We reviewed the Korean species belonging to the genus Hemicrepidius. Of the previously recorded five species, the specimens known as H. (s. str.) secessus secessus (Candèze, 1873) are confirmed as the misidentification of H. oblongus (Solsky, 1870). The status of H. (s. str.) secessus hallaensis Kishii 2002 is suggested to be raised to species level. We also propose three new species, H. (s. str.) sp1 nov., H. (s. str.) sp2 nov., H. (Miwacrepidius) sp1 nov. from Korea. In Hemicrepidius sensu strito, molecular approaches based on the species recognized from Korea, Russia, and Japan using COI and 16S rRNA genes strongly support that all Korean species and the Russian specimens of H. oblongus are clustered into a monophyletic group, whereas Japanese species might be early and independently divided from the former.

The first record of the subfamily Tortricinae from North Korea was reported by Zhu (1969), comprising 17 species. Later Park and Byun (1991) added 11 species of the subfamily. And Park and Razowski (1991) added 16 species of the tribe Tortricini. Jaros et al. (1992) reported 11 species of Tortricinae from North Korea, based on the material Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic(CAS). Byun et al. (1998) enumerated 350 species of Korean Tortricidae, citing 63 species of Tortricinae and 40 species of Olethreutinae from North Korea. Later Razowski (1999) provided a list of Korean Tortricidae with 176 of North Korea. Despite these studies, much of the North Korean Tortricidae deposited in the HNHM remained unstudied. Recently the first author examined the totricid material in the HNHM and reported 7 newly recorded species from North Korea (Byun et al., 2007). In the present study, we provide the faunistic information for ten species of Tortricinae, including their localities. This study was carried out under the support of Korea National Arboretum and Korea Forestry Research Institute.

 ,  , Pseudanostirus ecarinatus (Stepanov, 1930) is recognized for the first time in Korea. A redescription and illustrations of the species are presented based on a single male specimen collected from Mt. Bangtae Gangwon-do. We also provide diagnostic characteristics of the genus, which clearly separate it from other closely related genera, Calambus Thomson, 1859 and Anostrius Thomson, 1859.

In the present study, a phylogenetic analysis was undertaken based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and partial β-tubulin gene sequence of the Ganoderma species. The size of the ITS rDNA regions from different Ganoderma species varied from 625 to 673 bp, and those of the partial β-tubulin gene sequence were 419 bp. Based on the results, a phylogenetic tree was prepared which revealed that Korean Ganoderma lucidum strains belong in a single group along with a G. lucidum strain from Bangladesh.

We reviewed the Korean species belonging to the Tribe Dendometrini. Of the previously recorded five species in Korea, Athousius humeralis (Miwa, 1927) and Limoniscus rufipennis (Lewis, 1894) are confirmed as the misidentification of Ampedus basalis (Mennerheim, 1852) and Corymbitodes sp., respectively. It is suggested to exclude these species in the Korean fauna. In addition, the records of Limonius eximius (Lewis, 1874) and Limoniscus vittatus (Candèze, 1873) are also questionable since no specimens available in this study. We actually examined three species throughout this study. Limoniscus kraatzi ((Candèze, 1879) is recognized as the mostly abundant species in the Korean fauna. A new species, Cidnopus nigronitidus sp. nov. and a new record of Limoius scutellaris (Dolin, 2003) comb. nov. are recognized in Korea.

In the process of revising the tachinid subgenus Linnaemya Robineau-Desvoidy of South Korea, three species are recognized as new to the country: Linnaemya pallidohirta Chao, L. scutellaris (Malloch) and L. lateralis (Townsend). They belong to the oralis species group of the subgenus. L. scutellaris (Malloch) and L. lateralis very closely resemble each other so that they need to be identified with caution. We here provide detailed redescriptions and illustrations with their diagnostic characters indicated.

In DNA barcoding, the DNA degradation of old museum specimens has been limited full-length (658bp) sequencing. The challenges associated with the retrieval and authentication of degraded DNA extracts from fossil and old museum specimens were principally limited to analyze the relatively short sequences (<300 bp). Furthermore, almost protocols in other to analyzed the degraded DNA contained the cloning process after PCR causing the time-consuming and the rising costs. To overcome these problematic circumstances, we tried a modified method to analyze full-length of DNA barcoding region in 30~60 year-old butterfly specimens (225 samples in 28 species), using direct sequencing after PCR with species-specific overlapping primer sets per each species. As a result, all of 28 species have been successfully analyzed, although 178 samples (79%) are completely generated barcoding sequences ranged from 640 to 658 bp and 47 samples (21%) are partially sequenced ranged from 100 to 500 bp. Thus, the result showed that the direct PCR sequencing using the overlapping primer sets per species appears to have great potential efficiency for analysis of degraded DNA without incorrect sequences.

A new genus, belonging to the tribe Hemicrepidini of subfamily Dendrometrinae, from Taiwan is established. The new genus is compared to their related eight genera occurring in Taiwan by cladistic analysis based on diagnostic characters used in generic level.

In a revision of four Eurydema speices recorded in Far East Asia, we confirm only two species, one of which consists of two subspecies: E. dominulus (Scopoli 1763) [=E. pulchra (Westwood 1837), syn. nov.], E. gebleri gebleri Kolenati 1846, and E. gebleri rugosa Motschulsky 1861 [stat. nov.]. In order to prove the above taxonomic changes, we compared three major characters; (1) the color patterns, (2) the mitochondrial COI (DNA barcoding) and (3) cross– breeding fertility (inter–specific copulation). Two subspecies, E. g. rugosa and E. g. gebleri, preserve their own unique coloration patterns, confirmed by the intra–subspecific copulation and breeding. Interestingly, the 1st progeny from the inter–subspecific copulation of E. g. rugosa♂ X E. g. gebleri♀ (or E. g. gebleri♂ X E. g. rugosa♀) take the coloration patterns inherited from E. g. gebleri.

In traditional taxonomy on the family Cantharidae, color pattern of the body and the structure of the male genitalia have been often used as diagnostic characters in identification of the specific level. However, these characters caused the difficulty in identifying the female in case a species was described only by male specimens or has the several color types among individuals. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the species reality of Asiopodabrus fragiliformis which was often difficult to be identified due to individual variation in color pattern and lack of information of female, through searching for new morphological diagnostic characters as well as DNA barcoding analysis, including their closely relative species from Russia and Japan. The results showed that A. fragiliformis was represented as three clusters strongly supported by high value of boots trap (>99%) and over 3% branch length. The pairwise distances between species of Asiopodabrus were detected larger, ranged from 3.4–9.5%, than the intragroup distance ranged from 0–2.9% indicating presence of a barcoding gap. And then, the three clusters were respectively determined as A. fragiliformis, A. kurvatovi and a new species through the analysis of morphology and COI gene. Therefore, we suggest that the species delineation on polymorphic species and the female specimens of closely resembling species would be more exactly and effectively determined if DNA barcoding and the traditional taxonomy are used as complementary methods for identification.

In the process of revising the tachinid genus Linnaemya Robineau-Desvoidy in Korea, we have discovered two species for the first time in Korea. They closely resemble each other and need to be identified with caution. We here provide detailed redescriptions and illustrations with their diagnostic characters indicated. L. atriventris can be distinguished from L. hirtipennis by the combination of the following characteristics: 1) abdomen black in ground color; 2) wing vein R1 without setulose; 3) hypandrium without secondary posterior lobe; 4) male with antero-basal 1/3 of flagellomere I distinctly swollen; and 5) postgonite very weakly curved dorsally.

A Truncatipennes species, Pentagonica subcordicollis Bates is newly recorded in Korea. Here we provide a diagnosis and systematic accounts of P. subcordicollis. Consequently, a total of three species of Pentagonia have been recorded in the Korea, including the present species.

The genus Xorides is a large group xoridine genus was firstly described by Latreille in 1809 based on Ichneumon indicatorius. The world fauna of Xorides have comprised of 147 described species(Yu et al., 2005). Among them, 48 species have distributed in Eastern Palaearctic region(Yu et al., 2005) and only one species, Xorides jezoensis, was recorded from Korea (Uchida,1955). Most species are specialized parasitoids of eight coleopteran families (Anobiidae, Bostrichidae, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae, Melandryidae), three hymenopteran families, two lepidopteran families, one dipteran family(Yu et al., 2005). Also, emerge from larva as ectoparasitoids(Sharifi & Javadi, 1971) and idiobiont(Chrystal & Skinner, 1931). This genus is similar to genus Odotocolon but mandible without two teeth; female flagellomere curved with peg like setae. In this study, we found two newly recorded species, Xorides konumensis(Uchida, 1928) and Xorides sapporensis(Uchida, 1928) from Korea.

The genus Linnaemya Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae: Linnaemya) is one of the largest genera of the subfamily Tachininae including 149 recognized species worldwide. We reviewed Korean species of the subgenus Ophina belonging to the genus Linnaemya. As a result, we recognized three species, L.(Ophina) microchaetopsis Shima, L.(Ophina). picta (Meigen) and L.(Ophina) zachvatkini Zimin. Among them, the latter two species are reported for the first time from Korea. They belong to the haemorrhoidalis species group of the subgenus Ophina. We provide a generic key, descriptions and illustrations of the species.

The measurements of Ditylenchus acutus is similar to Fortuner & Maggenti’s 1987 D. acutus (Khan, 1965) except the body length was much longer (L=0.65-0.71 mm vs. L=0.39-0.50 mm) and body width was thinner (a=40-49.2 vs. a=22-28). In addition, Ditylenchus myceliophagus was recorded for the first time in Korea. Thus, both species were described in this paper.

Rotylenchus arsenjevi are reported for the first time in Korea. The Korean species differs slightly by having a hemispherical lip region and a slightly shorter tail than the original description (c=38.2-68.7 vs 36-41). Male was founded firstly from Korea and described. Geocenamus adakensis were collected a second time from Korea at a different locality and habitat. The measurements were compared with original description and the firstly collected specimen in Korea.

A total of six species in the subgenus Uroleucon (Uromelan) is revised from the Korean Peninsula. Uroleucon adenophora (Matsumura, 1918) is recognized for the first time in Korea, collected on the young upper stem of Adenophora sp. (Campanulaceae). It is described, illustrated, and measured for apterous viviparous females.

The subfamily Acaenitinae Föster, 1869 is a small-sized subfamily belonging to the family Ichneumonidae. Members of Acaenitinae distributes in Ethiopian, Oriental, and Palearctic Regions. Twenty six genera have been recorded in the World, and six genera are known from Korea. The biology of the Acaenitinae is not well known, however, some hosts are recorded from Cerambycidae in Coleoptera (Gardiner, 1960), Sesiidae and Tortricidae in Lepidoptera (Ulbricht, 1909; Starke, 1956). Generally female is easily distinguished from that of other subfamily of Ichneumonidae. They can be recognized by their very elongate subgenital plate, and by the auxiliary tooth on the tarsal claws. Male can be also easily recognized by the form of the claws and the facial shape. In this study, we found a newly recorded genus Yezoceryx, belonging to the Tribe Acaenitini, with two species in Korean fauna. Illustrated key of species and genera, diagnosis and photographs of each species are provieded.

The genus Promalctis Meyrick, 1908 is the largest genus of the family Oecophoridae, with more than 150 described species in the world (Wang et al., 2009; Du et al., 2009). The genus is mainly distributed in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, probably with the highest diversity in the South and East Asia. However it has been very poorly studied to date, with only with only 4 publications which were based on very limited collecting. In total, 76 were reported from China, which is more than half of the known species in the Palaearctic region(Wang, 2006; Du et al., 2009), 14 species known from Korea (Park & Park, 1998), 12 species from Japan (Fujusawa, 2002), 8 species from Russian Far East (Lvovsky, 1976, 1985, 1986), and 3 species from Nepal (Lvovsky, 2000a). In the Oriental region, since Meyrick (1908a, 1908b) described 14 species from India and Myanmar, Lvovsky (2000a, 2000b) described 25 additional species from the southern Asia, including the southern part of China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. In Vietnam, only 4 species, Promalactis albiapicalis Lvovsky 1997, P. buonluoi Lvovsky 1997, P. fansipanella Lvovsky 2007, and P. suzukiella (Matsumura 1931), have been described to date(Lvovsky, 1997, 2007a). The aim of this study is to describe six new species of Promalactis based on material mainly collected in the northern part of Vietnam. Adults, head parts, wing venations, and the male or female genitalia of the new species are illustrated.

A taxonomic review of the genus Atractomorpha Saussure in Korea is presented. Two species are identified, Atractomorpha lata (Motschulsky, 1866) and a new record A. sinensis Bolívar, 1905 which is reported from the far southern islands in Korea, Gageo-do and Jeju-do. A key, descriptions, habitus photographs of adults, and distributional information are provided.