This study was carried out to evaluate the nuclear, cytoplasmic maturation and developmental potential of bovine oocytes selected by brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) as indirect measurement of oocytes growth phase. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected from 2 to 8 mm follicles from slaughterhouse Hanwoo ovaries. The COCs were divided into stained cytoplasm to blue (BCB+) and unstained (BCB-) according to their ooplasm BCB coloration stained by of BCB after 90 min. Selected COCs were cultured in a TCM 199 for 18 to 26 h. Nuclear maturation and total cell number was evaluated after in vitro maturation (IVM) or in vitro culture (IVC) using Hoechst 33342, and cytoplasmic maturation was evaluated by intracellular glutathione (GSH) assay before (0 h) and after (24 h) IVM. The oocyte diameters were not differed significantly between BCB+ () and BCB+ () groups (p>0.05). However, the proportion of metaphase II oocytes in BCB+ group was significantly higher than BCB- group after IVM (p<0.05). GSH content of BCB+ group oocytes was significantly higher than that of BCB- group just after collection ( vs. , p<0.05), but not varied after IVM( and for BCB+ and BCB- respectively; p>0.05). The proportion of blastocyst formation and total cell number in BCB+ group (23.5% and ) was significantly higher than that in BCB- (9.8% and ; p<0.05). The results indicate that BCB+ group oocytes may provide a cellular and functional basis for the greater developmental competence in Korean Native Cow (KNC) oocytes.

We separately cultured follicular oocytes collected from individual ovaries of slaughtered Korean native cows and examined both the embryonic development rate and pregnancy rate after embryo transplantation according to the meat yield and quality grades of the source beef carcass. Oocytes from meat yield grade B cows exhibited a higher fertilization rate and embryonic developmental rate to the eight-cell stage than oocytes from grade A or C animals (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in rate of development to the blastocyst stage among meat yield grades A, Band C. The oocyte cleavage rate and development rate to the eight-cell stage from meat quality grade 3 cattle was higher than grades 1++, 1+, 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Embryos derived from grade animals displayed a development rate to the blastocyst stage of 19.4%, which was also higher than all other meat quality grades (p<0.05). Transplantation of in vitro-cultured oocytes from meat yield grade A ovaries led to a higher pregnancy rate (64.2%) than in vitro-cultured oocytes from meat yield grade B ovaries (56.5%), but there was no significant difference between the two groups in pregnancy or abortion rates. In conclusion, embryonic development rate and pregnancy rate has a close relation to meat quality grades of the source beef carcass, this results is to give information for the Korean native cows improvement of breed.

The purpose of this experimental study is threefold: first, to explore the relationship between metaphoric competence (MC) and language proficiency (LP) of nonnative speakers; second, to examine any significance in correlations in connection with what metaphor is and how it is comprehended and third, to put forward a few pedagogical considerations for development of MC in a L2 context. Ninety-five individuals subdivided into three groups of native and nonnative speakers form the subject of this study. Four test measures are constructed to assess the subjects" MC and LP. The findings of this correlational study are as follows: There is no correlation between MC and LP in the representative group of nonnative speakers (NNS). However, one group of NNS living and studying in the target culture displays a convincingly strong correlation, indicating that MC must be acquired through experiencing the culture firsthand. Neverthless, the other NNS group demonstrates an unexpectedly strong positive correlation in one test of metaphoric competence, implying that the linguistic cues of the verb- phrase (VP)-focused metaphors must have helped with their interpretation of the concept structures. This study provides empirical evidence that MC in L2 should be deliberately taught in class from the cognitive hypothesis especially where L2 is spoken.

A large number of foreign students enroll at Korean universities each year. Although a good command of the Korean language is crucial for them to be successful in their studies, and both university authorities and teaching staff now agree that students’ language ability needs to be tested before their admission, a valid and reliable test of academic Korean is still to be developed. The aim of this paper was twofold: to determine the Korean language proficiency level and language task types that are necessary to succeed at the university level in Korea; and to determine test specifications that could be used by examiners to appraise university candidates’ language skills. To develop such specifications, Common European Framework (CEF) descriptors of language proficiency were used. These descriptors can be used as indicators showing which language tasks a candidate should be able to do at a certain level. To create test specifications, academically relevant descriptors were selected and task types associated with each were analyzed. Many descriptors associated with the B2 level of the CEF were used to determine the language achievement level necessary for university students in Korea. Information about linguistic input and output associated with each language task type was also gained and applied from CEF descriptors.

This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of vitrification procedure for the cryopreservation of porcine oocytes and the utilization of vitrified oocytes as recipient cytoplasts for somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT), and observed that porcine oocytes are evaluated by pronuclear formation, and parthenogenetic development. Single fetal donor cells were deposited into the perivitelline space of vitrified enucleation oocytes, followed by electrical fusion and activation. NT embryos were cultured in NCSU-23 medium supplemented with 5% FBS, at in 5% and air. 1. When the developmental rates of the oocytes after being culture for hours vitrified with EDS and ETS were 42.0%, 38.0%, respectively. This results were lower than the control group(62.2%). 2. When the developmental rates of the oocytes after being culture for hours vitrified-thawed with sucrose and glucose, 5% PVP, NCSU-23 supplemented with 10% FBS were 33.3%, 25.9%, respectively. This results were lower than the control group(55.6%). 3. The fusion and development to the blastocyst stage between the NT embryos constructed with the vitrified and non-vitrified oocytes were significant differences. Developmental rate of oocytes and NT embryos constructed with the vitrified or non-vitrified oocytes were , respectively.

This study was carried out to examine on developmental competence of Hanwoo embryos cultured in vitro according to culture conditions and freezing methods. The in vitro developmental competence to blastocyst stage at Day 8 of culture in SOF was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in CR1aa (30.3% vs. 18.4%). The in vitro developmental rate of morula and blastocysts cultured in group culture was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in individual culture (41.4% and 36.0% vs. 21.1% and 10.5%, respectively). The cell number of Day 8 blastocysts in group culture was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in the individual culture (, respectively). The survival rates of frozen-thawed balstocysts that were exposed in 1.5 M ethylene glycol or 1.5 M ethylene glycol containing 0.1 M sucrose were 77.5% and 78.7%, respectively. The survival rates of blastocysts cultured for 48 h in slow freezing and vitrification was not significantly different (73.3 and 74.0%). In conclusion, in vitro developmental competence of bovine embryos was influenced on the culture medium (SOF) and culture method (Group culture). Survival rate of frozen-thawed of bovine embryos was not influenced on freezing solutions and freezing methods.

본 연구는 고급육을 생산한 한우의 유전자를 재활용하기 위해 기초 등록우와 혈통 등록우의 육질등급이 1 등급 이상인 암소의 난소에서 개체별로 채취한 난포란을 개체별로 각각 체외 성숙, 체외 수정 및 체외 배양하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 기초 등록우의 육질 등급별로 회수된 난포란은 각각 1 등급 평균 28.9개, 등급 평균 28.8개, 등급 29.6개로 평균 29.0개였다. 기초 등록우의 육질 등급별 배반포배 형성율은 각각 1 등급 27.2%

The review of previous studies on interlanguage pragmatics reveals that they have been modelled on cross-cultural pragmatics. However, in order for interlanguage pragmatics to contribute in the area of second language acquisition, it should examine how L2 pragmatic competence develops as L2 linguistic competence increases. Therefore, interlanguage pragmatics studies should be modelled on acquisitional pragmatics. As an effort to explore developmental features of pragmatic competence by linguistic proficiency, this study investigated the speech act behaviors of three linguistically distinctive groups. A total of 159 English learners, which consisted of high school 1st and 2nd graders, university freshmen, and university seniors, participated in this study. Their written responses to the 7 situations in the Discourse Completion Test (DCT) were analyzed in terms of response length, vocabulary, request forms, and the use of please. The three groups showed different behavioral patterns in the realization of requests and complaints, utilizing different linguistic strategies to be responsive to the social factors. For future research, expanding learner population to include very low and high level learners, developing a new research tool other than DCT, a more systematic grouping by linguistic proficiency were suggested.