Species identification, the process of finding the taxon to which a specimen belongs, is a difficult and frustrating task for most biologists but is absolutely fundamental to most biological research. However, proper species identification requires extensive knowledge on the particular taxon, thus can be problematic and confusing for non-professionals. To increase the accuracy of identification, computer-based interactive identification key has been widely used. In order to improve the identification process and promote effective utilization of Korean species, Korean Indigenous Interactive Key System (KIIS) was developed. Moreover, image-based online identification system was developed to broaden the range of users from non-experts to professionals. As the use of mobile device became significant in people’s lives, we further developed mobile web-based identification system.

The subfamily Cylloceriinae were recorded 33 species of three genera, Allomacrus Förster (five species), Cylloceria Schiødte (27 species) and Rossemia Humala (one species), worldwide. The genus Cylloceria can be recognized by following characters: head and face wider than high; anterior margin of clypeus impressed; basal flagellomeres strongly elongate; mesoscutum with distinct notauli; tarsal claw simple; ovipositor long, equal or longer than metasoma. In male of Cylloceria, 3rd and 4th antennal flagellomeres with tyloids of specific shape, which is semicircular emargination and rather deep and distinct. In this study, Korean species of the genus Cylloceria Schiødte are reviewed. Five species of Cylloceria and the subfamily Cylloceriinae are reported for the first time from South Korea, including one new species. Description with photographs of the new species, diagnoses, and a key to South Korean species of Cylloceria are provided.

Sustainable community development has become a cornerstone for the overall sustainability movement in the recent years. Island provinces, due to the unique make up of their communities can and should adopt sound community development process for sustaining their futures growth. Civic engagement and citizen input are crucial for planning sustainable growth of island communities. This is primarily due to the fact that most island communities are inundated with rapidly growing tourism industry that threatens to affect the future of their environmental assets, island cultures and living standards. The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of environmental governance and citizen participation for sustainable growth of island communities. In addition to discussing the importance of citizen participation in sustainable development of island communities, this article also provides a brief case study of Jeju island and its recent attempts to promote sustainability in the wake of rapidly growing tourist industry. Two emerging and important planning processes that can enhance sustainable community development of island provinces are also discussed with specific applications to Jeju

This study was carried out to analyze the difference of fish fauna, ecological indictor characteristics, biological status of other fish population and fish community structures between two groups of reservoir ecosystems along with invasion of introduced alien species, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), top carnivore in the lentic ecosystem. Six reservoirs (YdR, GcR, MsR, BgR, GpR, and YgR) were selected and divided as two groups; reservoirs non-invaded and invaded by M. salmoides were RNIv and RIv respectively. Total 28 species 11,519 individuals were sampled in RNIv whereas 19 species 1,925 individuals were sampled in RIv. While Korean endemic fish population dominates in RNIv, exotic fish species, especially M. salmoides population dominate in RIv. In the mean time, sensitive species and water-column species dominates in RNIv, while tolerant species and carnivore species dominate in RIv. The analysis of total-length size distribution showed some difference, particularly in special size group between RNIv and RIv. Also, the analysis of total fish biomass showed significant difference in accordance with largemouth inhabitation. According to the fish community analysis results, as M. salmoides proportion increased, species richness and diversity were decreased. Overall data suggests that the dominant distribution of largemouth bass may influence simplification of the fish fauna, species composition as well as community structure and affect the length distribution and biomass of other fish population negatively.

KaVA (KVN and VERA Array) is a new combined VLBI array composed of KVN (Korean VLBI Network) and VERA (VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry). Here, we report the following two issues. (1) We review the initial results of imaging observations of M87 at 23 GHz following Niinuma et al. (2014). The KaVA images reveal extended out ows including complex substructures such as knots and limb-brightening, in agreement with previous VLBI observations. KaVA achieves a high dynamic range of ~1000, more than three times better than that achieved by VERA alone. (2) Based on subsequent observations and discussions led by the KaVA AGN SubWorking Group, we set monitoring observations of Sgr A* and M87 as our Key Science Project (hereafter KSP) because of the closeness and largeness of their central super-massive black holes. The main science goals of the KSP are (i) testing the magnetically- driven-jet paradigm by mapping velocity fields of the M87 jet, and (ii) obtaining tight constraints on physical properties of the radio emitting region in Sgr A*. Towards KSP, we show the first preliminary images of M87 at 23 GHz and Sgr A* at 43 GHz with the bandwidth of 256 MHz.

많은 학자들이 편리한 동정을 위해 검색키를 사용해 왔다. 현재 사용되고 있는 검색키로는 전통적인 검색키와 대화형 검색키가 있다. 전통적인 검색키는 기본적으로 트리구조로, 두 가지 형질 중에 양자택일을 하여 순차적으로 형질을 선택해 가는 방법이다. 기존에 주로 사용되어 왔지만, 양자택일의 방식을 사용하기 때문에 형질선택에 있어서 제한을 받는 반면에, 대화형 검색키는 트리구조와 관계없이 어떠한 단계의 형질이든 바로 이용할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 이 대화형 검색키 구조를 응용하여, Pictorial Key를 추가한 이미지형 동정시스템을 개발하였다. 이미지형 동정시스템을 이용할 경우에, 복잡한 용어나 수식이 필요 없이, 이미지만을 이용한 직관적인 동정이 가능하기 때문에, 전문가가 아닌 비전문가나 일반인들도 사용할 수 있는 검색키 작성이 가능해진다. 이 방법을 통해서, 본 연구에서는 한국산 나비 200종에 대한 이미지형 동정시스템을 구축하여, 일반인들이 사용하기 편리한 동정시스템을 구축하였다.

This study has been performed to investigate on the spur gear with the spline key of heat treatment process analysis. The heat treatment process for gear has been widely used at the production of moving parts in order to improve its manufacture productivity. A driving spur gear is modeled with three dimensions for the heat treatment process. The variable conditions for the heat treatment analysis are the shape of gear tooth, the environmental heating temperature, heating time, cooling temperature and cooling. The analytical results of mechanical properties as micro structure and hardness are analyzed using the software. As the analysis result, the hardness value(HRC) becomes 20.2 of the inner part at gear body and of the surface part of gear tooth has shown the max. valve of HRC 47.5. The beinite structure forms up to 70%. This is because the cooling becomes slow at the center part than the end part. Therefore, it is estimated that the gear tooth have the high anti-wear property and the inner center part maintains the sufficient stiffness. These results can be utilized for the production of the driving gear by the heat treatment process as the fundamental information

Orussidae is a unique family belonging to the ‘Symphyta’, Hymenoptera. It is a small group of parasitoid sawflies, consisting of about 90 known extant species in 15 genera in the world. Most species of Orussidae are thermophilous and imagines are active during the hottest hours of the day. Therefore, orussids are rarely collected. They are known to be idiobiont ectoparasitoids of larvae of wood-boring beetles such as Buprestidae and Cerambycidae or Hymenoptera such as Siricidae and Xiphydriidae, although records of orussids parasitizing introduced siricids in New Zealand do not constitute a natural host relationship. Within the family, Orussus is the largest and most widely distributed genus. Currently, 28 valid species are recognized. Recently, Vilhelmsen et al. (2014) reported three new species of the genus Orussus from the Oriental region. Here we describe a new species, Orussus sp. nov., from South Korea and provide a revised key to the eastern Palaearctic species of Orussidae. Also, phylogenetic analyses place the new species basally in Orussus, together with other species from the Far East.

The alfalfa weevil is a destructive invasive pest of Chinese milk vetch, a main source of honey products. Because apiarists and farmers disfavor the use of insecticides, a specialist larval parasitoid wasp, Bathyplectes anurus, was introduced for biological control of the weevil. Although the introduced parasitoid initially had showed very low percentages of parasitism in early 1990’s, it gradually increased its parasitism and hence effectiveness of control. Finally, the parasitoid successfully suppresses the alfalfa weevil in 2000’s. Although this is a good example of successful biological control, one major question remains unanswered: why does the parasitoid expand and increase so slowly? Field and laboratory experiments show: (1) the parasitoid prefers alfalfa weevils on common vetch rather than those on Chinese milk vetch; (2) Chinese milk vetch fields (= rice paddies) are not the source of parasitoids, but weedy areas with common vetch plants around rice paddies are the main habitat of the parasitoid where it can successfully overwinter; (3) hunger level of adult parasitoids searching in Chinese milk vetch fields is much higher than that in common vetch fields; (4) common vetch plants have extra-floral nectary glands which are found to be a main sugar source for the introduced parasitoid; and the effectiveness of the parasitoid is rather low in areas where common vetch is rather rare. These results strongly indicate that the conservation of parasitoid habitats, in this case, weedy areas with common vetch, is a key factor affecting the success of biological control with B. anurus parasitoids. Thus, great care should be taken whether we can make the agro-environment suitable for natural enemies.

Despite an extensive liberalization of the Chinese economy, cultural differences between western countries and China still affect international business relations. This qualitative study reveals that German professionals encounter significant cultural resistance in Chinese business environments. The results emphasize relationship orientation is a core element for successful Sino-German communication.

Following more than thirty-five years of ten percent per annum growth, China is now the second largest economy in the world (Worldbank.org, 2014). Although some cooling has occurred in the past few years, China’s continued growth, expanding middle and upper classes, increasing tendency to follow the rule of law (accelerated by WTO entry in 2001), and a seemingly unlimited labor pool coupled with modest wages, have motivated entry by businesses from around the world. The result? China is an intensely competitive environment, with global companies battling each other for securing supply chain partners and/or developing Chinese domestic markets. And, the competitive battle is not just between global brands. Chinese companies, including State Owned Enterprises (SOEs), are intent on modernizing operations and changing business practices to be able to earn customer loyalty in both domestic and global markets.mostly focused on practices in North America and Europe. Meanwhile, KAM is on the rise in China, with Non-Chinese (WOFEs and JVs) and Chinese suppliers developing KAM platforms. KAM is a system of customer-driven resources dedicated to achieving profitable growth by providing special personnel and/or special activities to an organization’s most important customers (Homburg, Workman, & Jensen, 2000). Through KAM, there is the expectation that vendors benefit (Stevenson, 1981), enhancing profitability through appropriate resource commitments and effective value-based pricing (Ryals, 2006) and through greater switching costs to customers (Sengupta, Krapfel, & Pusateri, 1997). KAM is considered such a valued approach for serving key accounts that Friend and Johnson (2013) call it an “imperative for facilitating a firm’s long-term viability”.Over the past decade, we have interacted with hundreds of Chinese KAM personnel from non-Chinese wholly owned foreign enterprises (WOFEs), joint ventures (JVs) between Chinese and Western partners, and Chinese suppliers, discussing their KAM activities, along with their challenges a nd uncertainties in growing key account relationships. These KAM-involved companies range from component parts manufacturers, financial services providers, and pharmaceutical companies, among many more. In this rapidly evolving landscape, key accounts are located at each step of supply chains. For instance, in consumer markets Western retailers such as Walmart and Carrefour and Chinese retailers such as Bailian (Brilliance) Group in supermarkets and Gome in appliances are among the key accounts pursued by thousands of WOFE/JV and Chinese suppliers. In another instance, while WOFE/JV car manufacturers compete with Chinese car manufacturers such as SAIC Motor Corporation Limited, Chang’an Motors, FAW Group, and Dongfeng Motors, among others, to win the hearts and minds of consumers, nearly countless Chinese and non-Chinese suppliers compete for preferred status with each of these key accounts. The result of the intense competitive landscape across so many industries in China is that KAM is a lever embraced by both Chinese and non-Chinese suppliers.There are many reasons why Western-based KAM research cannot be presumed to apply to China. Among these, China’s market development path and scale, Chinese culture, and the Chinese state capitalism system create conditions that are distinctly China. By taking into account China differences, our major contribution is to introduce a KAM research agenda for China. A China-based KAM research agenda broadens the scope of analysis to one of the most compelling markets in the world. Guided by our knowledge of KAM literature, accompanied by extensive hands-on experience in China, we make propositions regarding conditions where WOFE and JV suppliers are at a competitive advantage or disadvantage relative to Chinese suppliers. We emphasize the role of guanxi relationships and how these relationships affect suppliers and key accounts behaviors including retention of key accounts, information sharing, and demands made by key accounts. We further propose that these relationships are affected by company-to-company matches/mis-matches. Finally, to fully understand the KAM landscape in China, we also encourage an expanded view of issues to include the effects on KAM of the ever-present Chinese government.

Learning-orientation and trustworthiness are two important components of corporate image in Asian societies. This paper examines consumers’ perceived learning-orientation and trustworthiness of retailers in Hong Kong with a survey of 909 respondents. The results of a structural equation model show that learning orientation and trustworthiness are two distinctive attributes of a positive corporate image. Advertising creativity correlates positively with building a learning-oriented corporate image, while advertising believability correlates positively with building a trustworthy corporate image. The two perceived corporate images in turn positively associate with brand awareness and purchase intention respectively. Corporates which are perceived as learning-oriented recorded higher awareness, while consumers reported that they are more likely to patronize in companies which they found trustworthy. In summary, this research demonstrates the influence of advertising and promotion strategies (i.e. creativity vs. believability) on the perception of corporate’s image, and subsequently, on brand persuasiveness (i.e. brand awareness and purchase intention).This research has both theoretical contributions and managerial implications. It contributes to the existing corporate image literature by establishing the antecedents and consequences of building a learning-oriented and trustworthy corporate image. The research also provides practical implications to marketers. Specifically, the findings suggest that if a company aims to enhance consumers’ awareness about its branding, more attention should be put on developing creative advertising so as to build a learning-oriented corporate image. Alternatively, if a company aims to increase consumers’ purchase intention, more effort should be put on developing advertising with high believability so as to build a trustworthy corporate image.

This study provides a dynamic perspective of new service development (NSD) project management by exploring the joint impact of project manager’s behavioural orientation, internal team dynamics and knowledge management strategies on NSD resource optimization and decision-making quality. A hierarchical research design is adopted with evidence drawn from both NSD managers and participants from several service sectors. Results illustrate the importance of internal marketing philosophy, personalization and codification strategy, team climate, role ambiguity and conflict resolution for the specific NSD outcomes.

Play is the basics of cognitive, physical, and emotional development of infants, and especially pretend play is very important in the aspect that it enhances imagination and expression of infants by drawing making up free imaginative story and physical expressions. On the other hand, on the effect of structural reality of toys used in pretend play on pretend play of infants, it is predominant that as the structure of the toy becomes higher, the pretend play is promoted. When it is connected to the environmental aspect of play of infants, it can be inferred that infants may be easily immersed in imaginative world using the fact that they are placed in play environment that provides detailed symbols about certain subjects. Also, as a technique to provide such environment, chroma key that realizes virtual learning environment may be used. Chroma key, one of image composition technologies, can be an effective means of enhancing curiosity, immersion, and expression skills of play activities by providing infants with realistic spatial background. Furthermore, sense of space is an essential basic ability to understand, interpret, and evaluate surrounding world, and virtual reality may help infants overcome physical and economic constraints of the existing child education institutes and raise their sense of space in safe environment. In addition, in order to use the chroma key technology effectively, it’s necessary to make infants understand about the chroma key and specialize teaching methods along with appropriate education plan.

본 연구는 한국근현대무용사의 서술에 있어서 무용구술채록문의 활용을 위한 색인어 목록을 개발하는데 목 적을 두었다. 이를 위해 ‘해방 이후 한국 근현대 무용교육 및 무용창작’을 주제로 하는 한국문화예술위원회 아르코예술정보관(現 한국문화예술위원회 예술자료원)의 2008년과 2009년 무용구술채록문 48편을 분석하였 다. 한국문화예술위원회 예술자료원의 무용채록문을 분석한 결과, 1945년 해방 직후로부터 한국무용의 형성기, 그리고 무용교육과 창작이 숙성되던 1980년대를 지나 2000년까지 한국의 근현대무용사 55년을 총망라 한 다양한 주제어가 제시되었다. ‘해방 이후 한국 근현대 무용교육 및 무용창작’의 무용구술채록문과 주제어들 은 한국근현대무용사의 자료 부족과 결락을 보완하고 다양한 관점에서 연구 주제를 제시해 줄 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 한국근현대무용사 서술의 특수성을 고려하여 무용구술채록문의 상세목록을 한국무용사의 맥락에서 분석하고 색인어를 3단계로 추출하고 이를 목록화하였다. 이에 따라 1차 단계에서 주요 색인어를 15가지 대 항목으로 분류하고, 2차 단계에서 대항목과 연관되는 주제어를 중항목으로 도합 36건을 추출하였다. 그리고 3차 단계에서는 각 주제어와 연관된 용어 1,977건을 소항목으로 도출하였다. 본 연구가 제시하는 ‘해방 이후 한국 근현대 무용교육 및 무용창작’의 무용구술채록문 색인어 목록은 미시적 관점에서 한국근현대무용사와 관 련된 정보를 효율적으로 검색할 수 있는 통로가 될 수 있다. 거시적 관점에서 이 목록은 한국근현대무용사에 관련된 연구, 교육, 문화콘텐츠 창작을 위한 데이터베이스의 구축을 위한 분류 기반이 될 수 있을 것이다.

이리응애 1 신종인 Typhlodromips geumgangensis n. sp. (금강이리응애)를 기재하였고, 1 한국 미기록종인 Typhlodromips paraki (Ehara, 1967) (명아주이리응애)를 한국산 표본으로 재 기재하였으며, 비단이리응애속의 종 검색표를 제시하였다.

Brucella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that have the ability to survive and multiply in professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and cause abortion in domestic animals and undulant fever in humans. Brucella species can survive in a variety of cells, including macrophages and their virulence and chronic infections are thought to be due to their ability to avoid the killing mechanisms within macrophages. Inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion has been proposed as a mechanism for intracellular survival of Brucella in professional and nonprofessional phagocytes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are part of a skillful system for detection of invasion by microbial pathogens. Recognition of microbial components by TLRs triggers signaling pathways that promote expression of genes and regulate innate immune responses. Recent studies for the interaction between TLRs-Brucella have indicated the importance of control of Brucella infection. Here, we review selected aspects of TLRs-Brucella interaction, which may be helpful to understanding the mechanism of Brucella pathogenesis.