This study was performed out to investigate the influence of the mixed application of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) on the growth characteristics, dry matter yield, amino acids, minerals, and free sugars in cultivating silage corn on paddy soils. The field experiment was designed in a randomized block design of 3 repetitions with CF 100% treatment (C), CF 70% + LSM 30% treatment (T1), CF 50% + LSM 50% treatment (T2), CF 30% + LSM 70% treatment (T3), and LSM 100% treatment (T4). At this time, the application of LSM was based solely on the nitrogen. Ear length, ear circle, stem diameter, and stem hardness of the silage corn did not show significant differences between treatments. Fresh yield, dry matter yield and TDN yield were highest in T3, whereas the lowest in C treatment (p<0.05). Crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash content were significantly higher in T1, C, and T4 treatment, respectively (p<0.05). However, NDF, ADF and crude fiber content did not show significant difference between treatments. The total mineral content decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. Total composition amino acid content was higher in the order of T1 > T2 > C > T4 > T3 treatment (p<0.05). Free sugar content was higher in the order of T1 > T3 > T4 > T2 > C treatment (p<0.05). Based on the above results, suggests that the mixed application of chemical fertilizer 30 50% and LSM 50~70% (T2 and T3) is the most effective, considering the yield performance and the content of sugar degree and free sugar affecting silage.

This study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary anthocyanin fortified barley (AFB) or whole crop barley (WCB) on growing performance, meat quality and blood properties in swine at late fattening phase. Swine performance was not significantly differed (p>0.05) but average daily gain and average daily feed intake tended to increase in treatments. Meat quality parameters including pH, cooking loss, shear force and meat surface color were not influenced by the addition of barley in diet. However, DPPH content of longgissmus dorsi muscle was significantly increased in WCB10 compared to control, AFB5 and WCB5 (p<0.05). FRAP content of longgissmus dorsi muslce was higher in WCB5 than the AFB (p<0.05), thereby, a tendency in FRAP was not similar to that of DPPH. Only myristic acid (C14:0) was affected, and the lowest myristic acid was found when AFB was supplied to swine. A tendency was not determined in total protein and HDL-cholesterol content, however, control, WCB10 and AFB5 had high in total protein and showed significantly low values in HDL-cholesterol. Therefore, the results indicate that barley can be considered as an ingredient in swine diet, but further investigation is necessary.

중산간지 휴경답에서 돈분액비를 이용한 다년생 목초 재배 시험을 수행하였다. 장소는 충남 금산이며 처리는 화학비료를 이용한 톨 페스큐 위주 혼파조합(대조구)과 돈분액비를 시용한 톨 페스큐(Fawn) 단파구, 페레니얼 라이그라스(Reveille) 단파구, 톨 페스큐 위주 혼파조합(톨 페스큐 16, 오차드그라스 6, 페레니얼라이그라스 4, 켄터키블루그라스 2, 화이트클로버 2 (kg/ha), 극만생 이탈리안 라이그라스(Ace), 레드클로버(Kenland) 단파구 및 리드 카나리그라스(Venture) 단파구를 두었다. 건물수량 및 목초율은 톨 페스큐 단파구, 톨 페스큐위주 혼파구, 리드 카나리그라스가 우수하여이 초종과 혼파 조합이 중산간지 휴경답에서돈분액비를 이용하여 초지를 조성 이용할 경우유리한 것으로 판명되었다. 또한 이 처리구의ha당 건물생산성은 14.5톤 이상으로 중산간지휴경답이 목초 재배에 매우 유리함을 입증하고있다. 또한 다년생 목초의 도입으로 매년 경운파종이 반복되는 번거로움을 생략할 수 있는유리함도 있다. 또한 사료가치와 기호성이 높은 레드클로버나 페레니얼 라이그라스는 영속성이 낮으나 보파 등 관리방법의 개선을 통해이용이 가능할 수 있을 것이다. 이와 같이 중산간지 휴경답에 적합한 초종이나 혼파조합을이용하면 생력적으로 사료가치와 기호성이 높은 양질목초의 고위 생산성을 달성할 수 있음이 입증되었다.

Swine manure discharged from pigery emits various odorous compounds. The most common method to reduce such odors is adding feed additives to swine feeds. However, whether the effects of such methods are truly effective are controversial. This research contrasts the aldehyde compound emission characteristics and removal effects from a treatment group, which were given feeds added with feed additives, to a control group, which were given feeds without feed additives. Sixty swine of age 26~28 days were evenly divided into six sections within an incubator type pigsty - each section contained ten weaners. Five types of feed additives, either currently in the market or in development were supplied. Gases sampled from the headspace in the odor producing reactor were analyzed by GC. Major malodorous compounds were estimated by the concentrations and threshold values from the detected components. Since 95.3% of the odor comes from isobutyraldehyde out of six types of aldehyde compounds (acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, i-valeraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde), it can be regarded as the most critical compound contributing to pigsty odor. Aldehyde compounds showed statistically significant correlation with elimination of sulfide compounds and trimethylamine

본 연구의 목적은 강제환기가 적용되는 슬러리 돈사를 대상으로 돼지 생육 단계별 돈방 유형 측면과 계절적 조건에 따른 암모니아와 황화수소의 실내 농도를 측정 분석하여 정량화하는 데 있다. 임신/분만 돈방의 경우 봄철은 5.60(±2.48) ppm과 178.4(±204.8) ppb, 여름철은 2.51(±3.08) ppm과 86.6(±112.5) ppb, 가을철은 4.96(±2.84) ppm과 182.3(±242.6) ppb, 겨울철은 6.82(±3.42) ppm과 206.3(±356.8) ppb로, 자돈방의 경우 봄철은 7.18(±3.26) ppm과 486.0(±190.2) ppb, 여름철은 4.23(±2.95) ppm과 206.4(±186.9) ppb, 가을철은 7.02(±2.65) ppm과 465.4(±156.8) ppb, 겨울철 은 9.25(±3.68) ppm과 618.4(±298.3) ppb로, 육성/비육 돈방의 경우 봄철은 9.26(±3.02) ppm과 604.4(±186.8) ppb, 여름철은 6.78(±3.88) ppm과 312.5(±215.4) ppb, 가을철은 9.34(±2.14) ppm과 578.2(±248.1) ppb, 겨울철은 14.65(±3.15) ppm과 825.3(±316.9) ppb로 분석되었다. 측정 결과 암모니아와 황화수소 모두 돼지 생육 단계별 돈사 유형 측면에서는 육성/비육 돈사>자돈사>임신/분만 돈사의 순서로 나타났고(p<0.05), 계절적 측면에서는 겨울>봄>가을>여름 순서로 조사되었으나 봄철과 가을철 데이터 간의 차이는 통계적으로 입증되지 않았다(p>0.05).

A rapid, simple and reliable LC-MS/MS method, which can be used on a routine basis, was developed for the simultaneous detection of 8 penicillin antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin-G, penicillin-V, oxacillin, cloxacillin, nafcillin and dicloxacillin) in swine muscle and kidney. The antibiotics were extracted from samples with water and methanol. The extract was centrifuged, filtered and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS), using a C18 reversed phase column with water/acetonitrile gradient containing 0.05 % formic acid. Mass spectral acquisition was achieved in an electrospray positive ion mode by applying multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of 2 fragment ion transitions to provide a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. The ion rations were consistent and could be used for confirmation of identity of the penicillin antibiotics. Recoveries of eight penicillins at three fortification levels (10, 20 and 40㎍/㎏) ranged from 79.8 to 102.4% and 72.8 to 103.4% in swine muscle and kidney, respectively. The coefficient of variation was than 9% in all samples. The estimated limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 1.0 to 3.2㎍/㎏ in swine muscle and kidney, respectively. The LOQs of this method are below the MRLs of penicillin antibiotics in animal tissues established in Korea and other countries.

This survey was conducted to investigate the current status of swine artificial insemination(AI) centers registered as 'semen processing business' in Korea. The survey responses were collected by direct visitation or telephone conversation for 5 months from May through September in 2008. The survey showed that sixty-four AI centers were enrolled in local government and those of fifty-two AI centers were under operation. Forty-nine AI centers surveyed owned a total of 3,334 boars and the Duroc breed accounted for the highest rate(73.1%) of all boar breeds. In type of ownership, agricultural management corporations was the highest(42.3%) and followed by private ownership (34.6%). Large-scale AI centers in terms of own over 151 boar were surveyed as 5.9% and most AI centers own less than 100 boars(86.5%). The average number of boars per AI center was 68. The amount of liquid semen provided by 52 AI centers were 1,791,000 doses and each AI center provides average of 39,000 does, which is represented for 90% consumption by sows in Korea.

본 연구는 간척지에서 여름철 대표 사료작물인 수수수수 교잡종의 생산성 및 토양의 물리화학적 성질의 변화를 조사하기 위해서 석문 간척지에서 2년 동안 수행하였다. 간척지에서 수수수수 교잡종의 생산성은 돈분액비구와 화학비료구가 돈분 SCB 액비구보다 높은 수량을 보였으나 통계적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 그리고 사료가치는 화학비료구, 돈분액비, 돈분SCB 액비의 시용구간에 비슷한 수준을 보였다. 토양중 전질소 함량은 돈분액비 시용에 의한 변화가 관찰되지 않았

The silkworm-baculovirus expression system has distinct advantages, such as a high yield and safe usage in vertebrates. Here, we report a novel strategy for the large-scale production of a classical swine fever virus (CSFV) envelope glycoprotein E2 in the larvae of a baculovirus-infected silkworm, Bombyx mori. We constructed a recombinant B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) that expressed recombinant polyhedra together with the N-terminal 179 amino acids of CSFV E2 (E2ΔC). BmNPV-E2ΔC-infected silkworm larvae expressed native polyhedrin and approximately 44-kDa fusion protein that was detected using both anti-polyhedrin and anti-CSFV E2 antibodies. Electron and confocal microscopy both demonstrated that the recombinant polyhedra contained both the fusion protein and native polyhedrin were morphologically normal and contained CSFV E2ΔC. The CSFV E2ΔC antigen produced in BmNPV-E2ΔC-infected silkworm larvae reached 0.68 mg per ml of hemolymph and 0.53 mg per larva at 6 days post-infection. Six-week-old female BALB/c mice that were immunized with the E2ΔC protein purified from solubilized recombinant polyhedraelicited CSFV E2 antibodies, which indicated that the CSFV E2ΔC protein from recombinant polyhedra was immunogenic. The virus neutralization test showed that the serum from mice that were treated with E2ΔC protein from recombinant polyhedra contained significant levels of virus neutralization activity. These results demonstrate that the present strategy can be used for the large-scale production of CSFV E2 antigen.

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of disqualified boars tested on performance at the Second Korea Swine Testing Station from 2007 to 2009. Data used in this study were 6,758 records of Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire breeding stocks which were registered in the herd book of the Korea Animal Improvement Association. Duroc breeding stocks tested performance were vastly outnumbered by Landrace and Yorkshire breeding stocks tested on performance. In disqualifying boars tested on performance, the Yorkshire was the most breeding stock. In the disqualifying factor in 2007, the shortage of index was the most factor. And the most of the disqualifying factors in 2008 and 2009 was the excess of daily age as reaching with 90㎏ body weight.

본 연구에 이용한 재료는 2001년부터 2008년까지 한국 종돈장에서 농장검정된 Yorkshire종, Landrace종 의 암컷 48,101두의 자료를 이용하였다. 일반성분 분석은 품종별, 산차별, 년도별, 계절별 및 농장별로 분석하 였고, 각 성장형질별 1산차 산자수 분석은 48,101두의 자료를 이용하여 성장형질 그룹별로 분석하였다. 일반 성분 분석에서 품종의 정육율 (p<0.05)을 제외한 부분에서 고도의 유의성(p<0.01)을 나타내었다. 일당증체량 에서는 Landrace종 (640.48±0.749 g)이 Yorkshire종 (624.22±0.608 g)보다 우수하였으며, 등지방 두께 에서는 Yorkshire종 (13.44±0.030 ㎜)이 Landrace종 (12.50±0.037 ㎜)보다 두껍게 나타났다. 각 품종에 대한 성장형질별 1산차 산자수 와 사산두수에서 Yorkshire종은 종료일령 161~165일령그룹을 기 점으로 산자수가 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 일당증체량 620~640 g그룹과 등지방두께 13~14 ㎜그룹에서 산 자수가 가장 많이 나타났다. Landrace종의 경우 일당증체량그룹에서 일당증체량이 증가할수록 산자수와 사 산두수가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 등지방두께그룹에서 11 ㎜미만 구간에서 산자수가 가장 많았고, 등지방두 께가 증가할수록 산자수는 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

Five different enrichment methods were studied to find an optimal method to recover Yersinia enterocolitica from swine feed samples. When the recovery of Y. enterocolitica GER-C (serotype O:3) strain was studied at 1000 CFU/g feed, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) enrichment at 4℃ and PBS plus sorbitol and bile salts (PSB)enrichment at 4℃ and 21℃ were not effective (< 22%). In contrast, both irgasan-ticarcillin-potassium chlorate (ITC)and tryptic soy broth plus polymyxin B sulfate and novobiocin (TSBPN) enrichment methods showed a full recovery (100%) at 100-1000 CFU/g feed. At 10 CFU/g feed, both ITC and TSBPN methods still recovered the strain (> 50%). In recovery of ATCC 9610 (serotype O:8) strain, TSBPN method was more sensitive than any other methods (P < 0.05) at 1000 CFU/g feed. Using TSBPN method, the strain was still recovered at 100 CFU/g feed, but not at 10CFU/g feed. With its sensitivity and relatively simple recipe, TSBPN was most desirable method to recover Y. enterocolitica from swine feed samples.

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) envelope glycoprotein E2 is the main target for inducing neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity in swine. Here, we report a novel strategy forthe large-scale production of a CSFV E2 subunit vaccine that demonstrates a high immunogenic capability in the larvae of a baculovirus-infected silkworm, Bombyx mori. We constructed a recombinant B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) that expressed recombinant polyhedra together with the N-terminal 179 amino acids of CSFV E2 (CSFV E2ΔC). BmNPV-E2ΔC-infected silkworm larvae expressed an approximately 44-kDa fusion protein that was detected using both anti-polyhedrin and anti-CSFV E2 antibodies. Electron and confocal microscopy both demonstrated that the recombinant polyhedra were morphologically normal and contained CSFV E2ΔC. The CSFV E2ΔC antigen produced in BmNPV-E2ΔC-infected silkworm larvae reached 0.68 mg per ml of hemolymph and 0.53 mg per larva at 6 days post-infection. Mice that were immunized with the granule form of recombinant polyhedra or the soluble form of the fusion protein elicited CSFV E2 antibodies, which indicated that the recombinant polyhedra carrying CSFV E2ΔC were immunogenic. The virus neutralization test showed that the serum from mice that were treated with recombinant polyhedra or the soluble form of the fusion protein contained significant levels of virus neutralization activity. These results demonstrate that the present strategy can be used for the large-scale production of CSFV E2 antigen and that the recombinant polyhedra containing CSFV E2ΔC as a granule antigen can be used as a potential subunit vaccine against CSFV.

Early diagnoses of pregnancy for animal such as swine and bovine is extremely important to increase income of a farmhouse and for the management of farm. For the development of immunoasaay system of pregnancy in swine, we report a competitive heterologous enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the direct measurement of oestrone sulfate (E1S) in diluted urine using anti-E1G (glucuronide) monoclonal antibody which cross react with E1S. The principle of assay was based on the typical solid-phase competitive ELISA methods using E1G-HRP (horseradish peroxidase) as a tracer and E1S for standard. The method had a reasonable sensitivity for the detection of E1S with 0.15 ng/ml as a detection limit. The intra-assay and inter-assay precisions were raging coefficient of from 8.50～9.67% and 8.50～9.87%, respectively, which were quite acceptable. In a field trial with a group 37 sows (18 non-pregnancy and 19 pregnancy sows) after day 29～30 post service, the concentration of E1S were determined to be below 30 ng/ml in all non-pregnancy group and over 48 ng/ml in pregnancy group except one sample. The method described here, heterologous ELISA for the measurement of E1S in urine is good enough for monitoring the early pregnancy test of swine.

본 연구는 높은 섬유소 분해력을 검증 받은 Aspergillus niger (KCCM 60357)와 Bacillus licheniformis (KCCM 40934)를 단독 및 혼합 배양한 미생물제제로 양돈용 청보리 발효사료를 제조하였을 때 사료 성상변화, in vitro 대장발효 및 전장소화율에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 실험 설계는 건조 청보리 (control), A. niger (control + A. niger), B. licheniformis (

본 연구는 돈분의 발효 형태에 따른 추가적인 화학비료가 옥수수의 생산성과 이에 의한 환경오염에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구로서 lysimeter에서 옥수수에 대한 톱밥발효돈분, 팽연왕겨발효돈분 및 액상발효돈분 단독시용 및 추가적인 요소의 시용수준에 따라 -N -N 및 -P 용탈에 의한 환경오염에 미치는 영향을 정확히 규명하여 가축분뇨의 자원화는 물론 가축분뇨에 의한 환경오염 방지대책 수립을 하고자 수행하였다. 톱밥발효돈분, 팽연왕겨발효돈분 및 액상발효돈분에

본 연구에서는 2000년부터 2008년 사이에 출생한 Duroc종, Landrace종 및 Yorkshire종 종돈의 총 31,455 두의 농장검정 자료를 이용하여 다형질 동물 모형과 다변량 모체효과 모형에 의한 돼지 경제형질의 유 전적 분산성분을 추정하였다. 품종별 조사된 각 형질에 있어서 다변량 모체효과 모형을 이용하여 추정된 상가적 효과에 의한 유전력이 모체효과에 의한 유전력보다 모두 높게 나타났으며, 다형질 동물 모형에서 상가적 효과만 고려했을 때의 유전력이 다변량 모체효과 모형에서 추정된 상가적 효과의 의한 유전력보 다 대부분 높게 추정되었다. 다변량 모체효과 모형을 이용하여 추정된 모체효과에 의한 육종가와 표현형 가와의 상관관계에 있어서 대부분 낮은 정(+)의 상관이거나 강한 부(-)의 상관관계를 보여 품종별 각 형 질에 있어서 모체효과를 적절히 고려하여 육종가와 표현형의 상관관계를 높인다면 보다 나은 개량을 도 모 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.