Hydrogen embrittlement refers to a phenomenon in which the ductility and toughness of steel materials are lowered by hydrogen absorbed in metal materials, especially steel, and the tendency to fracture without plastic deformation increases. Fracture due to hydrogen absorption is also called delayed fracture, and it mainly occurs at grain boundaries, stress concentration areas, or areas subject to tensile stress. From a practical point of view, hydrogen embrittlement is frequently associated with corrosion, welding, pickling, electroplating, etc., and in materials, it is prominently displayed in stainless steel or high tensile steel. Regarding the embrittlement mechanism, there is no generally accepted orthodoxy. In this study, A hydrogen embrittlement mechanism is proposed. In addition, the method of suppressing hydrogen embrittlement will be considered.

The study aims to analyse data security in the financial and banking sector of China. The data laws provide a ‘consent-oriented’ approach where consent, along with a limited list of exceptions, is the legal basis for the processing of personal information. The personal data protection mechanism comprised the Data Security Law, the Cybersecurity Law, and the Personal Information Protection Law. Taken together, they cover all areas of information security and establish a severe data protection regime: they determine the scope of regulation, objects and subjects, responsibility, and institutional control mechanisms. For an accurate assessment, it is necessary to wait for the adoption of by-laws that specify the provisions of these laws. The financial and banking sector already has several by-laws in place that set stringent standards for the security of personal information. The leading role in this mechanism is taken by the financial regulator - the People’s Bank of China.

Organic reagent is considered as one of the most promising reductants for deeply removing vanadium (V) trichloride oxide ( VOCl3) from crude titanium tetrachloride ( TiCl4). Nevertheless, indeterminate active component and unclearly removal mechanisms appear to be the obstacles to separate VOCl3 from TiCl4 using organic reagent. Herein we conduct the experiment to explore it. Firstly, the organic reagents are obtained from enterprise (noted as EOR1– EOR7), and then it is determined that carbon aromatic ( CA) is the active component for removing VOCl3. Furthermore, modified organic reagents (noted as MOR1– MOR4) are prepared via adding aromatic hydrocarbon oil and stearic acid to EOR7, then indicating that MOR3 is endowed with the best capacity to remove VOCl3. In addition, the residues obtained from distillation experiment are comprehensively analyzed (using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) etc.), revealing that porous amorphous carbon that deriving from MOR, plays an excellent role in removing VOCl3 from TiCl4 system. Therefore, the removal mechanisms can be explained like that porous amorphous carbon reduces VOCl3 into insoluble vanadium (III) chloride ( VCl3) and vanadium (IV) oxide dichloride ( VOCl2), and then they are separated via adsorption process, with the help of porous amorphous carbon.

Various diffusion experiments using geologic media have been carried out and it is often assumed that aqueous diffusion is the dominant transport mechanism. However, in some cases diffusive migration has been much faster than predicted in the model simulation. To explain such results surface diffusion of sorbing species was invoked. Experimental results were generally open to interpretation but possible existence of surface diffusion, whereby sorbed radionuclides could potentially migrate at much enhanced rates, necessitated investigation. The potential for surface diffusion of some sorbing nuclides on through-diffusion experiments using domestic rocks was examined. The apparent diffusion coefficients for sorbing cations were determined from their steady-state diffusion flux through rocks disks, while effective and pore diffusion coefficients were obtained with non-sorbing tracers through the same rocks. Diffusive transport models through domestic granites and granodiorites based only on pore diffusion did not often described adequately for sorbing cations. Thus, surface diffusion should be considered. Then what was the most important measure to estimate surface diffusion? As far as we examine, the sorption reversibility provides a hint of surface diffusion. The reversible sorbing species, for example, Sr, has a remarkable surface diffusion contribution, whereas surface diffusion has a relatively small contribution for irreversibly sorbing species such as Cs and Am under domestic experimental conditions.

Nuclear operators must sort out their digital assets as Critical Digital Asset (CDA) and manage their vulnerabilities. Since vulnerabilities are continually found and can be abused anytime, and the number of digital assets in nuclear facilities is increasing, it is important to collect publically-known vulnerabilities in automated mechanism to reevaluate their risks. KINAC is now in progress of establishing an automated mechanism of collecting publically-known vulnerabilities for nuclear facilities. This paper will discuss about criteria of selecting database when establishing an automated mechanism of collecting publically-known vulnerabilities for nuclear facilities. When selecting sets of vulnerability database, the characteristic of sets of digital assets need to be managed, importance of each digital asset, and where and who will use the set of digital assets should be mainly considered. Most of safety-related CDAs are made and used in the United States, and safety-related CDAs are similar to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) facilities. Therefore, the main vulnerability database used in the United States should be included when collecting the database of vulnerabilities. Especially, US government actively provides vulnerabilities of digital assets, enacting vulnerability disclosure policy to make each organization report their own potential vulnerabilities. The main vulnerability database of the US is National Vulnerability Database (NVD) of NIST. It contains over 150,000 vulnerabilities on ICT and Industrial Control System (ICS). Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) published “Cyber Security Vulnerability and Risk Management”, Addendum 5 to NEI 08-09, and informed that US-CERT, ICS-CERT, and NVD can be used as publically-known vulnerability database, and US National Regulatory Commission (NRC) endorsed the publication. In South Korea, KrCERT and National Cyber Threat Intelligence (NCTI) share publically-known vulnerabilities, however, the number of vulnerabilities are less than those of NVD, and most of the data are duplication of those of NVD. Moreover, certain portion of information are only opened to authorized organizations, so it is unable to access those databases. Therefore, considering the fact that most information of vulnerabilities of CDAs are included in NVD and ICS-CERT, vulnerability database should also contain information from NVD and ICS-CERT. Otherwise, the database must contain equivalent information compared to NVD and ICS-CERT. Furthermore, the methodology for collecting vulnerabilities of digital assets from other countries is also required to be studied in the future research.

본 연구에서는 동태성과 시간을 고려한 시스템다이내믹스 관점에서 낚시어선의 낚시활동에 있어서 단속 및 처벌의 강화(정책 개입)에 따라 시스템 구조가 어떻게 변화하는지 알아보고 그에 따른 전략수립 방향을 논의하고자 한다. 지금까지 낚시어선의 단속과 처 벌은 사고예방이라는 사전적 차원에서 일시적 단기적으로 단속을 실시하고 처벌을 부과했다. 그러나 변칙적이고 다양한 부작용으로 소기 의 성과를 거두지 못하였고, 안전사고는 끊임없이 발생하고 또 다시 후속조치가 뒤따라가는 형국을 보이고 있다. 본 연구의 결과에 따르 면, 낚시어선의 단속과 처벌이 강화된 안전기준으로 사고 예방을 위한 시설 장비 산업 등 관련 사항 개선 및 기술개발(시간지연 발생)보다 는 즉각적이고 큰 저항이 없는 음성적(불법적) 활동을 지속함에 따라 사고예방을 위한 안전사각지대를 최소화하지 못하고 있다. 이와같이 동태적 매커니즘과 시간이라는 변수를 충분히 고려하지 않고 단선적 사고에 입각한 정책개입으로는 정책이 추구하는 기본적 가치를 오 히려 왜곡시킬 수 있다. 낚시어선의 단속과 처벌에 있어서 강화된 안전기준의 마련에 앞서 관련 기술의 개선 및 개발, 낚시인 낚시산업체 관련기관 등 다양한 주체들에 대한 교육시간 의무화, 낚시관련 산업 육성을 위한 낚시 관리 및 육성법의 구체적인 방안 제시와 같은 매커 니즘을 보완하는 전략을 마련해야 한다.

본 논문은 토니 모리슨이 자신의 문학을 포함해서 흑인 문학에 가장 중요한 기독교 정신이라고 본 희생양의 고통과 승리라는 점에 초점을 맞추어 모리슨의 세 번째 소설 􋺷솔로몬의 노래􋺸를 조명하고자 한다. 이를 위해 기독교적 관점에 서 희생양 메커니즘과 그 극복을 연구한 대표적인 학자인 르네 지라르와 현대 미국사에서 주요 희생양이었던 흑인들의 시민권 운동 시기 비폭력 저항 정신과 의 공통점을 통해 지라르의 연구가 가질 수 있는 탈역사성을 극복하고 모리슨 작품을 흑인 현대사의 맥락 속에 위치시키고자 한다. 􋺷솔로몬의 노래􋺸에서 모리슨은 폭력과 배제를 겪지만, 가해자들까지도 이해 하며 사랑으로 폭력에 비폭력으로 자신을 내어주는 그리스도적인 희생양의 면 모를 가진 인물을 창조한다. 이 소설의 등장인물 중 파일럿과 밀크맨에게는 신 으로서 인간의 희생 제의적 과정에 자기 자신을 ‘내어주어’, 인간의 죄를 감당 한 예수 그리스도의 이미지가 강하게 투영되어 있다. 특히 파일럿의 자기 희생 적 죽음은, 기타에 대한 밀크맨의 복수가 아니라 기타를 자신의 형제로 보고, 그 를 향해 날아가는 ‘타자를 향한’ 비상을 가능케 만든다는 점에서, 희생양 만들 기의 폭력을 종식시킨다고 볼 수 있다.

By the time the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) entered into force, there had been numerous bilateral and multilateral agreements between the parties regarding its rules on dispute settlement. However, the WTO dispute settlement system currently remains the most requested. The present article provides a comparative analysis of the procedures of dispute settlement under the CPTPP, the WTO DSU, and some RTAs. Among the novelties of the CPTPP mechanism compared to the WTO DSU are that it extends its scope to measures not yet introduced, offers more transparency, including the use of electronic means of communication, simplifies access for third parties, and provides financial compensation as a temporary remedy. Although the authors conclude that many of the CPTPP provisions repeat those of the WTO DSU and other RTAs between the CPTPP partners, there may be a desire to test the CPTPP mechanism in practice due to crises of the WTO Appellate Body.

In China, all dispute resolution mechanisms have introduced online dispute resolution (ODR) system into their operations. To address this situation, this article suggests the principle of due process should include the limitations of Internet-based dispute resolution attempts and the impact of technologies should be taken seriously. The first part of this paper introduces the development of ODR in China. The second part identifies the major areas in which the due process should be secured. The third part focuses on new technologies and its relationship with ODR and among others, electronic evidence and artificial intelligence are discussed. This article concludes that we first need to consider the rapid development of ODR, while the settled procedural principles regarding due process and neutrality should still be the primary task of civil justice and Alternative Dispute Resolution.

To improve the pyrolytic carbon (PyC) deposition rate of Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composites prepared by the traditional chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) method, the 3D Ni/wood-carbon (3D Ni/C) catalyst was introduced into the CVI process. The effects of catalyst on the density of C/C composites were studied, and the deposition rate and morphologies of PyC were investigated after catalytic CVI. The morphologies of catalyst and PyC were characterized by scanning electron microscope and polarized light microscopy. The catalytic deposition mechanism of PyC was studied by density functional theory. The experimental results show that the initial carbon deposition efficiency of the catalytic pyrolysis process was 3–4 times that of the noncatalytic process. The catalyst reduced the energy barrier in the first step of deposition reaction from 382.55 to 171.67 kJ/mol according to simulation results. The pyrolysis reaction energy with Ni catalyst is reduced by 54% than that without the catalyst.

The phenomena of single-layer graphene resonant photoluminescence and Raman radiation are discussed taking into account the photo-generated electron–hole Coulomb interaction. On the base of general principles of a many-particle interactions and the interband resonance optical transitions a photon radiation new mechanism (Coulomb mechanism) is proposed. Through Stokes 2D’-mode particular case analysis has shown that the graphene photoluminescence and the resonant Raman radiation are characterized by the same frequency shifts. Probabilities of resonance photo-radiation processes have been presented where the electron–hole Coulomb attraction has been taken into account. The probabilities are the same fourth-order small values. The weak photo-radiation Coulomb mechanism has a common character. It is applicable to both zero and nonzero band gap crystals.

In this study, we verify the stability of the operation of mechanical dust remover by conducting the development of a rack-type operating structure and mechanism. This led to the development of a new type of mechanical dust remover, which resulted in the following conclusions. The optimum design was established for the specifications and shapes of the main structural and power transfer components according to the required capabilities of the mechanical dust remover. The power transmission structure of the worm gear and the spur gear corresponding to the rack bar gear box was determined to fit the lift structure, which is a combination of rack sprockets. When the rack bar is elongated, it develops a rack-type operating structure that enables smooth descent by allowing it to form a gap between the rake and the screen. And the mechanism was verified by calculating the stresses on the sprocket entering the rack box.

There are many changes appeared with the Chinese degree adverbs as languages evolve over time, such as the emerging degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’ and the phrase structures like ‘巨多’, ‘巨好’, ‘巨痛’ are used in our daily communication commonly. This article discussed about the evolution mechanism of the Chinese emerging degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’s meaning in perspective of cognitive linguistics. First, we focused on the prototype meaning of ‘ju(巨)’ which is a adjective and the existing meaning of ‘ju(巨)’ which is used as a degree adverb. Second, we compared the image schema of the adjective ‘ju(巨)’ with the image schema of the degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’ and managed to find the differences between them. Then we studied the evolution mechanism of the degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’s meaning that is metaphor and made ‘ju(巨)’s metaphor mapping model. Third, we chose ‘巨多’, ‘巨好’ and ‘巨痛’ as examples by corpus-based study and used the conceptual blending theory to compared the conceptual blending spaces of them. Lastly, we found a general rule that can have reference significance to the study about the evolution of the other emerging degree adverbs, such as ‘狂’, ‘神’and so on. 저 자

As the use of capacitors in electrical appliances and electrical control circuits increases, the related electrical fire is increasing. There are various parts such as resistors, coils, and capacitors that make up an electric circuit. Among them, the ignition of a capacitor with a temporary charging function is closely related to the structural characteristics of the capacitor. Capacitors can explode due to various reasons, and the high heat generated when they explode ignites the inflammable dielectric, which in turn burns the inflammable materials such as the surrounding electric wires and spreads into a fire. In this paper, the ignition mechanism is studied by conducting a reenactment experiment on the various probabilities that can be ignited in an electric capacitor, and the prevention measures to be applied to the fire prevention are presented.

Hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs) have been successfully prepared by a facile carbonization and subsequent CO2 activation process using corncob as a natural carbon precursor and Mg(C2H3O2)2 as a MgO nano-template precursor. The prepared corncob-based hierarchical porous carbons (C-HPCs) with desirable micropores and mesopores feature the excellent absorbency of gas (i.e., CO2 and CH4) and solution (i.e., methylene blue (MB)). Increasing the ratio of Mg(C2H3O2)2/corncob enlarged the specific surface area up to 1004 m2/ g, micropore and mesopore volumes, CO2, CH4, and MB adsorption capacities (112, 31 and 230 mg/g after 325 min, respectively). The results indicated that the pore structures of C-HPCs can be easily and suitably controlled by the amount of the template precursor and CO2 activation effecting concurrently, which leads to fascinating adsorption capacity for CO2, CH4, and MB.

Ti-Al-Si target and Cr-Si target are sputtered alternately to develop a multi-layered nitride coating on a steel mold to improve die-casting lifetime. Prior to the multi-layer deposition, a CrN layer is developed as a buffer layer on the mold to suppress the diffusion of reactive elements and enhance the cohesive strength of the multi-layer deposition. Approximately 50 nm CrSiN and TiAlSiN layers are deposited layer by layer, and form about three μm-thickness of multi-layered coating. From the observation of the uncoated and coated steel molds after the acceleration experiment of liquid metal injection casting, the uncoated mold is severely eroded by the adhesion of molten metallic glass. On the other hand, the multi-layer coating on the mold prevents element diffusion from the metallic glass and mold erosion during the experiment. The multi-layer structure of the coating transforms the nano-composite structured coating during the acceleration test. Since the nano-composite structure disrupts element diffusion to molten metallic glass, despite microstructure changes, the coating is not eroded by the 1,050 oC molten metallic glass.