Kombucha is a fermented tea manufactured by adding various microorganisms and sugars to brewed herb tea such as green tea and black tea. Its components and functions vary depending on ingredients, inoculated microorganism compositions, and fermentation conditions. Therefore, this study aims to examine which conditions affect kombucha properties and how these features are affected. Types of substrates, specifically plant-based foods, alter profiles of polyphenol, organic acids, carbohydrates, and protein amounts in kombucha. Long fermentation time raises polyphenol contents and high fermentation temperatures increase sourness in kombucha. Microbial composition of SCOBY, which is the symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast used to inoculate microorganisms, change the kombucha microbiome that contributes to the chemical composition and functions of kombucha. Several studies have discovered that kombucha has health beneficial functions such as antioxidant activity, hepatic protective effects, antimicrobial effects, anti-diabetic effects, anti-inflammatory effects, and cholesterol reducing effects. These findings indicate that kombucha has high potential as a health functional food. However, future studies are needed to further determine the relationship of manufacturing conditions and functional properties of kombucha.

This study reviewed the literature on the changes in Maekjeok, Seoryamyeok and Neobiani. Choi Nam-sun first mentioned the Maekjeok in「Maeilsinbo」 as a “Buyeo·Goguryeo” style meat roast in 1937. Maekjeok was assumed to be made of various kinds of meat, including wild boars, and it was seasoned and baked as a whole. Seoryamyeok is a royal food found in Uigwe of the Joseon Dynasty and meat that was also eaten in the private sector. In 1609, the ingredients for the dish were pork, but beef was later used. The recipe has been simplified since the 19th century. Neobiani is known as royal cuisine, but it does not appear in official records. The first known record thus far is ‘Neobiani’ in「Siuijeonseo」. On the other hand, ‘Neobuhalmi’ which was presumed to be the same food as ‘Neobiani’, was found in a「Dictionnaire Coreen- Francais」(1880). In addition, ‘Neobiani’ was found in「A Korean-English dictionary」(1897). From Maekjeok, followed by Seoryamyeok and Neobiani, Korean roasting meat culture has a common feature of roasting pre-sauced meat, and this trait has continued to bulgogi.

Brain abscesses caused by odontogenic infection are a rare and life-threatening condition. When dental patients show neurological symptoms such as decreased consciousness, a brain abscess should be considered as a possible diagnosis. We reported that a 65-year-old man visited the emergency room because of left facial edema, high fever, limitation of mouth opening and decreased consciousness. CT, bone scan, and microbiologic examination revealed that the brain abscess originated from left mandibular osteomyelitis with an apical lesion in tooth #36. It was hard to diagnose the location of odontogenic infection. Because there were no evidence of submandibular abscess which is a common path of mandibular posterior infection, early diagnosis was difficult. MRI and radiographs such as facial CT and brain CT revealed procedure that inflammatory findings progressed through the coronoid process, the temporal space, into the subdural space. We compared the present case to previous cases, articles published after the year 2000 in Korea and abroad were investigated. The patient was treated successfully with extraction of causative teeth, drainage surgery, intravenous antibiotics by collaboration between the department of oral maxillofacial surgery and neurosurgery. It is difficult to diagnose brain abscess because central nervous system can be infected by various pathway. As shown in this case, patients with a brain abscess caused by a dental infection should be diagnosed and treated with a multidisciplinary approach.

Squamous odontogenic tumor (SOT) is a relatively rare, benign, small (rarely > 1.5 cm in diameter), but locally infiltrative and occasionally aggressive odontogenic epithelial lesion that appears to have harmatomous and neoplastic characteristics [1]. SOT is often asymptomatic, although it can present with mildly painful gingival swelling or tooth mobility. Radiographically, SOT is usually visualized as an irregularly or triangularly shaped unilocular radiolucency associated with the lateral roots of teeth. We report a case of the squamous odontogenic tumor occurring in a 60-year-old female in the right posterior maxilla with unusual radiographic and clinical appearances.

Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, KFD) is a benign self-limiting lesion that can self-heal when no severe symptoms are present. KFD resembles tuberculous lymphadenitis and malignant lymphoma. Thus, early differential diagnosis will minimize unnecessary evaluation and treatment. Histological examination of a lymph node biopsy or fine needle aspiration could be a reliable method for KFD diagnosis. This study reports a case of histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis of the right cervical lymph node in a 52-year-old female patient. According to the fine needle aspiration biopsy result, the patient was diagnosed with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease and treated with prednisolone (15 mg/day). After treatment, there was no recurrence or adverse event.

본 연구는 지난 50년간 (1969~2018년) 우리나라 연안 - 하구에서 수행된 어류먹이원 분석과 관련된 논문을 수집하여 현황을 파악하였다. 확인된 연구논문은 총 101편 이었으며, 이 중 국내 학회지에 발표된 논문은 81편, 보고서는 6편 그리고 국제 학회지에 발표된 논문은 14편 이었다. 발표된 연구 논문을 10년 단위로 나누어 보면, 1990~1999년에 21편 (19.4%; 2.1편±3.0/년 [평균±표준 편차]), 2000~2009년에 26편 (24.1%; 2.6편±2.3/년) 이후 크게 증가하여 2010~2018년에는 52편 (48.1%; 5.8편±2.3/ 년)의 논문이 출판되었다. 국내 연안 - 하구에서 어류먹이원 분석을 수행한 조사수역의 해역을 방위 (남해, 남 - 동해, 동해, 서해)로 나누어보면, 남해에서 65편 (69.1%)으로 가장 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 그 뒤를 동해가 13편 (13.8%), 서해와 남 - 동해에서 각각 8편씩 (8.5%) 연구가 수행되었다. 조사 지역의 분포를 보면 광양만에서 18편 (24.3%)으로 가장 많은 연구가 수행되었으며, 가덕도에서 8편 (10.8%)으로 그 뒤를 이었다. 출간된 논문의 방법론적 특성을 보면, 먹이원 중요도나 생태적 지위의 범위를 나타내주는 지표 를 계산하는 방법은 총 14가지가 사용되었으며, 이 중 가장 많이 사용된 지수는 IRI (Index of relative importance) 와 Pi (Prey-specific abundance)였으며, E (electivity index) 와 Bi (dietary breadth index)가 그 뒤를 이었다. 총 11가지 통계적 방법을 사용하였으며 이 중 correlation analysis와 Bray-Curtis similarity matrix를 가장 많이 적용하였다. 생태학적 연구 주제 변화를 살펴보면 초기 논문들은 계절적 또는 조사 지점별 차이에 초점을 맞추고 있었으나, 2000년도 이후부터는 국제 학회지에 출판되기 시작한 논문들은 종간 경쟁 (competition), 동소성 (sympatric), 생태직위중첩 (niche overlap) 등과 같은 세부적인 생태학적 연구가 이루어졌다. 국내 학회지에 출판된 논문들의 경우 다소 정형화 된 형태로 연구가 수행되고 있었으며 조사되지 않은 종에 대한 기초자료 제공 형태가 주류를 이루고 있었는데, 향후 국내 학회지에 발표되는 연구논문에서도 종간 경쟁, 먹이 망 구조 파악 등과 같은 생태학적 주제를 반증할 수 있는 연구 방향이 지향되어야 할 것이다.

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common benign salivary gland tumor. Being pleomorphic, its histologic characteristics can be considerably varied, showing epithelial (ductal and non-ductal) cells and mesenchyme-like tissues (chondroid, myxoid, and osseous). Here, we present a rare case of a 76-year-old female presenting with a 2.0 cm PA with an epidermoid cyst of minor salivary glands on the soft palate.

목적 : ‘치매관리법’에 따라 전국적으로 치매안심센터가 설립되고, 치매 관련 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 전문 인력의 요구도 증가되고 있다. 하지만 치매안심센터 조기검진팀의 구성원으로 작업치료사는 배제되어 있다. 따라서 치매안심센터 조기검진팀 구성원으로서 작업치료사의 필요성과 중요성을 알아보고자 하며, 이에 근거 자료를 제시하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 치매 평가영역에서 작업치료사의 역할에 대한 문헌을 중심으로 고찰하였으며, 작업치료사가 시행하는 평가도구 및 평가영역에 대하여 국내 및 국외 연구, 보건복지부 치매정책 관련 자료집과 치매센터 책자를 통하여 자료를 수집하였다. 치매안심센터 조기검진팀에서 시행하는 선별검사 및 신경인지검사와 작업치료사가 주로 사용하는 인지관련 평가도구의 항목들을 분석하였다. 결과 : 작업치료 수행영역에서 인지ᆞ지각영역의 평가 및 치료는 중요도나 수행도 측면에서 상위에 위치한다. 치매안심센터의 평가와 작업치료사들이 임상에서 사용하는 평가는 6가지 인지영역(기억력, 시공간 능력, 집중력, 실행능력, 계산능력, 언어능력)에서 중복되어 사용되고 있다. 결론 : 본 연구에서 작업치료사는 인지ᆞ지각 평가 영역에서 충분한 자질을 갖추고 있는 전문가임을 제시 하였기에 치매안심센터 조기검진팀의 구성원으로 포함되어야 하는 근거자료가 될 것이다. 본 연구는 앞으로 보건복지부에 치매정책관련 개정사항으로 의견 제출 시 유용하게 활용 될 것이다.

Pseudosarcomatous fibromatosis (PSF), also known as nodular fasciitis and pseudosarcomatous fasciitis, is a rare, benign proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. It is often misdiagnosed as sarcoma because of its characteristic rapid progression, leading to unnecessary and aggressive surgery. Here we report a case of PSF found in the masseter muscle in a 26-year-old female. The mass that could be misdiagnosed because of its rapid growth characteristics was surgically excised by an intraoral approach and diagnosed as PSF by histopathologic examinations.

담관의 게실은 Todani 분류에 부합하지 않는 드문 형태의 담관의 낭성 확장이며, 질환의 희소성으로 인하여 진료 현장에서 진단이나 치료에 어려움을 겪을 수 있다. 본 증례보고에서는 복통을 주소로 내원한 57세 여성 환자에서 발생한 간외 좌측 담관 게실의 증례를 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하고자 한다. 내원 당시 환자는 간기능 검사에서의 경미한 증가 외에 혈액검사상 이상 소견은 보이지 않았다. 전산화단층촬영과 자기공명 담도췌관조영술에서 간내담관의 합류 부분 근처에 슬러지 볼을 포함한 낭성 병변이 보였으나 병변의 기원은 명확히 보이지 않았다. 임상적으로는 Todani II형 총담관낭이 의심되었다. 환자의 복통이 지속되어 해당 병변에 대하여 수술적 절제를 시행하였고 수술 결과 좌측 담관 게실로 진단되었다. 절제된 조직은 병리학적 검사상 담도 상피로 덮인 게실로 확인되었다. 수술 후 합병증은 발생하지 않았으며 수술적 제거 후 환자의 증상은 호전되었다.

Extranodal intraoral Hodgkin lymphoma is not common. We report the case of a 78-year-old male patient with ulcer of the mandibular oral mucosa that was not cured for about 3 weeks. In biopsy and histopathologic examination, it was found to be extranodal intraoral Hodgkin lymphoma. Early diagnosis of oral lesions led to early detection of lesions of the opposite neck lymph node in an additional PET-CT scan. We report this case and review relevant literature.

Many studies utilizing dogs, cats, birds, fish, and robotic simulations of animals have tried to ascertain the health benefits of pet ownership or animal-assisted therapy in the elderly. Several small unblinded investigations outlined improvements in behavior in demented persons given treatment in the presence of animals. Studies piloting the use of animals in the treatment of depression and schizophrenia have yielded mixed results. Animals may provide intangible benefits to the mental health of older persons, such as relief social isolation and boredom, but these have not been formally studied. Several investigations of the effect of pets on physical health suggest animals can lower blood pressure, and dogwalkers partake in more physical activity. Dog walking, in epidemiological studies and few preliminary trials, is associated with lower complication risk among patients with cardiovascular disease. Pets may also have harms: they may be expensive to care for, and their owners are more likely to fall. Theoretically, zoonotic infections and bites can occur, but how often this occurs in the context of pet ownership or animal-assisted therapy is unknown. Despite the poor methodological quality of pet research after decades of study, pet ownership and animal-assisted therapy are likely to continue due to positive subjective feelings many people have toward animals.

The activities with animals in the fields of educational practice has been increasingly popular, The aim of this article is to provide a systematic review relating to animal-assisted interventions in the fields of school educational practices. Most studies reported significant benefits of animal-assisted interventions in the school setting. Furthermore, a worrying lack of reference to risk assessment and animal welfare must be highlighted. Taken together, the results of this review show promising findings and emerging evidence suggestive of potential benefits related to animals in school settings. The review also indicates the need for a larger and more robust evidence base driven by thorough and strict protocols. The review further emphasizes the need for safeguarding for all involved—-welfare and safety are paramount. Future research employing more rigorous designs and systematically building upon a clearly defined line of inquiry is needed to advance our knowledge on the potential beneficial effects of the animal-assisted interventions in the fields of school educational practices.

십이지장경은 선단부에 겸자올림 장치와 겸자올림 와이어 채널 같은 복잡한 구조를 가지고 있기 때문에 세척과 소독에 어려움이 많다. 이러한 이유로 십이지장경에 의한 교차 전염의 주된 원인은 불충분한 내시경 재처리로 인식되어 왔다. 그러나 최근 십이지장경을 통한 카바페넴 내성 장내세균 및 다른 다제내성균 교차전염은 적절한 십이지장경 재처리를 준수하였는데도 불구하고 발병하였다. 따라서 현재는 십이지장경에 적합한 재처리 지침을 재정립하여야 하고 십이지장경 재처리를 좀 더 용이하게 하기 위하여 선단부의 디자인을 개선해야 할 시점일 것이다. 본고는 십이지장경 연관 감염에 대한 현 상황과 외국의 대처방안 및 한계에 대해서 검토하고 십이지장경 연관 감염을 방지하기 위한 향후 대처방안에 대해서 논하고자 한다.

The customer engagement construct has been widely investigated in the marketing literature since 2005. Scholars in hospitality and tourism have perceived the importance of this construct and tried to propose both conceptual framework (e.g., So, King, Sparks, & Wang, 2016) and measurement scale to capture this phenomena (e.g., So, King, & Sparks, 2014). However, there is no consensus in many issues such as conceptualization (Dijkmans, Kerkhof, & Beukeboom, 2015) and dimensionality (Romero, 2017). In addition, this construct is relatively new in hospitality and tourism. Hence, the direction for future research and what has been done in the past are indispensable for researchers since it reduces research fragmentations in the future. The study aim is to use existing works in hospitality and tourism literature with the systematic literature review to summarize facts and address the future research. SCOPUS and ISI were employed as the main databases to search and identify the relevant articles. A total of 19 out of 590 documents was identified and selected to analyze and classify based on types of research, country, and journal. In addition, the issues of theoretical background, conceptual framework, conceptualization, dimensionality, statistical analysis, key contributors are summarized respectively. Finally, this study addresses the scope of potential future research in a realm of hospitality and tourism.

In recent years, there has been increased attention on the portrayal of women in the media. Photoshopped images of unrealistic female forms have been perceived to have negative impacts on the self-esteem of those exposed (Groesz 2002). Based on the idea that seeing unrealistic body images can put undue pressure on women and impact their self-esteem, some governments have gone as far to propose and or pass legislation that ban or require disclosures on such images in advertising. For example, multiple attempts have been made to pass the Truth in Advertising Act in the U.S., which would severely restrict the ability to digitally alter ad (Navamanikkamm 2017). Meanwhile. France passed a law in 2017 mandating that if a model’s physical person has been digitally altered in an ad it must include a disclaimer indicating that the ad has been retouched (Lubitz 2015). Recently, Israel out of concern about eating disorders at a societal level, passed legislation requiring a disclaimer in any ad whether a model is photoshopped to look thinner. The Israeli law also mandates that a threshold body mass index be met for a model to be included in an ad. With the United Kingdom’s Advertising Standards Authority also banning some campaigns due to exaggerated retouching, it is clear that photoshopping of models in advertising is under scrutiny (Sweney 2017). Several companies have also taken a stand on photoshopping of ads. These include Aerie Lingerie, CVS Drugstores, Dove, and Britain’s ASOS, all of whom has committed to having realistic images in their ads and reducing or eliminating retouching (Horwath 2016; Zillman 2017; Bomey 2018). In spite of the increased attention being paid to photoshopping of ads by regulators, companies, and some in the public, research on the topic has been relatively sparse. This paper aims to summarize what is known about the societal and managerial implications of digital retouching and offers future research directions designed to make advances in these areas. To this end, this paper begins by reviewing work in three areas related to photoshopping of ads. The first topic addressed is whether edited images of unrealistic standards have a negative impact on the viewer. Secondly, we examine what is known about the implications of including disclosures and disclaimers on the consumers psyche, (i.e. do these warnings negate the implied negative consequence of the edited images). Finally, the impact such disclosure labels have on ad effectiveness and purchase intention is considered. To ensure the full scope of pertinent material was covered, articles were targeted via databases such as ABI/ Inform, Business Source Premier, EBSCO and Google Scholar. Because of the paucity of articles, no time limitations were placed on the search. A variety of combinations of relevant search terms were used (e.g., retouching, advertising, body image, women, photoshop etc.). As key articles were identified, the sources they cited were also reviewed in relation to the purpose stated above. Our review of the literature finds a virtually universal consensus finds that idealized imagery, often characterized by very thin or “ideal” models is directly correlated to an increased risk of body dissatisfaction (Groesz 2002). Several of these studies draw on social comparison theory (Gulas 2000; Myers 2009) is commonly used as a theoretical explanation underlying this effect, with experimental studies being used to provide empirical evidence. Prior studies have tested several types of disclaimers. These studies have generally found that disclaimer do not mitigate the negative impact that the exposure to idealized image has on the consumer (Cragg 2017) Based on this research, apparently, women feel social pressure to live up to idealized images even if a disclaimer is included in the ad. However, it should be noted that only a limited number of studies have tested this effect, and additional types of disclaimers from different sources need to be tested before drawing firm conclusions. As for advertisement effectiveness, specifically product attitude and purchases intent, studies have found that advertisements using “normally attractive models” in comparison to “highly attractive models” tend to produce better results (Tsai and Chang 2007). Notably, the presence of a disclaimer does not appear to either increase or decrease the effectiveness of ad based on the extant research (Semaan, Gould and Kocher 2012; Schirmer et al., 2018). The literature does raise some questions about the needed prominence of a disclaimer to have an impact, suggesting that often times “fine print messages” are largely unnoticed in relation to a more prominent alternative (Black & Watson 2013). Notably, there is some evidence that including a “retouch-free” versus a “retouched” disclaimer does increase attitudes toward the brand and purchase intention (Cornelis and Peter 2017). The literature reviewed has limitations such as uncorroborated studies, limited sample sizes, and narrowly focused demographics in some studies. While it has generally been established that highly attractive model usage and idealized retouched imagery has a negative effect on consumer body image, there is insufficient research on the implications of disclaimers and disclosers. It is suggested that additional research is needed on the effects of various disclaimer types directly related to various levels of image re-touching (as opposed to product warnings) on consumer buying behavior and ad effectiveness (see Schirmer et al., 2018). There is some evidence that consumers are accepting of minor photoshopping of ads, such as changing the background or “fixing” a blemish, but that more major retouching such as making a model appear to have different facial features, thinner legs, or larger breasts is viewed as problematic. As such, future experimental research should focus on different levels of retouching. There is also a clear need to test different wording of disclaimers as well as disclaimers from different sources (e.g. government vs. non-profit, vs. company itself). Future research should focus on a wide cross-section of women. It should also test multiple product categories, including those beauty related vs. not beauty related.

Marketing is a broad discipline spanning numerous fields, often leading to cross-disciplinary research. It is a saturated discipline with numerous academic outputs published annually. With a constantly expanding knowledge base, and increased emphasis on researchers ‘proving the worth’ of their research, marketing scholars are increasingly required to quickly search, extract and synthesize literature. Researchers must then be able to demonstrate a thorough understanding of their research context. This often calls for a systematic approach. Typically, Systematic Literature Review (SLR) searches are conducted across multiple databases, over a number of years, which is a lengthy and complicated process that can result in errors. The present research outlines the search strategies of previously published SLR’s searches, and replicates these searches in Google Scholar (GS). The aim is to understand the reliability of GS as a primary search tool to, potentially, alleviate lengthy and complicated procedures seen in existing SLR’s.

Based on documentary research, this study intends to provide information relevant to the effect of flavonoids over women’s health. In general, flavonoids act on cell regulation to cancer proliferation and possess antioxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-metastatic effects. This study focuses on the therapeutic effect of flavonoids in women. Using recent researches published from 2000 to 2017 relevant to women’s health and flavonoids, data acquired from searches such as RISS and Google were analyzed, compared and arranged. Flavonoids are classified with various phenolic compounds, and it activates upon various conditions in women’s body. According to several outcomes that involve the relation of flavonoids in women’s health; it brings out significant implications in bone density, muscle, nerve, breast cancer, uterus cervical cancer and obesity. Hoping this literature review supports women patients and helps in the wellness of women, we sincerely look forward to disseminate this instructive and proper information to exploit flavonoids for enhancing health promotion.