A survey was made, from May to June 1991, to reveal the current situation of the meal management of the homemakers in Jeonbuk area. The results obtained from 464 homemakers were summerized as follows. The meal expenses were planned and managed mostly by the homemakers (93.3%). The 31.1% homemakers expended 200,000-300,000 Won a month for meals and the average expenditure was 294,106 Won. Among the homemakers who responded, the 34.0% managed their account books for meal expenses. With decreasing age(p<0.05), increasing education level (p<0.001), and increasing the income(p<0.01), the number of those who managed the account book tended to be higher. Usually they bought their foods at the market place (52.1%) and they did every other days(33.2%). The 46.9% planned what to buy and chose the best ones among the foods they planned to buy at the market. The percentage of those who prepared their menus planned in advance was only 5.5%. The most homemakers cooked for themselves (96.8%). On cooking and buying foods, the 48.2% considered their husbands first and the 64.4% regarded the tastes and needs of their families as the most important thing. The majority (66.2%) regarded the dinner as the most important among those three times of meals. The 39.6% prepared Kimchi twice a month. The foods they prepared for each meal were usually 4-5 kinds (43.2%). Mostly they prepared meals three times a day (49.1%). The average times spent in preparing and cleaning the tables for lunch and breakfast were 41.6, 96.2 minutes respectively. The homemakers who had jobs tended to spend less time in preparing and clearing the tables than those who had not (p<0.01, p<0.001). The 58.0% had complaints in that the food prices were too high and their moneys for meal preparation were insufficient and the 16.6% had difficulty in satisfying the tastes of their families.

Today, as interest in the importance of urban parks increases, many citied internationally are actively creating small parks, but their maintenance systems remain ineffective. Accordingly, in this study, the limitations and problems in the operation and management of urban parks were derived by examining previous studies on overall urban park maintenance and management. Based on this, the study tried to understand the actual state of maintenance and management of small parks through data surveys and field surveys related to budget execution on case sites. Then, we sought to clarify the actual state of maintenance and management of small parks through data surveys and field surveys regarding the budget execution of case sites as a basis for research to prepare an efficient and systematic improvement plan for the maintenance management system of city parks.

This study was conducted to suggest a management plan for legally protected trees in Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do by examining their distribution and growth. A literature review and field survey of these trees were conducted to derive problems and usage plans, with a number of key results. Among the legally protected trees (77 species in total) in 74 locations within Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do, the growth status of 74 species (96.10%) was above average, indicating that most legally protected trees were growing without any issues. Despite the results, analysis of the function of these legally protected trees indicated that there was low diversity and utilization of these trees as only trees in 33.77% were used as resting places or pavilions while those in 66.23% were used for landscaping or other purposes. It was assumed that these legally protected trees and the areas surrounding them in Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do will be used as community spaces if the environment is improved. This includes converting these areas into small parks or resting places for residents. In addition, further research should be carried out to maintain good growth conditions for these legally protected trees in general and to explore various plans that allow utilization of the surrounding natural ecosystem, human environment, and cultural elements in order to enhance the quality of the region and improve it as a living space for residents.

Background : This study was conducted to investigate the production competitiveness of medicinal crop. The results of this study were intended to be used as basic data for establishing the direction of R&D needed for domestic medicinal crop farming system. Methods and Results : For data analysis, frequency, percentage and average and Chi square (× 2) value were used. The survey showed that the cultivated crops of the respondents were medicinal crop. Firstly, there was a significant difference in farming disability by farming career. The 'cultivation method (60%, 42.1%)' was high in farming preparer and beginner (≤ 3 years), but the disability in 'cultivation method' decreased as the farming career was longer. Respondents who had more than 10 years of farming career complained of 'climate problem (24.0%)' followed by 'cultivation method (20.0%)' and 'pest control (20.0%)'. There was also a significant difference in the farming disability by medicinal crops farming career. The 'cultivation method (50.0%)' was the highest of the farmers who had 1 year of medicinal crops farming career, however the respondents with more than 4-ears of career complained of 'climate problems (27.3%)' and 'pest control (23.6%)', but 'cultivation method' was low as 18.2%. Secondly, there was a difference in sales disability by farming career, and cross-sectional analysis was statistically significant at × 2 = 41.320. The respondents who were preparer for farming had the biggest sales disability at 'shortage of market (44.4%)', and the rates decreased gradually as the farming career increased. Respondents more than 10-ears had the biggest sales disability as ‘uncertain market price (50.0%)’, and 'shortage of market' was low as 12.5%. Cross-sectional analysis of sales disability by medicinal crops farming career showed that × 2 was 49.705, which was statistically significant. Farmers with no career in cultivating medicinal crops had the biggest sales disability at 'shortage of market (40.0%)' and farmers with more than 4 years of career complained of 'uncertain market price (42.2%)'. Lastly, there was a statistically significant difference in cultivation performance by medicinal crops farming career. The respondents with a career of less than 1 year had the highest proportion at 'medium (48.5%)', but those with more than 4-ears of career had the highest rate of 'creation of profit (43.1%)'. Conclusion : As farming career and medicinal crops farming career increased, environmental factors such as climate and pest problems affected in cultivation stage significantly, further uncertain market price gave a large factor in sales stage.

The number of structures that make up the domestic social infrastructure has increased with the development of the national industry, and the social demand for safety due to the aging of structures has also increased. Accordingly, the law stipulating safety and maintenance management for major structures in the country has been revised and it has been implemented since this year. In this study, we will introduce changes to the safety and maintenance system for public structures under the law, analyze the results of inspection and diagnosis of public structures, and consider the status of safety and maintenance.

Inappropriate recycling/disposal processes that are caused by the illegal transboundary movement of electronic wastes (e-wastes) can have harmful effects on the environment and public health because of these wastes’ harmful components. Therefore, we must understand the current situation regarding the domestic management of exported/imported e-wastes and examine the international requirements according to the Basel Convention. In this study, the current management situation of e-wastes in domestic and foreign countries and the present recycling processes of companies in Korea are investigated to draw improvements when e-wastes are exported or imported. Most imported e-waste involves waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) and their scraps (more than 95.7 % of the total e-waste volume in 2015) to recover precious metals such as copper, silver, gold, etc. To distinguish between waste and non-waste under the Basel Convention, six items (① market for used electronic and electrical equipment (UEEE), ② residual life and appearance, ③ functional tests, ④ evidence of UEEE deals, ⑤ evidence of contracts to a trade partner, and ⑥ packaging and loading conditions) and a decision flowchart are considered to classify whether the end-of-life equipment is waste.

국내 태양광발전 설비는 그간 4.5GW 규모(총 신재생에너지 발전용량의 30%에 해당)로 설치되어 왔으며, 신재생에너지원 중 전년 대비 가장 큰 성장률을 보이고 있다. 2030년까지 전력생산비율의 20%를 재생에너지로 달성하고자 하는 목표(재생에너지 3020)가 제시된 만큼, 앞으로 태양광 설비 역시 크게 확대될 것으로 전망된다. 하지만, 태양광 산업이 성장함에 따라 태양광 폐패널 처리 문제가 크게 부각되고 있다. 태양광이 손상되거나 폐기 시 발생하는 폐패널의 관리체계가 현재 미흡하여 이에 대한 개선이 필요한 상황이다. 2000년대 들어 태양광 사업이 본격적으로 시작되었으나 이후 파손･자연재해 등으로 인해 실 사용기한이 15~20년에 그치고 있으며, 도로용 및 통신전원용의 경우 5년에 불과하여 현재 폐패널이 본격적으로 발생되는 시점에 있다. 특히, 2020년 기점으로 폐패널의 발생량이 크게 증가할 것으로 전망되고 있어 이에 대한 대비가 필요하다. 한편, EU, 일본 등 해외에서는 태양광 폐패널 처리 문제를 미리 인식하여 2010년 초반부터 적정 처리방안을 모색하고, 폐패널의 관리체계 구축 및 재활용 기술 개발을 발빠르게 진행 중에 있다. 특히, EU의 경우 2012년 태양광 폐패널을 WEEE 규제대상에 포함시킴에 따라 생산자 책임 하에 폐기물 처리방안을 마련한 바 있다. 일본 환경성 역시 부적절한 장비 폐기 시의 문제 발생을 우려하여 2015년 태양광 폐패널의 수거, 재활용, 적정처리와 관련한 로드맵을 수립하고, 이에 따른 기술 개발 촉진 및 친환경적 설계, 해체･운반･처리 가이드라인을 제시하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 태양광 패널의 폐기 이후 관리 실태조사를 통해 현황을 파악하고, 국내 여건에 적합한 관리 개선방안을 제시하였다.

폐기물 수출입 제도는 국가 간 이동 시에 발생하는 환경오염 및 불법교역을 방지하기 위하여 시행되고 있다. 이를 위해 1983년 3월 스위스 바젤에서는 “유해폐기물의 국가 간 이동 및 그 처리의 통제에 관한 바젤협약”을 채택하여 유해폐기물의 불법적 이동에 따른 환경오염 방지 및 개도국의 환경사업을 지원하고 있다. 우리나라는 1994년 2월 28일 이 협약에 가입하였고 이 후 ｢폐기물의 국가 간 이동 및 그 처리에 관한 법률｣의 제･개정을 통하여 수출입 폐기물을 규제폐기물과 관리폐기물로 구분하여 관리하고 있다. 현재 수출입되는 폐기물의 발생량은 매년 증가하는 추세를 보이고 있으며 수입 신고대상 폐기물 중 가장 많은 비중을 차지하는 것은 연소잔재물로써 2016년 기준 1,297,094 톤/년에 이르고 있다. 연소잔재물은 2008년부터 꾸준히 증가해 대부분 일본에서 수입하고 있는 실정이며 비용의 문제가 가장 큰 이유다. 예를 들어 국내에서 발생한 연소잔재물을 사용할 경우에는 육상운송 등의 비용이 따르지만, 일본에서 수입하는 경우에는 오히려 처리비용을 받고 있기 때문이다. 국내에서는 이를 시멘트 대체원료, 보조연료로 대부분 사용하여 건축자재로 활용하고 있기 때문에 국회 및 민간단체 등에서 환경과 인체의 유해성에 대한 문제를 제기하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 위와 같이 연소잔재물의 관리 필요성이 제기됨에 따라 수출입 현황 및 국내 현황의 흐름을 조사하고, 국내에서 어떠한 형식으로 활용되는지 파악하고자 한다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the present situation of the landscape management - which encompasses landscape ordinance, planning, and agreement - in regards to the Shiga prefecture and Omihachiman city to explore sustained landscape preservation and management methods, and to deduce the implications of the establishment of rural landscape planning and landscape administration. The conclusion is summarized as follows. First, the landscape ordinance should be operated so that the practical landscape management is suitable to the characteristics of local governments. Second, landscape management should be based on zoning. The landscape plan should start with defining the types and characteristics of the landscapes at each site and subdividing the landscape areas accordingly. Third, the restriction of conduct and the promotion of autonomous landscape activities should be employed as the two axes of landscape administration. Beautiful and healthy landscapes can be achieved through collective efforts of the community, and this requires voluntary practice amongst individuals and administrative regulations to achieve so. Fourth, meticulous, dimensional and practical landscape plans should be established. In order to effectively preserve, form and manage the essential landscape elements and resources of the area, the starting landscape plan should be more definitively outlined. Finally, it is necessary to change the perception of landscape. In order to relish beautiful and healthy scenery, it is critical to recognize the value of the attentive efforts and dedication of each member of the community that stimulates the objective.

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport(MOLIT) publishes Yearbook of Road Bridge and Tunnel Statistics once every year. Also, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology(KICT) is operating the website based on GIS to provide the status information of bridges and tunnels on the road. In this paper introduces road Bridge and Tunnel Information(BTI) system that offers the base data for the effective maintenance of bridges and tunnels on the road.

The cut slope distributed in domestic, which have single horizontal extension over 200m and 50m of vertical height are classified into 2nd class facility by <Special Act On The Safety Management Of Structures>. Collapse of these cut slope occurs by thaw, rainfall, soil characteristics. Recently, frequency of small size cut slope collapse is increasing. Accordingly, central government partially revised <Special Act On The Safety Management Of Structures> with the contents of expansion of 2nd class facility's scope and standard and it is expected to be an effective maintenance and management measures of cut slope. Therefore, this study analyzed distribution type and characteristics of the national highway cut slope within the scope of relevant laws and regulations based on the status data of 2nd class facility (cut slope) to examine the maintenance status.

Based on the study of current status for domestic port facility management system, it was used to collect information for building the ocean & port facility integrated management system.

In this study, to understand the current status of solid waste management in China, the author presented generationand treatment status of municipal solid waste in China, and the composition of municipal solid waste in the SouthernChina. Also following important definition and control measures for solid waste management in China were reviewed.(1) The definition of solid waste, (2) Solid waste identification guide, (3) Leaching test for the determination of hazardouswaste, (4) Standard for pollution control on the landfill site of municipal solid waste, (5) Municipal solid waste landfillharmless evaluation criteria, and (6) Twelve Five national municipal solid waste treatment facilities construction plan.

매화나무는 사군자 중의 하나로 절개와 지조를 상징해 선조들의 정신문화가 깃들어 있는 자연유산이라 할 수 있다. 그러나 현대사회에서 매화나무는 아름다운 꽃을 감상하기 위한 관상용 화목이 아닌 과실을 수확하여 활용하고 이익을 창출하는 과수작물로의 특징이 부각되어, 무관심 속에서 상징성이나 의미가 퇴색되고 있다. 또한 유실수로서 다른 노거수들에 비하여 수령이 짧고, 상대적 규모가 작아 보존 · 관리가 이루어지지 않고 고사하거나 멸실 위기에 처해있는 노거수가 많은 상황이다. 이에 본 연구는 미지정 매화나무노거수의 실태조사를 통해 현재 열악한 환경 속에서 고사 및 훼손되고 있는 상황을 파악하였다. 그리고 그 중 우수한 자원에 대해서 는 천연기념물 · 시도 기념물 · 보호수 지정을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. 그러나 노거수의 생육상태, 관리실태, 수령, 자원가치 평가를 위한 정량화된 객관적인 기준의 부재로 보다 구체적인 평가기준을 통한 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이며, 전국 매화나무 노거수 자원의 현황에 관한 기초자료의 부족으로 향후 다른 우수자원들에 대한 정밀한 연구는 추후 과제로 남겨 두기로 한다.

재난 및 안전관리 기본법 제3조에서 재난은 국민의 생명·신체·재산과 국가에 피해를 줄 수 있는 것으로 태풍, 홍수와 같은 자연재난, 화재, 붕괴 등과 같은 인적재난 및 전염병, 테러와 같은 사회적 재난으로 구분하고 있다. 기후변화에 따른 온난화로 지난 100년간 자연재해 발생횟수는 급격히 증가하고 있으며, 도시화로 인한 재산피해도 지난 반세기동안 10배 이상 급격히 증가하였다. 특히 사회기반시설이 재해로 인하여 피해를 입게 되면 그 피해액과 국민들의 고통은 한층 증가하게 된다. 하지만 재난관련 R&D 비중은 정부 전체 R&D예산의 1%에 불과한 실정이다. 올해 출범한 박근혜 정부의 140대 국정과제에서도 “총체적인 국가 재난관리체계 강화”가 포함되어 있다. 따라서 국가주요 기반시설의 건설 및 관리운영을 맡고 있는 철도공사를 포함하여 국토교통부 산하 공기업이 함께 재난관리 및 재난대응에 대한 연구를 수행하는 것이 필요하다.