성충 유인에 가장 효과적이었다. TA와 설탕을 혼합한 것을 암컷유살제(female attract-to-kill technique, FAKT)라 명명하였다. 사과 과수원 가장자리를 따라 6 m 간격으로 FAKT를 설치한 울타리 처리는 교 미된 암컷을 포획하였고, 이들은 난황형성과정을 진행하고 있는 난모세포를 지니고 있었다. FAKT가 가미된 SMD 처리는 높은 MD 효율을 유지하는 것은 물론이고 SMD 단독 처리에 비해 신초 피해를 현격하게 줄였다.

As the corrugated steel pipes has many advantages to compensate for the shortcomings of the concrete fume pipes, it has been widely used for culverts and drain trenches. However, when corrugated steel pipes used as a sewage pipe or in an environment exposed to sea water, corrosion can cause problems and degradation of the function of pipe. So, Composite Corrugated Steel Pipe(CCSP) coated with three layers were developed to compensate for the shortcomings and improve performance of corrugated steel pipes. The composite material used in fabrication of the CCSP consists of a three layer polymer protective coating on both sides of a steel sheet core. To verify the field application of the CCSP, a test was conducted on the resistance of the strain, stability of connections, water flow performance and durability to determine whether they meet KS quality and various design standards.

본 연구의 목적은 고준위폐기물 처분기술 개발과 관련하여 현장실증 연구를 위해 사용될 공학규모 이상의 균질 완충재 블록 을 제작하기 위한 새로운 방법론을 제시하는 것이다. 이와 관련하여 플롯팅 다이(floating die) 방식의 프레스 재하 및 냉간 등방압프레스(CIP; Cold Isostatic Press) 기법을 국내 최초로 완충재 제작에 적용하였다. 또한 소요 밀도기준을 충족하는 완충재 블록을 생산하기 위한 최적의 제작조건(프레스 및 CIP의 소요 압력)과 현장 적용성을 분석하였다. 상기 기법의 적용을 통해 완충재 블록 내 밀도분포 편차가 현저히 감소하였으며, 이와 동시에 평균 건조밀도가 소폭 상승하고 약 5%의 크기가 감소하였다. 또한 CIP 적용을 통해 응력이완(stress release) 현상이 감소하고, 이로 인해 시간 경과에 따른 표면균열 발생이 현저히 저감됨을 시험제작을 통해 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 방법론은 공학규모 이상의 균질한 완충재 블럭을 성형할 수 있으며, 또한 이는 선진핵주기 고준위폐기물처분시스템(AKRS; Advanced Korea Reference Disposal System of HLW)의 완충재 소요 밀도기준을 충족하는 것으로 분석되었다.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study was to develop an urgent road-repair system and perform a field applicability test, as well as discover the optimum mix design for machine applications compared to the optimum mix design for lab applications. METHODS: According to reviews of the patent and developed equipment, self-propelled and mix-in-place equipment types are suitable for urgent pavement repair, e.g., potholes and cracks. The machine-application mix design was revised based on the optimum lab-test mix design, and the field application of a spray-injection system was performed on the job site. The mixture from the machine application and lab application was subjected to a wet-track abrasion test and a wheel-tracking test to calibrate the machine application. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS : This study showed that the binder content could differ for the lab application and the machine application in the same setting. Based on the wet-track abrasion test result, the binder contents of the machine application exceeded the binder contents of the lab application by 1-1.5% on the same setting value. Moreover, the maximum dynamic stability value for the machine application showed 1% lower binder contents than the maximum lab-application value. Collectively, the results of the two different tests showed that the different sizes and operating methods of the machine and lab applications could affect the mix designs. Further studies will be performed to verify the bonding strength and monitor the field application.

중소기업은 생산성을 향상시키기 위해 자동화라인을 구축하거나 JIT시스템, TPM, 6시그마 혁신 활동등 다양한 기법을 적용하여 일부는 크게 효과를 보는 경우도 있지만 형식적인 시스템의 적용에 그치는 경우가 많다. 본 연구에서는 고전적이며 가장 기본이 되는 5S3정을 직접 제조현장에 적용하여 생산성 향상에 대한 객관적인 효과를 얻을 수 있었다. KPI를 선정하고 적용전.후의 결과를 비교하여 유의미한 효과를 분석하고자 하였다.

국내 도로의 총 연장은 매년 증가하고 있으며, 도로의 노후화는 점차 높아지고 있다. 한국건설기술연구원에 따르면 20년 이상 노후된 도로 포장 중속국도는 ‘12년 기준 400km, 일반국도는 4,703km이며 ’22년에는 고속국도는 3,322km, 일반국도는 8,660km로 노후화에 따른 유지보수 대상 도로의 증가는 불가피한 설정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 고성능 친환경 도로보수용 상온아스콘과 제조시스템의 개발에 관한 것으로 가장 기본이 될 수 있는 바인더의 개발하였다. 바인더의 개발단계에서 수용성바인더와 지용성바인더 두 가지를 를 바인더 선정을 위한 기초연구를 실시하였다. 기존의 도로보수용 상온아스콘의 보관사용을 위한 필수적인 첨가제인 가소제의 선정에 있어서 환경적으로 보다 무해한 재료를 사용하였다. 사용된 가소제의 역할을 하는 재료는 저 비등점 재료와 고 비등점 재료를 사용한다. 저 비등점과 고 비등점 가소제는 제품의 양생시간을 조절하기 위해서 사용되는 가소제의 역할을 하는 재료로서, 여름철과 겨울철에 따라서 사용량이 조절된다. 본 기소제는 연구과제의 개발단계의 두 가지 바인더에 공동으로 사용이 가능하다. 고성능의 제품 발현을 위해서 사용된 개질첨가제는 수용성 바인더와 지용성 바인더를 사용하였다. 이러한 개질첨가제는 혼합물을 제조할 때 여러 가지 방법을 사용하여 바인더 혹은 혼합물내에 분산성을 고려하여 투입방식을 달리하여 사용하였다. 국내 골재가 음이온으로 구성되어 있는 것을 감안하여 양이온유제를 사용하여 개발하였다. 양이온 유제를 사용한 제품의 골재와의 코팅테스트에서는 코팅율은 양호한 상태이었으나, 도로보수용으로 사용하기 위한 저장 및 보관을 위한 양생시간의 조절은 유화제로 조절하기에는 무리가 있어 단기간에 양생이 되는 현상이 발생되었다. 수용성 바인더를 이용한 도로보수용 상온아스콘의 저장 보관을 위해서 상기에서 언급한 두 가지의 가소제를 양생조절용으로 첨가하였으며 고성능을 부여하기 위해서 상기에서 언급한 수용성용의 개질첨가제를 사용하여 기초시험을 실시하였으나 포장지에 상온아스콘을 보관하는 과정에서 바인더에 함유된 수분이 포장지 내부에 유출되는 현상으로 포장지의 파손에 영향을 주는 결과를 초래하였다. 결과적으로 도로보수용 상온아스콘을 포장지에 보관하는 용도에는 수용성바인더는 부적합 한 결과를 나타냈다. 지용성 바인더는 골재의 종류와 상관없이 혼합성능이 우수하게 나타났다.또한 고성능을 부여하기 위한 개질첨가제와의 상용성도 우수한 것으로 판단되었으며, 포장지내의 보관 시 사소한 트러블도 발생되지 않아 바인더로서 적합한 것으로 판단된다.

In order to reduce odor and methane emission from the landfill, open biocovers and a closed biofilter were applied to the landfill site. Three biocovers and the biofilter are suitable for relatively small-sized landfills with facilities that cannot resource methane into recovery due to small volumes of methane emission. Biocover-1 consists only of the soil of the landfill site while biocover-2 is mixed with the earthworm casts and artificial soil (perlite). The biofilter formed a bio-layer by adding mixed food waste compost as packing material of biocover-2. The removal efficiency decreased over time on biocover-1. However, biocover-2 and the biofilter showed stable odor removal efficiency. The rates of methane removal efficiency were in order of biofilter (94.9%)>, biocover-1(42.3%)>, and biocover-2 (37.0%). The methane removal efficiency over time in biocover-1 was gradually decreased. However, drastic efficiency decline was observed in biocover-2 due to the hardening process. As a result of overturning the surface soil where the hardening process was observed, methane removal efficiency increased again. The biofilter showed stable methane removal efficiency without degradation. The estimate methane oxidation rate in biocover- 1 was an average of 10.4%. Biocover-2 showed an efficiency of 46.3% after 25 days of forming biocover. However, due to hardening process efficiency dropped to 4.6%. After overturn of the surface soil, the rate subsequently increased to 17.9%, with an evaluated average of 12.5%.

PURPOSES:In this study, field performance evaluation of crack treatment of pavement and the feasibility of surface treatment of pavement are presented. The performance and cost of preventive maintenance methods have been previously verified, and the methods are being used in many developed countries and cities. However, the performance and cost of the system have not been verified in domestic, field applications. Therefore, in order to improve performance, the field performance is evaluated, and a reasonable cost is proposed.METHODS:Visual Inspection was conducted to evaluate the field application and performance of the preventive maintenance method. In addition, the PCI index was calculated from the results of visual inspection of the application area of the surface treatment method, and the performance life of each method was predicted. For the economic evaluation, life cycle cost analysis was performed using the life cycle cost analysis program.RESULTS:In order to evaluate and quantify the field performance of crack repair material, the residue condition of the pavement surface after crack treatment, rather than the performance of the material, is evaluated. In addition, the crack resistance and performance life of surface treatment methods are evaluated. The cost of currently available treatment methods are compared to the common pavement cut and overlay method, and it is determined that the preventive method is not economical based on life cycle cost analysis.CONCLUSIONS:Because of the characteristics of cracking, it is necessary to conduct the evaluation of currently applied methods and the analysis of the cause of damage, by visual inspection. Moreover, in order to evaluate the performance and economic suitability of the currently applied surface treatment methods, it is necessary to acquire information on application sections by monitoring their long-term conditions and performance.

PURPOSES:The objective of this study is to ascertain the curing period of cementless cold central plant recycled asphalt base-layer, using mechanical analyses and specimen quality tests on the field.METHODS :Cold central plant recycled asphalt base-layer mixture was produced in the plant from reclaimed asphalt, natural aggregate, filler for the cold mix, and the modified emulsion AP using asphalt mix design and plant mix design. In order to examine the applicability of the curing period during the field test, the international standards for the possibility of core extraction and the degree of compaction and LFWD deflection were analyzed. Moreover, Marshall stability test, porosity test, and indirect tensile strength test were performed on the specimens of asphalt mix and plant mix design.RESULTS :The plant production process and compaction method of cementless cold central plant recycled asphalt base-layer were established, and the applicability of the optical moisture content for producing the mixture was verified through the field test. In addition, it was determined that the core extraction method of the conventional international curing standard was insufficient to ensure performance, and the LFWD test demonstrated that the deflection converges after a two-day curing. However, the back-calculation analysis reveals that a three-day curing is satisfactory, resulting in a general level of performance of dense asphalt base-layer. Moreover, from the result of the specimen quality test of the asphalt mix design and plant mix design according to the curing period, it was determined that the qualities satisfied both domestic and international standards, after a two-day curing. However, it was determined that the strength and stiffness after three-day curing are higher than those after a two-day curing by approximately 3.5 % and 20 %, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:A three-day curing period is proposed for the cementless cold central plant recycled asphalt base-layer; this curing period can be demonstrated to retain the modulus of asphalt-base layer in the field and ensure stable quality characteristics.