This study aims to know the trace of Korean musical, consider musical depending on its type, arrange characteristic of musical costume and find out the developmental direction of Korean musical costume with potentials as a culture industry. For study method, the data were collected from thesis, academic journal, book and internet web-site concerning musical costume, literatures were considered and performance costume photos, which were captured via musical performance site, were analyzed. The history of Korean modern-day musical is regarded as starting with 〈Saljjagi Opseoye〉(1966) in the full scale. Although foreign musical was imitated in 1970s～1980s, it may be called the growth period of Korean musical because the period showed the commercial possibility. Since 1990s, large-scaled musical securing good work and popularity was popular. In 2000s, musical industry was abundant quantitatively and qualitatively as investment or popularity was significantly expanded. The type of Korean musical are divided to opera musical of European, Broadway musical of American and creative musical of Korean. The costumes used in opera musical of European and Broadway musical of American are borrowed from original works through license or were manufactured in Korea by referring to the costumes of original works and using similar materials or fabrics. The costumes used in creative musical of Korea are designed by either domestic or foreign designers and produced in Korea.

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for recovering original forms and essences of school athlete clubs by researching historically on the formations, developments and changes of school athlete clubs in Kangwon province which have ex

Korea's stone buildings are varied in their types such as stone pagodas, stone lanterns, stone bridges, stoneworks, etc. These account for more than 30% over the entire cultural properties, but research achievements are lacking compared to wooden buildings. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the shape, role and transition of Tapgu, which had been used to set up boundary at a stone pagoda, one of the stone buildings. The 20th stone pagodas, which have relative accuracy in its forming year, have been studied around national treasure or treasure between 7th century and 9th century. There are a lot of different opinions about the role and meaning of Tapgu, and at this writer's option, Tapgu is defined as follows: First, each structure plays a different role. A structure to pass the load in the upper part to the ground can be seen as a stair or a pedestal, but a structure to form double foundations can be considered as Tapgu. Second, Tapgu can be used to divide areas with stones or stepping stones. As a result, the shape, role and transition of Tapgu is as follows: Firstly, when it comes to its shape, Tapgu includes flagstone type, belt type, double foundation type, compound type. Flagstone type had been used to set up boundary at stone pagodas by using foundation stone, belt type by keeping apart from stone pagodas, and double foundation stone by installing dual foundation stones. Secondly, Tapgu is considered to set up boundary in the case of flagstone and plate stone, and acts like a structure which can prevent surrounding area of stone pagoda from coming up while being stuck around stone pagodas. Belt type was installed only for the purpose of forming boundary. At the bottom, double foundation stone had been used to pass the load in the upper part to the ground in the same way as the foundation stone in the upper part, and the boundaries were set varying the size. Thirdly, when it comes to the transition of Tapgu, flagstone type of boundary stone had been installed in the 7th century, and belt type of boundary stone had been mainly installed in the 8th century. And double foundation stone had been installed in the 9th century. Comprehensively, flagstone type and belt type had been made around the 7th and 8th century when Tapgu was regarded important and stone pagoda started to be built. At the turn to the 9th century, the role of Tapgu had been increasingly losing in the construction of stone pagoda, and foundation stone started to appear.

Based upon literature survey, this research aims to analyze western children's clothing and characteristics over centuries. It was not until the 18th century that children were given serious consideration and that fabrication of clothing began to be designed only for children. The very first clothes which revolutionized children's wear was 'a la matelot' in the 18th century which freed children from physical restriction, recognized gender difference, and sailor suit became popular among all sexes and adopted as school uniform. And then children's clothing was shortened in length and adopted tubular silhouette, which allowed greater comfort and movement. The 20th century saw children's wear reform to be carried out after the World War II due to invention of synthetic fiber, easy care dress material, mass production system and sophistication of marketing methods. Further evidence of improvement of children's social status can be found in contemporary designs: for example, 'casualized' wear, 'character design' which reflects children's psychology and 'family look' which is designed to be worn with mothers. This evolution of children's clothing within western dressing support the view that children's clothing is not a miniature of adult wear but it reflects idiosyncrasies of the era and exerts children's dignity.

本文以中国改革开放之后的乡土美术为研究对象，主要讨论了乡土美术发展的三个阶段及其代表性的艺术家和艺术作品；对支持和影响不同阶段的乡土美术的观念进行了阐释。改革开放之后乡土美术的出现和发展，就其本身而言经历了三个大的发展阶段。即七十年代末到八十年代的乡土写实主义美术；八十年代中期兴起的以西北为题材的乡土美术；九十年代市场经济兴起之后，以进城打工的农民工为表达对象的乡土美术。乡土写实主义的美术就是改革开放之初，卽伤痕美术。改革开放之后，人们普遍认为文革美术是假大空的虚伪现实主义艺术，原因之一就是它用理想化的农村和农民形象，遮蔽了生活在艰难困苦之中的乡村和农民。从观念上说就是用毛时代一直受到批判的人道主义和人性论，来反对毛时代，特别是文革中流行的阶级斗争观念。在上世纪八十年中期，中国的知识分子感受到西方强势文化的压力，不约而同地把眼光投向了西北。借西北的乡村和农民形象，神圣化汉唐的历史和文化来神圣化中国文化。这作为回应西方文化冲击的一种特殊方式，标志着乡土美术的转向，那就是从关注对文革的否定和反思上转向对整个中国文化的反思。进入九十年代之后，一个重要的艺术现象是新生代的出现。从中国视觉艺术史的角度看，新生代的艺术标志着从表达乡村到描绘都市的转向，同时也预示了另一种新型农民形象-----农民 工形象---的出现。过去以地理空间为界限的城乡对立，在改革开放之后也进入城市空间之中，形成一种新的社会结构。上世纪九十年代开始的市场经济改革，加大了中国社会贫富之间的差距，由此导致知识界的新左派和自由主义者对中国社会问题的争论，其中社会公正、公平和经济效率成为两派争论的焦点。事实上，农民被置入社会底层，成为市场经济改革中受益最少的人群，正是改革者为了追求经济效率最大化的制度设计产生的结果。此时表达农民工形象的乡土美术，在一定程度上反映了新左派的思想影响，也体现了历史上早有的民粹主义关注弱势人群的传统。本文认为改革开放之后的乡土美术，虽然是以中国乡村和农民为表达对象的，但这个对象在作品并不是主体，而是沉默、无语和匿名的。原因在于中国乡村和农民的边缘化进程，与中国社会的变迁几乎是同步的，由此证明了从一开始，乡土美术并没有真正成为农民的代言人，而是另有政治和艺术的诉求。

Although the royal tomb keeper's house in the late Joseon period did not undergo dramatic changes, overall, the keeper's house of Yeong Mausoleum, the tomb of King Hyojong, and other royal tombs afterward showed the classification of its rooms according to their purpose and the expansion of its size. During King Yeongjo's reign, the tomb keeper's house tended to consist of Jaesil, Anhyangcheong, Jeonsacheong and Haenggak. The size and arrangement pattern of the tomb keeper's house of Yeong Mausoleum were partially maintained in royal mausoleums constructed afterward. Especially Anhyangcheong was first established in the tomb keeper's house of Yeong Mausoleum and its architectural form was maintained until that of Ye Mausoleum, the tomb of King Cheoljong. The tomb keeper's house of Yeong Mausoleum in Yeoju was constructed in 1659 and then moved in 1673 and 1674. In order to bury King Hyojong's wife with King Hyojong, the site of Yeong Mausoleum was moved twice with using almost all materials used for the initial tomb. In addition, as norms related to rites performed at royal tombs were created in the early 20th century, the tomb keeper's house of Yeong Mausoleum was selected as an exemplary tomb keeper's house representing the royal tomb keeper's house of the Joseon era, and it mostly coincides with its remaining arrangement pattern. Through records distributed in relatively similar periods, it is considered that most of the features of royal tomb keeper's house in the Joseon period have been inherited until today and that Yeong Mausoleum has a very higher architectural status as an especially valuable tomb keeper's house among royal tomb keeper's houses in the Joseon era.

전 세계적으로 대량생산, 대량소비의 결과로 발생된 폐기물의 감량과 재활용을 확대하려는 법적 규제가 강화되고 있다. 그와 동시에 제조업도 환경 친화적으로 변모하고 있으며 이와 병행하여 공급사슬도 자원 순환형으로 변화하고 있다. 공급사슬의 분석, 설계, 운영, 통제 등의 경영관 리 기법도 변화를 거듭하고 있는데 과거의 환경산업이나 재제조산업은 정부의 규제법규를 준수하는 범위 내에서 비용 최소화의 목적으로 진행되었으나 현재에는 적극적으로 사용 후 회수된 재활 용 제품의 부가가치를 회복시켜 수익을 창조하는 수익사업으로 여겨지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 EU 국가와 미국 등 선진국에서 역공급사슬 개념의 형성과정과 순환형 공급사슬이 되기까지의 변천과정 또한 그 과정에서 발생된 중요한 개념들을 살펴보고 이와 관련하여 경영, 경제, 산업공학과 관련한 선진국에서의 연구 분야에 대하여 조사하여 앞으로의 연구 방향을 모색해 보고자한다.

청동기시대 주구묘는 주구라는 묘역시설로 매장주체부 주변을 구획하는 묘제로서 고고학적인 의미는 몇 가지 점에서 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 주구묘의 최초 등장은 한반도 남부지역 전체에서 거의 동시기인 전기 후반이며, 변화 양상에는 지역적으로 약간의 차이가 있지만 이전과는 달리 피장자의 차별성을 강조하는 측면이 두드러지며, 특정지역에서 주거공간과 구분된 묘역을 형성하기 시작한다는 점이다. 발생 당시의 주구묘는 일본 야요이시대 방형주구묘와 같은 분구묘적인 개념을 가졌다고 보기는 어려우며, 철정리와 옥방8지구의 경우와 같이 복수의 매장시설을 설치하는 방식이 적용된다고 하여도 전반적으로 분구묘의 매장관념에 적합하지는 않다고 판단된다. 또한 일본 야요이시대 방형주구묘와의 직접적인 계보를 상정하기에는 시기나 매장방식, 구조적인 측면에서 차이가 크다고 할 수 있다. 다음 단계의 묘제인 지석묘로의 대체는 자연스럽지 못한 면이 있다고 판단되지만 영남 남서부지역 주구묘는 형태적인 측면에서 원형과 방형계통이 공존하는 전통은 지석묘 단계에도 자연스럽게 계승되었을 가능성이 있다고 생각된다. 주구묘의 발생에 관한 문제는 외적인 요인보다 현재로서는 전단계와 다른 매장관념에서 발생하였다는 점으로 내적인 요인에 의해 다루어져야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Throughout history, tableware has attained an important position in human culture, and historical eras are clearly reflected in the shape of tableware items, which are tied to the cultural background of foods. In particular, the distinctive qualities of foods within a food-culture, such as the means for cooking, storing, or eating, have impacted the usage and shape of tableware along with the food behaviors of individuals. Korea, China, and Japan have all played important roles in producing limitless amounts of high quality porcelain products and take pride in being leaders of the world's porcelain production industry. Based on their natural geographical proximity and political and cultural exchanges, these three countries have long influenced one another not only in terms of technical concepts but also in improving quality within the tableware industry. Thus, by comparing Korea, China, and Japan's evolutionary interdependable variance with regard to their tableware, food-culture, and food-behavior, one can provide information on the historical stream and cultural exchanges relevant to china and porcelain. Ultimately, through the examination of tableware, the conclusions of this conceptual study offer researchers a deeper understanding of the historical stance of food-culture and contribute new and useful information for the future.

This paper tries to find out the historical development of news reporting styles of the New York Times (1851-2005) by investigating the types and frequencies of reporting verbs and quoting methods. In the 1850s, when the New York Times was first founded, the reporting style was close to that of personal narratives. Starting from the 1880s, however, the frequency of quoting increased and so did the number of types of reporting verbs. Three methods of quoting were identified from the database: direct speech, indirect speech, and partial quoting. Overall, indirect speech (or, indirect quoting) increased more than direct speech (or, direct quoting) and partial quoting began to be utilized later than the other two quoting methods, peaking its frequency between 1945 and 1975. Evaluation verbs were widely used as reporting verbs in the press release report of political and diplomatic affairs. The use of evaluation verbs is interpreted as an instance of overt involvement in the narrative of the reporter. In addition, the reporter used the partial quoting method as a way of covert involvement. And resources for involvement have been continuously developed and sophisticated. In particular, use of evaluation verbs and partial quoting seems to be a major tool for reporters' involvement in the news narrative.

과거 오르델리우스가 지도를 제작할 때에 비해 현재의 오픈스트리트맵은 위성사진의 촬영으로 인해 현실과 매우 흡사하게 만들수 있게 되었다.오픈스트리트 맵은 모든 사람들이 그들이 필요로 하는 공간적 정보에 언제,어디서나 쉽게 접근할 수 있다. 지도는 평면에 제작되기 시작하여,디지털 공간에 공간 정보를 표시하기에 이르렀다.지도는 더 많은 사람들이 보다 많은 공간 정보를 더쉽게 이용할 수 있는 방법으로 발전해왔다.

Muck (Korean traditional starch jelly) is very unique and the one of the oldest starch processing traditional food. The typical ingredients for making muck such as acorns, mungbean and buckwheat have been eaten since the new stone age or even before that era. This study was for investigation on the history of muck and its processing methods in the ancient and the modern culinary literatures from the 1400’s to 1900’s. The summary of the reviews was as follows. In the ages from the 1400’s to 1700’s, using starch powder, Se-myon and Chang-myon were made and their shape were like noodles instead of cubical shape. It was after the 1700’s that muck making methods were revealed in the literature, like 「Gyeong-do-jabji」 (1730) and「Go-sa-sib-e-jib」 (1737). The naming of muck might be from the time after 1800’s, in「Myoung-mul-kiryak 」 (around 1870) the basis of the names of Choeng-po (white mungbean jelly) and Whang-po (yellow mungbean jelly) could be found. One of the most well-known muck dish, Tang-pyeong-chae, was recorded many old literatures, so it was found that Tang-pyeong-chae was very popular and governmental policy of Tang-pyeong-chak influenced the food of the common people. In 「Shi-eui-jeon-seo」 (late 1800’s) there were records of several types of muck and starch powder making methods in detail which were handed down to the modern ages.

The purpose of this study was to examine contemporary literature and documents on the establishment and transition of school grounds in and after the Kabo Reform(1894) that initiated early modern education. It's basically meant to shed light on the past a

Studies and reports on buddhist temples in Goryeo dynasty are rarely in the present situation. At this point of time new excavational reports and historic records offer many materials to understand a architecture in Goryeo period. Especially, temple site have various transitions, it is of great value to study. This article attempted a restorative study of a location, function, spacial arrangement, structure, building age is based on a measure and transition of temple layout that is based on the excavational result and related historic documents about Godal temple site in Yeoju. Godal temple site was a representative Zen buddhist temple in Goryeo Dynasty. It was difficult of access by watercourse because it was located in an inland in the upper Han River. Archaeological research and historical records has reveals that the temple was constructed with a minium of four levels[six terms]. We could recognized the central site of temple and buildings were constantly established, enovated or collapsed. It has went through many transition according as it encountered new sects and doctrines. Also it should perform various functions and overcome given conditions. Ultimately it let see greater diversity in the spacial composition, and layout. That is to say it were planed several separate areas, each was consisted of main buildings, once again was integrated into one temple.

We investigated the changes in the species of the woods used for Korean ancient and historic architectures, which include prehistoric excavated relics and existing wooden buildings in South Korea. The species data were collected from various sources such as excavation and repair reports, journal papers, and a few unpublished documents. We divided the building Periods as Paleolithic, Neolitic, Bronze Ages, Iron Age/Three Kingdoms, Koryo, Joseon (early, middle, late) and modem periods. In prehistoric periods, hardwoods were major species. Oak (Quercus spp.) woods dominated (94 percent in average); the others (5%) were Juglans mandshurica, Platycarya strobilacea, Castanea crenata, and few softwoods(1%). During Iron Age and Three Kingdom periods, oaks remained as a major species (57%) and others Platycarya strobilacea(21%), Castanea crenata(13%), and Pinus spp. (6%). The oak woods decreased in Koryo period and they occupied only 1.1%. Instead of oaks, pine (Pinus spp., 71%) and Zelkova serrata (22%) dominated in Koryo. In early and middle Joseon periods, pine woods (73%) remain as a major species and the others were oaks (14%) and Zelkova serrata (9%). As late Joseon came, the pine woods occupied more than 88%. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a few boreal species such as larch (Larix spp.) and spruce (Picea spp.), which grow in cold area, were found. We believe they were transported from northern Korea. The existing buildings in Korea are mainly from Joseon period and a few from late Koryo periods. During these periods, pine woods were used for most buildings. For such reason, pine woods were known as 'representative materials for historic buildings'. but earlier times, broad-leaved trees, i.e., oak and Zelkova woods were major materials. The changes in building materials resulted from both climate and human impacts. The dry climate and disturbed forests induce more pines in the mountains. We also compared the wood qualities of the species and found that Zelkova woods were superior ones and deserved more planting for future demands in the repair for historic buildings.