Converting biomass to biocrude oil has been extensively studied worldwide as a renewable energy technology and a solution to global warming caused by overuse of fossil fuels because it is a carbon neutral fuel that originates from biomass and, thus, could help prevent climate change. Fast pyrolysis is an effective technology for producing biocrude-oil, and woody biomass is usually used as feedstock. Although many studies have been performed with this feedstock, high production cost and low higher heating value (HHV) have frequently reported as challenging barriers to commercialization. Thus, coffee ground residue was selected as an alternative feedstock to overcome this barrier due to its higher HHV than other biomasses, as well as an expected improvement in the recycling rate of organic waste from many coffee shops. A kinetic study on the thermal decomposition reaction of ground coffee residue was carried out previously to investigate pyrolysis characteristics by thermogravimetric analysis, and its kinetic parameters were studied using two calculation models. A bubbling-fluidized-bed reactor was used for fast pyrolysis and the yield and characteristics of the biocrudeoil from ground coffee residue were investigated at reaction temperatures of 400-600°C. The activation energy of the decomposition reaction was calculated separately to be 41.57 kJ/mol and 44.01-350.20 kJ/mol with the above two methods. The highest biocrude-oil content was about 51.7wt% at 550°C.

Elemental mercury has a very high volatility allowing easy dissipation from water or soil into air. To better understand how the kinetics of diffusion of elemental mercury through a medium, which is soil in this study, a mercury diffusion column experiment was done. The correlation between temperature and equilibrium concentrations of mercury in standardized soil samples and a pure mercury standard were determined. Total mercury concentrations were analysed using CVAFS. The effect of time and soil depth to the kinetics of mercury diffusion were determined. Differences in mercury concentrations at different sampling probes were observed during the first few gas phase analyses. Equilibrium was reached through the column after 72 hours.

Since sewage sludge has low heating value as an energy source, it is desirable that sewage sludge is mixed with woody waste to enhance energy potential. Among thermal methods for waste to energy, carbonization process is used in this study. In order to estimate reaction kinetics for carbonization process using mixture of woody waste and sewage sludge, the content of sewage sludge is varied from 10 ~ 30% in mixture of woody waste and sewage sludge in carbonization process. Carbonization time is changed from 10 min to 50 min and carbonization temperature is varied from 250oC to 350oC. The carbonization process for mixture of woody waste and sewage sludge was optimized at carbonization temperature of 300oC for 20 min, 20% of sewage sludge content. As increased carbonization temperature, reaction rate constant, frequency factor and degree of carbonization were increased. As increased the content of sewage sludge, conversion, ash content and degree of carbonization were decreased. At optimal conditions for carbonization process, frequency factor and activation energy in Arrhenius equation can be decided by 3.61 × 10−2 min−1, 7,101.8 kcal/kmol respectively.

After analyzing of heating value of four kinds of RDF, the RDF-D has the highest heating value, was chosen to be mixed with carbonized sludge by different ratio. The 85%：15% ratio, which has the highest efficiency, was analyzed with thermogravimetric and pyrolysis kinetics. Applying of Kissinger method, activation energy was obtained from slope which is calculated from relation of ln(β/T2 m) and 1/Tm. The kinetic parameters obtained from Kissinger method were 46.06 kJ/mol of RDF, 55.99 kJ/mol of carbonized sludge and 40.68 kJ/mol of mixture of RDF and carbonized sludge. The mixture of RDF and carbonized sludge has the lowest activation energy and frequency factor, during thermal decomposition reaction it has the slowest reaction rate and needs the lowest energy. Although activation energy with pyrolysis of RDF was irregularly scattered, it showed that activation energy was stabilized by co-pyrolysis of RDF and additives(Carbonized Sludge).

ANOVA 분석을 통해 건조온도와 건조시간이 열풍건조 와 냉풍건조의 중요변수임을 알 수 있었으며 복분자의 반건 조를 위해서는 열풍건조의 경우 65.8℃, 4.3시간이 적당하 였고 냉풍건조의 경우 비슷한 정도의 건조수분함량까지 28.2시간이 걸렸다. 그러나 건조온도가 높아지면 vitamin C와 ellagic acid의 함량이 줄어드는 등 품질적 열화가 심하 게 나타났다. 또한 생리활성물질들은 냉풍건조에서 전반적 으로 더 잘 보존 되었으며 총폴리페놀의 함량에서는 더욱 그러하였다. 따라서 냉풍건조방법은 고품질의 반건조 복분 자 제조에 적합한 건조방법이며 최적 건조조건은 21.3℃, 28.2시간으로 나타났다.

The adsorption characteristics of Sr ions and Cs ions in single and binary solution by zeolite A were investigated in batch experiment. The adsorption rate of Sr ions and Cs ions by zeolite A obeyed pseudo-second-order kinetic model in single and binary solution. The initial adsorption rates (h) and adsorption capacities of both ions obtained from pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the values were decreased with increasing concentration of the competitive ions (0~1.5 mM). Also, adsorption isotherm data in binary solution were well fitted to the extended Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacities of Sr and Cs calculated from the model were 1.78 mmol/g and 1.64 mmol/g, respectively. The adsorption of Sr and Cs ions by zeolite A was carried out in the presence of other cations such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. The results showed that the zeolite A can maintain a relatively high adsorption capacity for Sr and Cs ions and exhibits a high selectivity in the presence of competitive cations. The effect of competition had an order of Ca2+>K+>Mg2+>Na+ for Sr ions and K+>Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+ for Cs ions at the same cation concentration.

Waste heavy oil sludge is considered oil waste that can be utilized as a renewable energy source. In this study, an attempt has been made to convert the mixtures of waste heavy oil sludge and sawdust into solid biomass fuels. The solid fuel pellets from waste heavy oil sludge and sawdust could be manufactured only with a press type pelletizer. The mixing ratios of waste heavy oil sludge and sawdust capable of manufacturing a solid fuel pellet were 30 : 70, 40 : 60 and 50 : 50. Ultimate analysis result revealed that these mixtures had C 50.21 ~ 54.77%, H 10.25 ~ 12.66%, O 25.84 ~ 34.83%, N 1.01 ~ 1.04%, S 1.03 ~ 1.07%. With increasing the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge, the carbon and hydrogen content in solid fuel pellets were increased, while the oxygen content was decreased. But the nitrogen and sulfur content in solid fuel pellets did not show much difference. Their lower heating values ranged from 4,780 kg/kcal to 5,530 kg/kcal. The density of the solid fuel pellets was increased from 0.63 g/cm3 to 0.85 g/cm3 with increasing the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge and the collapse of the solid fuel pellets occurred at a moisture content of 21%. As the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge in the solid fuel pellets was increased, the reaction of thermal cracking became faster. It was also observed that the solid fuel pellets were thermally decomposed in two steps and their DTG curves were simpler with increasing the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge. The activation energy and the pre-exponential factor of the solid fuel pellets ranged from 18.90 kcal/mol to 21.36 kcal/mol and from 201 l/sec to 8,793 l/sec, respectively. They were increased with increasing the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge.

Carbonization process with pig manure is carried out to estimate the reaction kinetics with increasing carbonizationtime and temperature in the process. From the examination of conversion characteristics of pig manure, carbonizationreaction can be described by the 1st order kinetic reaction. Degree of carbonization, which can be expressed by C/H moleratio, is increased with increasing carbonization temperature. As increased carbonization temperature from 250oC to 400oC,reaction rate constant in the 1st order kinetic reaction is also increased from 0.0622min−1 to 0.1999min−1. Frequency factorand activation energy in Arrhenius equation for pig manure in the carbonization process can be decided by 1.06×10−3min−1 and 5441.8kcal/kmole, respectively. From the results of the reaction kinetics including TGA and SEM analysis,it is desirable that pig manure should be carbonized below carbonization temperature 400oC.

저 품위 엽납석 광석에 포함된 불순물 Fe를 제거하기 위하여 입도크기, 황산농도, 황산암모늄농도, 과산화수소농도 그리고 온도변화에 따른 제거 효율에 대하여 연구하였다. 저 품위 엽납석 광석에서 자형의 입방체 황철석이 포함된 것을 반사현미경으로 관찰할 수 있었으며, X-선 회절분석결과 주 구성광물은 석영과 딕카이트였다. 실험 결과 Fe 용출율이 최대로 나타나는 입도 -325 mesh에서, 황산농도는 2.0 M에서, 황산암모늄 농도는 10.0 g/l, 과산화수소 농도 3.0 M 그리고 최적의 용출 온도는 70℃에서였다. 용해 동역학 분석에서, Fe 용해는 황철석 표면에서 일어나며 화학적 반응에 통제되는 것으로 그리고 0.066/R, [H2SO4]1.156, [(NH4)2SO4]0.745, [H2O2]0.428 에 비례하는 것으로 나타났다.

Na-A zeolite (Z-Cl) was synthesized from coal fly ash, which is a byproduct of coal combustion for the generation of electricity. The adsorption of Cu2+ and Zn2+ions onto Z-C1 was investigated via batch tests over a range of temperatures (303.15 to 323.15 K). The resultant experimental equilibrium data were compared to theoretical values calculated using model equations. With these results, the kinetics and equilibrium parameters of adsorption were calculated using Lagergren and Langmuir-Freundlich models. The adsorption kinetics revealed that the pseudo second-order kinetic mechanism is predominant. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) values were 139.0-197.9 mg Zn2+/g and 75.0-105.1 mg Cu2+/g. Calculation of the thermodynamic properties revealed that the absorption reactions for both Cu2+and Zn2+ were spontaneous and endothermic. Collectively, these results suggest that the synthesized zeolite, Z-C1, can potentially be used as an adsorbent for metal ion recovery during the treatment of industrial wastewater at high temperatures.

In this study, anaerobic co-digestion experiments for mixtures consisting of sewage sludge with food wastewater and livestock wastewater were conducted to assess the methane yields, the volatile solids (VS) removal rates and the dynamic kinetics. An augmented simplex centroid design (ASCD) was employed to design the mixing rate of organic wastes for the anaerobic co-digestion. Also, synergistic effects on the anaerobic co-digestion were studied using models obtained by the ASCD. As a result, synergistic effects were not observed in terms of methane yield and VS removal rate. It was just showed that there was a linear relationship between the cumulative methane yield and the mixing rate of food wastewater. The results might be attributable that the sewage sludge and the livestock wastewater had very lower C/N ratio compared with food wastewater that had a C/N ratio within a range required for a correctly operating anaerobic co-digestion. Therefore, increasing mixing rates of food wastewater increased the methane yield and VS removal rate, but there was not a synergistic effect by the anaerobic co-digestion.

The adsorption performance of cupper and zinc ions(Cu2+ and Zn2+) in aqueous solution was investigated by an adsorption process on reagent grade Na-A zeolite(Z-WK) and Na-A zeolite (Z-C1) prepared from coal fly ash. Z-C1 was synthesized by a fusion method with coal fly ash from a thermal power plant. Batch adsorption experiment with Z-C1 was employed to study the kinetics and equilibrium parameters such as initial metal ions concentration and adsorption time of the solution on the adsorption process. Adsorption rate of metal ions occurred rapidly and adsorption equilibrium reached at less than 120 minutes. The kinetics data of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions were well fitted by a pseudo-second-order kinetics model more than a pseudo-first-order kinetics model. The equilibrium data were well fitted by a Langmuir model and this result showed Cu2+ and Zn2+ adsorption on Z-C1 would be occupied by a monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity(qmax) by the Langmuir model was determined as Cu2+ 99.8 mg/g and Zn2+ 108.3 mg/g, respectively. It appeared that the synthetic zeolite, Z-C1, has potential application as absorbents in metal ion recovery and mining wastewater.

In this research, equilibrium of adsorption and kinetics of As(V) removal were investigated. The coal mine drainage sludge(CMDS) was used as adsorbent. To find out the physical and chemical properties of CMDS, XRD (X-ray diffraction), XRF (X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) analysis were carried out. The CMDS was consist of 70% of goethite and 30% of calcite. From the results, an adsorption mechanism of As(V) with CMDS was dominated by iron oxides. Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was fitted well more than Freundlich isotherm adsorption model. Adsorption capacities of CMDS 1 was not different with CMDS 2 on aspect of amounts of arsenic adsorbed. The maximum adsorption amount of two CMDS were respectively 40.816, 39.682 mg/g. However, the kinetic of two CMDS was different. The kinetic was followed pseudo second order model than pseudo first order model. Concentrations of arsenic in all segments of the polymer in CMDS 2 does not have a constant value, but the rate was greater than the value of CMDS 1. Therefore, CMDS 2, which is containing polymer, is more effective for adsorbent to remove As(V).

최근 서브미크론 영역의 초미분쇄는 세라믹, 전자재료 등 새로운 기능성 물질의 개발과 더불어 매우 중요하게 인식되고 있다. 특히, 초미립자에 대한 수요증가에 따라 분쇄기로서 교반볼밀의 중요성도 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 1 mm의 볼을 사용하고 700 rpm의 회전속도로 조작한 교반볼밀을 이용하여 방해석, 납석, 활석 등의 무기분말을 시료로 분쇄실험을 행하였다. 무기분말의 분쇄 시, 분쇄 특성의 정량적인 규명을 위하여, 입자의 크기 및 그 분포특성의 분석을 통해 분쇄산물의 입도분포를 얻음과 동시에 중위경의 변화를 관찰하였다. 방해석의 경우 원시료의 중위경이 6.49μm에서 0.47μm로, 납석의 경우 3.91μm에서 1.14μm까지 입자크기가 크게 작아졌으나, 활석의 경우 10.30μm에서 6.67μm까지만 작아져서 많은 변화를 보이지 않았다. 또한, 분쇄산물의 여러 가지 측정 결과를 토대로 분쇄조작 시 분쇄산물의 특성이 분쇄조건에 따라 분쇄속도에 미치는 영향을 알고자 하였다. 같은 실험 조작 조건에서 선택함수를 관찰한 결과, 방해석과 납석은 비슷한 분쇄거동을 보이는 것을 알 수 있었으나, 본 실험범위 내에서 활석의 분쇄거동은 크게 변화하지 않는 것이 관찰되었다.

층간 양이은종이 다른 두 종류의 몬모릴로나이트에 대한 계면활성제의 흡착을 통해 몬모릴로나이트 표면에서 흡착거동하는 계면활성제의 시간적인 변화를 관찰하였다. 계면활성제의 미셀 농도를 다르게 하여 시간이 경과(0.1분～11일)함에 따라 몬모릴로나이트에 대한 계면활성제의 비평형 활동성을 관찰하였다. N몬모릴로나이트(SWy)는 Ca-몬모릴로나이트(Shz)와 비교했을 때 계면활성제가 몬모릴로나이트 충간에 보다 활동적으로 침투 및 흡착하였다. SWy의 층간간격은 반응초기부터 시간이 경과함에 따라 급격히 팽창하였지만, SAz의 경우에서는 반응 후반기에만 층간간격이 현저히 팽창되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 두 몬모릴로나이트의 서로 다른 평창특성은 부분적으로 자신들의 본질, 즉 몬모릴로나이트 내에 존재하는 무기양 이온들의 영향 때문인 것으로 보인다. 또한, 계면활성제의 미셀 농도는 유기-몬모릴로나이트의 발달, 즉 비평형 상태에서의 유기점토복합체 형성과 안정에 큰 영향을 끼치는 것으로 보인다.

This study was conducted to investigate anoxic-RBC (rotating biological contactor) and its application in advanced municipal wastewater treatment process to remove biologically organics and ammonia nitrogen. Effluent COD and nitrogen concentration increased as the increase of volumetric loading rate. But, the concentration changes of NO2--N and NO3--N were little, as compared to COD and NH4+-N. When the volumetric loading rate increased, COD removal efficiency and nitrification appeared very high as 96.7～98.8% and 92.5～98.8%, respectively. However, denitrification rate decreased to 76.2～88.0%. These results showed that the change of volumetric loading rate affected to the denitrification rate more than COD removal efficiency or nitrification rate. The surface loading rates applied to RBC were 0.13～6.01g COD/㎡-day and 0.312～1.677g NH4+-N/㎡-day and they were increased as the increase of volumetric loading rate. However, the nitrification rate showed higher than 90%. The thickness of the biofilm in RBC was 0.130～0.141㎜ and the density of biofilm was 79.62～83.78㎎/㎤. They were increased as surface loading rate increased. From batch kinetic tests, the kmaxH and kmaxN were obtained as 1.586 g C/g VSS-day, and 0.276 g N/g VSS-day, respectively. Kinetic constants of denitrifer in anoxic reactor, Y, ke, Ks, and k were 0.678 ㎎ VSS/㎎ N, 0.0032 day-1, 29.0 ㎎ N/ℓ, and 0.108 day-1, respectively. P and Ks values of nitrification and organics removal in RBC were 0.556 g N/㎡-day and 18.71 g COD/㎡-day, respectively.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the desulfurization kinetics of paper sludge and limestone in a fluidized bed reactor according to bed temperature and air velocity. The experimental results were presented as follows ; First, the bed temperature had a great influence on the desulfurization efficiency of limestone and paper sludge. In paper sludge, the optimum condition in desulfurization temperature was at 800℃ and in limestone, that was at 850℃ or 900℃. Second, as air velocity increased, the desulfurization efficiency(or the absorbed amount of sulfur dioxide) by limestone and paper sludge decreased. And the absorbed amount of sulfur dioxide by paper sludge was larger than that of by limestone. Third, as the velocity increased and the optimum desulfurization temperature became, ks and the removal efficiency increased. So, ks, kd highly depended on the air velocity and bed temperature.

방해석 표면에 의한 Cd2+의 흡착연구를 하였다. 흡착실험에서 사용한 Cd의 농도는 10-8 로서 CdCO3(s)의 침전농도 보다 낮은 농도를 유지하도록 조절하였다. NaClO4를 전해질로 사용하여 이온농도를 달리 한 실험 결과 Cd2+의 흡착은 용액의 이온세기와는 무관한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 Cd2+의 방해석 표면 흡착이 특징적인 성질을 갖고 inner sphere surface complex를 형성한다는 것을 암시한다. 흡착반응은 초기의 매우 빠른 흡착시기와 후기의 지속적인 느린 흡착시기의 2단계로 구분되었다. 특히, 후기의 느린 흡착시기에는 약 145시간 경과 후 최대정상상태 (steady state maximum)에 도달하였다. 본 연구에서 사용한 Cd2+의 농도가 낮아 방해석 표면에 CdCO3(s)의 침전 형성에 의한 반응은 고려되지 않았다. 방해석 표면으로부터 Cd2+의 탈착반응은 일정시간의 흡착 반응이 경과된 후 초기 흡착 실험 시와 같은 농도의 과포화 용액을 사용하여 Cd2+을 흡착한 방해석이 새로운 용액에 재 평형을 이루도록 반응을 유도하였다. 일반적으로 탈착실험에서는 새로운 과포화용액에 방해석을 넣자마자 매우 빠른 탈착반응을 보여준다. 그 이후는 2가지의 다른 경향성을 보여주며 새로운 평형에 도달하는 것으로 나타난다. 초기의 빠른 탈착반응 시기 뒤 느린 흡착반응이 지속적으로 일어나 일정 시간 경과 후 다시 평형을 이루거나, 느린 탈착반응이 계속적으로 지속되어 일정 시간 경과 후 새로운 평형을 이루는 2가지로 나타났다. 이러한 부분적으로 비가역적인 흡착 반응과 탈착반응은 실제 자연계에서 Cd2+의 유동성을 결정짓는 매우 중요한 인자로 작용할 것으로 생각된다. 흡착 반응 및 탈착반응의 평형상수 값은 이들 반응이 서로 동일한 기작에 의하여 조절됨을 보여주었다.