Background : Oplopanax elatus, comnonly called Asian devil’s club, is distributed in the northern high mountains of the Korean peninsula, northeastern China, and southeastern Russia. Its root is traditionally used to treat asthma, depressive states, chronic fatigue syndrome, and hypertension, neurasthenia, hypopiesis, schizophrenia, cardiovascular problems, diabetes mellitus, impotence, emaciation, hypotension cough, rheumatism, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, and wounds. Plant cell and tissue culture techniques for the mass production of adventitious roots in suspension culture allows a high proliferation rate, stable accumulation rate, and production of valuable compounds. Methods and Results : The plants were cultured on 1/4 MS medium with 1% sucrose and 1% plant agar for 3 month and they transferred to pot. The pots were contained of soil, soil + pelite (1 : 1), and soil + sand (1 : 1), respectively. The plants were measured plant length, leaf length, and leaf number. The number of leaves have represented as similar result of 7.44 ± 1.34 ㎝ in soil and 7.56 ± 1.26 ㎝ on soil + pelite. The 3.22 ± 0.53 ㎝ of plant length and the 6.57 ± 0.51 ㎝ of leaves length were highest on soil. Conclusion : The survival rate depending on soil types of Oplopanax elatus was confirmed to exist in these cases of soil and soil+pelite. However, they all died in condition of soil+vermiculite. The number of leaves have no difference and the length of plant and the length of leaves were longest on soil.

The appropriate soil depth for each species should be determined by taking into account the visual quality of the plant, including the growth conditions of the trees and total photosynthesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth characteristics -height, root collar diameter, dry weight- and quality index according to soil depth. Therefore this study proposed suitable plants according to container size (soil depth) when creating a container garden. The result are as follows; Pinus densiflora, Pinus parviflora and Nandina domestica have poor growth and low ornamental value at 15 cm depth. Therefore, theu will be available at a minimum depth of 20c m. Thuja occidentalis grew in 15 cm of soil depth and had a normal visual value, but it was desirable to plant 20 cm of soil depth. Ilex serrata grew at least 20 cm above depth but it was not suitable for container garden because of its low value of ornamental value. Syringa vulgaris had little difference in growth depending on soil depth. Considering the visual quality, it will be possible to plant for container gardening at a soil depth of 20 cm or more. Container gardens are an alternative to forming green spaces in places where planting is difficult in the city. Therefore, appropriate containers and plants should be selected.

This experiment was conducted to establish a cultivation system for sorghum in reclaimed soils. Pot experiments were used to test the effects on seedling establishment of sowing depth, soil water content, and soil salinity using seeds of Nampungchal-susu and Hwanggeumchal-susu in reclaimed soil. Field experiments were also conducted to examine differences in growth characteristics and yield production, by sowing time, and planting distance. The result of the pot experiment, examining seedling establishment at various sowing depths revealed that, it was the highest 76.7% when the seeds were sown at a depth of 3 cm. Seedling establishment did not differ with soil water content between 10~30 kpa and at 51~70 kpa. No effects of seed moisture absorption before sowing were observed. Seedling establishment showed no differences with soil salinity below 3.2 dS m-1, but decreased with Salinity above 4.8 dS m-1. In field experiments to assess the effects on seedling establishment ratio of sowing time, Nampungchal-susu was revealed to have a high seedling establishment ratio following sowing on June 15. Hwanggeumchal-susu did not exhibits effects of sowing time, on seedling establishment ratio but exhibited higher seedling establishment when in low soil salinity conditions than when sown in high soil salinity conditions. With respect to yield, the yield of the seeds sown on June 15 was higher by 13% for Nampungchal-susu and by 29% for the Hwanggeumchal-susu than that those sown on June 25. With respect to soil salinity, the yield at a soil salinity of 3.2 dS m-1 was lower by 23% than that at 1.6 dS m-1 or lower for Nampungchal-susu, and was lower by 30% Hwanggeumchal-susu. With respect to planting density, both breeds showed the highest yield at 60×10 cm. These results suggest that a sowing time of June 15 and a seeding distance of 60×10 cm are appropriate for sorghum in reclaimed land.

Background: The production method of ginseng seedlings for ginseng cultivation is very important to ensure healthy rooting system as well as high quality, and yield of the resultant plants. This study was carried out to compare the growth characteristics of 2- year-old ginseng plants that were produced from seedlings grown in self soil nursery (SSN), nursery soil (NS) or hydroponic culture (HC). Methods and Results: The shading prop used was composed of four-layered 4 polyethylene (blue 3 + black 1) shade screen. The management of main field was done by inserting oil cake (1,200 ㎏/10 a) and then allowing Sudan grass to grow for a year. Seedling transplantation was carried out on April 6. Root growth was measured on October 25. Root weight was observed to be excellent at 6.0 g, following SSN transplantation. Root length was 21.2 ㎝ for HC seedlings, but these plants had a physiological disorder (i.e., rusty root), in 83.5% plants of this treatment. The ratio of PD/PT (protopanaxadiol saponins / protopanaxatriol saponins) was higher in NS seedlings. Plant analysis revealed that Fe content was lower in HC seedlings with high rustiness. The growth of 2-years-old ginseng was different following these varying seedling cultivation methods, but seedlings from NS were not different from those grown in SSN. Conclusions: For the propagation of 2-year-old ginseng plants, NS seedlings may be a good substitute for SSN seedlings.

Crop production in rice paddy fields is of great importance because of declining rice consumption and the low self-sufficiency ratio for field crops in Korea. A controlled drainage system (CDS) is recognized as an effective means to adjust water table (WT) levels as needed and control soil water content to improve the soil environment for optimum crop growth. The present study evaluated the effects of a CDS on soil characteristics, including soil water distribution and soybean development in paddy fields. The CDS was installed with two drain spacing (3 m and 6 m) at the experimental paddy field at the National Institute of Crop Science, Miryang, Korea. It was managed with two WT levels (0.3 m and 0.6 m) during the growing season. Soil water content, electrical conductivity and plant available nitrogen content in the soil were significantly greater in the 0.3 m WT management plots than in the 0.6 m plot and the control. At the vegetative stage, chlorophyll content was significantly lower with higher WT control because of excess soil moisture, but it recovered after the flowering stage. Soybean yield increased with WT management and the 0.6 m WT treatment produced the greatest grain yield, 3.38 ton ha-1, which was 50% greater than that of the control. The CDS directly influenced outflow through the drains, which significantly delayed nutrient loss. The results of this study indicated that WT management by CDS can influence soil characteristics and it is an important practice for high yielding soybean production in paddy fields, which should be considered the crop growth stages for stable crop production.

Background : Ginseng is becoming depleted of virgin cultivation area due to the problem of replant failure. Ginseng farmers have become more burdensome in operating expense because they are more likely to go out to other cities in search of virgin cultivation area. In addition, the quality and yield of ginseng cultivated in one place for many years depend on the rapidly changing climate every year. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for continuous production of ginseng in a facility by solving the problems of replant failure and investigating basic soil composition and growth characteristics of ginseng for 2 - 6 years. Methods and Results : This study was carried out in a 90 ㎝ wide, 50cm deep and 22 m long bed made of sandwich panels in a 90% shaded facility for ginseng cultivation. In the lower part of the bed, a 100 ㎜ pipe for drainage and steam sterilization was installed, and the pearlite was filled at a height of 100 ㎜ as a drainage material. The soil for ginseng cultivation was put into the bed. Soil composition was tested in five combinations including virgin soil, yokto, peat moss, pearlite, and vermiculite with different composition ratios including control. The native seedlings were transplanted and grown from 2 years to 6 years. In the growth characteristics and yield of ginseng, the best treatments were virgin soil 55%, yokto 10%, Peatmoss 25%, Perlite 5% and 5% vermiculite. Also, the bulk density was reduced by 30% compared to the control. Soil pH and EC tended to increase slightly during all treatments. In the ginsenoside analysis, there were no unusual results for the soil composition and they were almost similar. Conclusion : As a method to continuously grow ginseng in the facility, we tried to grow ginseng by filling the soil in the bed. Soil composition should be within the range of chemistry and physics suitable for cultivation of ginseng, and it is necessary to analyze the economy and reduce the operating expense. In the future, researches on soil disinfection and nutrient management methods for continuous use should be continued.

Background : The hyphal growth of Poria cocos are known to grow well under medium temperature(25 - 28 ℃) and acidic(pH 4.0 - 5.0) conditions. Also, it is known that a large difference in the yield of Poria cocos depending on the cultivation method and environment. Therefore, this research was carried out to secure stable yield of Poria cocos using plastic house and bed soil. Methods and Results : The inoculation time was in mid-April 2016 and the inoculation amount was 3/4 lb each in pine trees of 60 (L) × 10 (D) ㎝. The inoculated wood was buried directly in the bed by soil composition and growth characteristics investigated after cultivating in plastic house from April to September, 2016. The composition of the bed soil was 6 treatments using peatmoss, cocopeat and perlite. The combination ratio ranges of peatmoss, cocopeat and perlite were 0 to 80 %, 0 to 60 % and 20 to 60 %, respectively. We assumed that the combination ratio of peatmoss (organic material) 60 % : perlite(inorganic material) 40% is good for the growth of the Poria cocos. In this ratio, instead of peatmoss, the amount of cocopeat was replaced by 20, 40, and 60 %, respectively. The pH and EC range of bed soil was 4.8 - 5.6, 0.7 - 2.2 dS/m, respectively. pH and EC tended to be lower in treatments with only peat moss and perlite. On the other hand pH and EC tended to raise with increasing cocopeat content. Volumetric soil water content and soil temperature were in the range of 13 - 28 % and 20 - 29℃, respectively, during the period of July to September. Soil water content tended to be higher with increasing cocopeat and peatmoss content and soil temperature tended to be lower. The degree of initial hyphal development and sclerotia formation were good in all treatments compared to the control. However, the number of sclerotia was 6 times higher in the ② treatment than in the control. The size of sclerotia was also the best at 12 (L) × 8 (W) ㎝ in the ② treatment. Conclusion : As a result of cultivating Poria cocos in plastic house, growth characteristics were different according to composition of bed soil. The first reason for this result is that the difference of soil moisture content depending on organic matter content affected the soil temperature. Actually, the average soil water content and soil temperature of ① treatment (organic material 80% ) showed 24% and 22℃ respectively during July to September, and no sclerotia was formed. However, in the ② treatment(organic material 60%), the average soil moisture and soil temperature were 14% and 26℃ during July to September, respectively and sclerotia formation was good. Another reason is that the pH of the bed soil affects the formation of sclerotia. Overall, the degree of hyphal development was good in low pH treatments, but no significant difference was found between the pH and the formation of sclerotia.

The tunnel structure is a structure supported by the ground rigidity around the tunnel excavation. Therefore, when tunnel excavation occurs, various problems arise in the tunnel when the ground stiffness is weak. These characteristics should be considered because the ground conditions in the design of tunnels are often different from the construction conditions investigated during tunnel construction

This study was carried out to provide the basic informations on the sustainable management methods for soil resources by determining the soil physico-chemical properties of specialized plant gardens (Sedum garden, Fern garden, Medicinal plant garden, Ornament plant garden, Rare & endemic plant garden, and Shrub garden) and forest in Korea National Arboretum. Soil particle size showed similar distribution except for Sedum garden and Medicinal plant garden. Soil bulk densities were significantly difference among forest and specialized plant garden (p<0.05) and ranged from 0.79 g/cm 3 in Sedum garden to 1.13 g/cm 3 in shrub garden. Sedum garden and medicinal plant garden showed significantly low of soil moisture content (p<0.05). Soil pH ranged from 4.87 in Sedum garden to 5.41 in rare & endemic plant garden. Soil organic matter content ranged from 2.61% in Sedum garden to 4.71% in forest. The lower value in total N content was 0.11% in Sedum garden and 0.18% in medicinal plant garden. Available phosphorus was significantly lower in Sedum garden and medicinal plant garden than in other specialized plant garden of ranging from 16.90 ppm to 20.34 ppm (p<0.05). The contents of inorganic NH4 + and NO3 - were significantly different among the specialized plant gardens (p<0.05). The ratios of NO3 - to total inorganic N content ranged from 28% in Sedum garden to 44% in fern garden and forest. N mineralization and nitrification rate were also significantly different among the specialized plant gardens (p<0.05).

In this paper, the material characteristics of field applied green slope soil for development of vegetation shotcrete using mineral additive are evaluated. From the results, after a consolidation of certain level is proceeded, soil hardness and soil strength are not affected by ages. However, in order to ensure slope stability, the cohesion should be improved of green slope soil.

The objective of the present study was to perform a comparative analysis of the chemical properties of the cultivation site soil and growth characteristics of organically and conventionally cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Organically and conventionally cultivated ginseng samples (4-, 5-, and 6-year-old) were collected from 52 fields at 14 locations throughout Korea. The samples were collected over three years from 2013 to 2015, with the collection period between October and November of each year. In order to increase the yield of organically cultivated ginseng, the amount of nutrients was increased to match that of the conventional cultivation system, which highlights the need for proper management in accordance with the standards for chemical properties of soil. Growth duration of organic ginseng was ≥60 days shorter than that of conventional ginseng and its average yield per 1ha was 60% than that of conventional ginseng. Root weight of organically cultivated ginseng was approximately 54% that of conventionally cultivated ginseng. Rhizome diameter and body shape index of organically cultivated ginseng were lower than those of conventionally cultivated ginseng, indicating that organically cultivated ginseng was thinner and longer than conventionally cultivated ginseng. Root length was greater in 5-year-old conventionally cultivated ginseng with a low percentage of paddy-upland rotation fields. The number of rootlets was lower in 5- and 6-year-old organically cultivated ginseng with a high percentage of direct seeding cultivation. Dry weight was distinctly lower in 5- and 6-year-old organically cultivated ginseng with early defoliation than that of conventionally cultivated ginseng. Incidences of notched belly and root rot tended to be higher in conventional cultivation, with the incidence of notched belly being distinctly higher in 4- and 6-year-old roots and root rot being more prevalent in 5- and 6-year-old roots. Red discoloration and eelworm damage, which are highly affected by soil moisture, were most common in the organically cultivated 4-year-old roots. Organically cultivated ginseng showed early defoliation than conventionally cultivated ginseng, as a result, its yield and weight were low, while the incidence of physiological disorders was low. In order to increase the yield of organically cultivated ginseng, studies on cultivation technology that can overcome early defoliation, as well as soil moisture management that can minimize physiological disorders, are required.

Background: Crop rotation plays an important role in improving soil chemical properties, minimizing the presence of disease pathogens, and assists in neutralizing autotoxic effects associated with allelochemicals. Methods and Results: Five rotation crops of sudan grass, soybean, peanut, sweet potato, and perilla were cultivated for one year with an aim to reduce yield losses caused by repeated cropping of ginseng. In 2-year-old ginseng grown in the same soil as a previous ginseng crop, stem length and leaf area were reduced by 30%, and root weight per plant was reduced by 56%. Crop rotation resulted in a significant decrease in electrical conductivity, NO3, and P2O5 content of the soil, whereas organic matter, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn content remained-unchanged. Soil K content was increased following crop rotation with sudan grass and peanut only. Rotation with all alternate crops increased subsequent ginseng aerial plant biomass, whereas root weight per plant significantly increased following crop rotation with perilla only. A significant positive correlation was observed between root rot ration and soil K content, and a significant negative correlation was observed between ginseng root yield and the abundance of actinomycetes. Crop rotation affected the soil microbial community by increasing gram negative microbes, the ratio of aerobic microbes, and total microbial biomass whereas decreases were observed in actinomycetes and the ration of saturated fatty acids. Conclusions: In soil exhibiting crop failure following replanting, crop rotation for one year promoted both soil microbial activity and subsequent ginseng aerial plant biomass, but did not ameliorate the occurrence of root rot disease.

Background : Scrophularia koraiensis is a herbaceous perennials belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. This study was carried out to survey the effect of soil types on growth characteristics in Scrophularia koraiensis seedling. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from plants growing in the Mt. Kariwang Jeongseon, Gangwon-do in September 2014, and they were sown to 128 cell plug tray filled with Peatmoss (TKS-2) soil at March, 2015. The experiment was performed with four different soil types (Peatmoss, Peatmoss + Perlite, Peatmoss + Granite soil, Commercial soil). According to the experiment, stem diameter was the highest under commercial soil. The leaf width and length were the highest under commercial soil. Main root diameter and lengh were the highest under commercial soil. Conclusion : According to the results, Scrophularia koraiensis seedling showed the highest growth in commercial soil.

Background : This study was performed to set proper soil moisture tension for promoting seed emergence and yield of ginseng when direct seeding cultivation of ginseng was carried out in shaded plastic house. Methods and Results : The test cultivars were used Cheonpung, Yeonpung, Geumpung and seeds were sown on November 20, 2013. Irrigation starting point was set to 30, 40, 50 kPa and irrigation breakpoint was set to 20 kPa. Ginseng was cultivated in clay loam soil and shading material of plastic house were used blue-white shading vinyl. The emergence rate of 3-year-old ginseng cultivars in accordance with soil moisture tension indicated Cheonpung 97.0%, Yeonpung 95.0%, Geumpung 95.3% in each 50 kPa, 50 kPa, 30 kPa. In general, emergence rate of ginseng was higher tendency in 50 kPa (93.3∼97.0%). The average absolute soil moisture content during the growing season indicated a moisture content of 19.3% (30 kPa), 17.9% (40 kPa), 16.2% (50 kPa). Looking at the growth characteristics in above-ground part of 3-year-old ginseng cultivars according to soil moisture tension, Yeonpung, Cheonpung and Geumpung were good growth tendency in each 30kPa, 40kPa, 50kPa. On the other hand, looking at the growth characteristics in underground part of 3-year-old ginseng cultivars according to soil moisture tension, Cheonpung, Geumpung and Yeonpung were good growth tendency in each 30kPa, 40kPa, 50kPa. Yield per 10a was indicated that Yeonpung was the highest in the 50kPa to 456kg. Yield per 10a of Cheonpung and Geumpung indicated 347kg, 263kg in each 30kPa, 50kPa. Conclusion : From the above results, we concluded that ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) seems to be a difference of growth characteristics according to soil moisture tension. Therefore, it is need to manage soil moisture for each ginseng cultivars

In this paper, the material characteristics of green slope soil for application to vegetation shotcrete using mineral additive are evaluated. From the results, when the compaction level increase, soil hardness and soil strength are increased. However, the cohesion and angle of internal friction are not significantly affected by mix proportions.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic inputs on soil properties in a newly reclaimed organic soils. The soil of the experiment site was very low in soil fertility and the physico-chemical properties were poor. Several organic input treatments with different source of nutrient were placed, including compost in combination with green manures for organic agricultural practices, chemical fertilizers for conventional agricultural practices, and control without fertilizer. The experiment was conducted with continuous cropping system during 3 years. The chemical properties concentration in compost+green manure treatment was increased continually compare to control and chemical fertilizer treatment, and closed to the recommended rate of fertilizer. The organic matter value for compost+ green manure treatment was increased from 0.86~0.96% to 2.00~2.29% by continuous nutrient supply of compost and green manure. However, further investigation on increasing of organic matter value for 3 years is necessary to monitor carefully during the long-term because it will help to clarify the all mechanisms of organic matter on organic input application way. The available phosphate value for compost+ green manure treatment was generally increased from 21.9~27.1 mg/kg to 182.0~ 394.1 mg/kg. In case of exchange cation, the concentration for compost+ green manure treatment was increased during 2 years within the range to the recommended rate of fertilizer, however, it is expected to cause a rather over supply for 3 years.

Background : Ginseng is mainly grown as a break crop in paddy fields after rice has been cultured for approximately 4 - 5 years, because it reduces the negative effects of continuous rice cropping. However, physiological disorders, such as leaf discoloration, occur in ginseng grown in paddy fields with poor drainage and excessive levels of inorganic components. Methods and Results : This study investigated the effect of ridge height on the growth characteristics and yield of 6 year old Panax ginseng. Ridge height was varied by making 20, 30, and 40 ㎝ high ridges in a pooly drained paddy field. Soil moisture content decreased, while electrical conductivity (EC) as the ridge height increased. The NO3, K, Ca, Mg, and Na levels also rose as ridge height increased, but organic matter and P2O4 levels did not. The leaf discoloration ratio rose as the ridge height increased, and root yield reached a peak when the ridge height was 30 ㎝. Conclusion : A ridge height of 30 ㎝ in poorly drained paddy field improved ginseng growth by reducing leaf discoloration and increasing root survival, owing to more suitable soil moisture and EC levels.

본 연구에서는 나노 입자와 시멘트로 보강된 조립토의 강도 특성에 관한 연구로서, 물과 시멘트의 수화 반응으로 발생하는 이산화칼슘과 나노 실리카 입자의 포졸란 반응을 통하여 강도 증진 효과 양상이 어떠하게 나타나는지 확인하였다. 실험은 상대밀도, 흙-시멘트비율, 시멘트-나노실리카비율, 물-시멘트 비율을 이용하여 배합하였다. 배합된 보강토는 직경과 높이가 50㎜×100㎜인 몰드를 이용하여 공시체로 제작하고 실내 일축압축시험을 진행하였다. 7일 양생 공시체의 일축압축강도의 경우 상대밀 도가 증가함에 따라 강도 증진 효과가 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 상대밀도가 증가하면서 첨가되는 나노 실리카의 양이 증가하여 초기 수화 반응을 촉진시켰기 때문이다. 반면 28일 양생 공시체의 일축압축강도의 경우 강도 증진 효과가 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 장기간 양생의 경우 수화 반응에 의하여 모세관 공극이 형성되는데 공극 주변의 시멘트가 충분한 수분을 받지 못하여 완전한 수화가 이루어지지 않아 이와 같은 결과가 나타난다. 또한, 흙-시멘트비율이 일정할 때, 나노 실리카 함량의 최적값은 상대밀도 60% 이상에서는 3%임을 확인하였다.