The purpose of this study was to investigate the Maillard reaction–related physicochemical properties of three maize varieties (Kwangpyeongok, Sinhwangok2ho and Gangdaok) after roasting them for different times (0, 15, 25, 40, and 55 minutes). The Maillard reaction is a non-enzymatic browning reaction involving reducing sugars and amino compounds. The content of reducing sugar, the causative agent of the Maillard reaction, decreased as roasting time increased. Gangdaok showed the lowest reducing sugar content of 1.04 mg/g after 55 minutes of roasting. In the elapsed roasting time, chromaticity ‘L’ and ‘b’ values decreased. At 55 minutes of roasting, wherein the Maillard reaction occurred most actively, Gangdaok showed the lowest ‘L’ value of 56.37 and the highest ‘a’ value of 7.60. Gangdaok had superior conditions for inducing the Maillard reaction compared to other varieties, and it is consider that 'flint–type', an endosperm characteristic, may have been the influencing agent. This study detected a total of 52 types of volatile aroma compounds (VACs), of which 28 were produced after roasting. Of the total VACs detected, 2-Formyl-5-methylfuran and 2-Furancarboxaldehyde accounted for 43.8~45.5% and have been confirmed to be the major VACs present in roasted maize. Most of the correlations between the Maillard reaction–related characteristics showed high correlation coefficients.

본 연구는 식물 공장에서 배초향(Agastache rugosa Kuntze) 재배 시, 야파시간에 따른 생육과 항산화 물질 함량에 미치는 영향에 대하여 살펴보고자 수행하였다. 본엽 4매인 배초향 묘 를 백색 LEDs를 이용한 수경재배 시스템에 정식하였다. 야파 처리 효과를 알아보기 위해 06시부터 광도 200μmol·m-2·s-1 조건으로 시간을 24시간 주기에서 18:1:2:3, 18:2:2:2, 18:3:2:1 (명기:암기:명기:암기) 비율로 처리하였으며 대조구는 20:4 (명기:암기)로 설정하여 4주간 재배하였다. 엽장과 엽폭, 화아 수를 제외하고는 유의적 차이가 발생하지 않았다. 배초향 지 상부의 항산화물질 함량은 tilianin과 acacetin이 높았고, 지하 부에서는 rosmarinic acid(RA)의 함량이 유의하게 높았다. 배초향의 건물중당 RA함량은 18:1:2:3과 18:2:2:2에서 대조 구보다 47.92, 51.46% 높았고, 건물중당 tilianin과 acactin은 18:3:2:1에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 야파처리를 하였을 때 동일한 누적 광량으로 인해 생육 차이를 보이지 않았지만, 18:2:2:2의 야파처리가 총 폴리페놀 함량이 높게 나타났다. 따 라서 인공광을 이용한 배초향 재배 시스템에서 야파처리를 통 하여 생육 저하 없이 배초향의 항산화 물질 증대 효과를 기대 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The goal of the decommissioning of nuclear facilities is to remove the regulations from the Nuclear Safety Act. The media that can be considered at the time of remediation stage may usually include soils, buildings, and underground materials. In addition, underground materials may largely be the groundwater, buried pipes, and concrete structures. In fact, it can be seen that calculations of the Derived Concentration Guideline Level (DCGL) and ALARA action levels was conducted in the case of overseas decommissioning experiences of Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Therefore, the aim of this study is to review the remediation activities and scenarios applied for the calculation of ALARA action level from the overseas decommissioned nuclear power plants. Media that can be considered for DCGL calculation at the time of license termination may differ from site to site. If the DCGL for the target media was derived, whether additional remediation actions are required under the DCGL value from the ALARA perspective was identified by calculating the ALARA action levels in the case of the U.S. The activities to determine whether additional clean-up is justified under the regulatory criteria are remediation actions which is dependent on the material contaminated. Therefore, the typical materials that can be subjected to remediation are soils and structure basements in the overseas cases. Remediation actions involved in the decommissioning process on the structure surfaces can be typically considered to be scabbling, shaving, needle guns, chipping, sponge and abrasive blasting, pressure washing, washing and wiping, grit blasting, and removal of contaminated concrete. For the cost-benefit analysis of the media subject to DCGL calculation, it is necessary to assume a scenario for the remediation actions of the target media. The scenarios can be largely divided into two types. Those are basement fill and building occupancy scenario. In basement fill mode, buildings and structures on the site are removed, and the effect of receptors from the contamination of the remaining structures is considered. In the building occupancy mode, it is assumed that the standing building remains on the site after the remediation stage. It is a situation to evaluate how the effect of additional remediation actions changes as the receptors occupy inside of the contaminated building. Therefore, parameters such as population density, area being evaluated, monetary discount rate, numbers of years, etc. can be set and assessed according to the scenarios.

To ensure the peaceful use of nuclear energy, nuclear safeguards are applied in member states of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) under the Non-Proliferation Treaty. The two major considerations in implementing nuclear safeguards are effectiveness and efficiency. In terms of efficiency, the IAEA has a great interest in using containment and surveillance (C/S) technology to maintain continuity of knowledge. A representative means of C/S technology is a sealing system to detect tampering. The existing sealing systems used by the IAEA are of limited functionality in realtime verification purposes. To address this limitation, the present study develops a real-time verification sealing system. First, we analyzed the design requirements of a sealing system proposed by various institutions including the IAEA, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and a number of national laboratories and companies. Then, we identified the appropriate design requirements of this system for real-time verification. Finally, the prototype system was developed and tested based on the identified design requirements. The validation tests of the prototype system were performed for anticipated environmental conditions, radiation resistance, and safeguards functionality. Additionally, we are developing user-friendly verification software. The software validation is planned to perform for functionality, performance efficiency, and security. The next step is to develop a commercialized realtime verification sealing system based on the results of validation tests. Using this commercialized system, we plan to evaluate the performance in various actual use cases. Such a system is expected to significantly enhance the efficiency of nuclear safeguards.

PURPOSES : Roller-compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) is a superstiff-consistency concrete pavement that exhibits excellent strength development owing to a hydration reaction and interlocking aggregates owing to the roller compaction. A zero-slump concrete mixture is generally used. Hence, it is important to control the consistency of the RCCP mixture to prevent the deterioration of the construction quality (such as material separation during paving). The workability of the RCCP is characterized by its consistency and controlled by the Vebe time, whereas a conventional concrete pavement is controlled based on the slump test. The consistency of the RCCP changes over time after concrete mixing owing to delivery, construction time delays, etc. Thus, it is necessary to use the optimum Vebe time to achieve the best construction quality. Therefore, this study aims to develop a Vebe time prediction model for efficiently controlling the consistency of RCCPs according to random time variations. METHODS : A Vebe time prediction model was developed using a multiple linear regression analysis. A dataset of 131 samples was used to develop the model. The collected data consisted of variables with large potential effects on the consistency of the RCCP, such as the water-cement ratio (W/C), sand/aggregate ratio (S/a), water content (ω), water content per unit volume (W), cement (C), fine aggregate (S), coarse aggregate (G), water reducing admixtrue (PNS), air-entraining admixture (AE), delay time (T), air temperature (TEM), and humidity (HUM). In the multiple linear regression analysis, the mentioned parameters were used as the independent variables, and the Vebe time was the dependent variable. The Vebe time prediction models were evaluated by considering the adjusted R2 and p-values. The selection of the model was based on the largest R2 value and an acceptable p-value (p<0.05). RESULTS : The Vebe time prediction model achieved an adjusted R2 value of 64.14% with a significance level (p-value) of less than 0.05. This shows that the predictive model is adequately described for the dependent variable, and that the model is suitable for Vebe time predictions. Moreover, the significance level of the independent variables is less than 0.05, indicating significant effects on the Vebe time (i.e., the dependent variable). CONCLUSIONS : The Vebe time prediction model developed in this study can be used to estimate Vebe times with an R2 of 63.33% between the measured and predicted values. The proposed Vebe time prediction model is expected to be effectively utilized for the quality control of RCCP mixtures. Moreover, it is expected to contribute to achieving good RCCP construction quality.

Fescues, which are widely cultivated as grasses and forages around the world, are often naturally infected with the endophyte, Epichloë. This fungus, transmitted through seeds, imparts resistance to drying and herbivorous insects in its host without causing any external damage, thereby contributing to the adaptation of the host to the environment and maintaining a symbiosis. However, some endophytes, such as E. coenophialum synthesize ergovaline or lolitrem B, which accumulate in the plant and impart anti-mammalian properties. For example, when livestock consume excessive amounts of grass containing toxic endophytes, problems associated with neuromuscular abnormalities, such as convulsions, paralysis, high fever, decreased milk production, reproductive disorders, and even death, can occur. Therefore, pre-inoculation with non-toxic endogenous fungi or management with endophyte-free grass is important in preventing damage to livestock and producing high-quality forage. To date, the diagnosis of endophytes has been mainly performed by observation under a microscope following staining, or by performing an immune blot assay using a monoclonal antibody. Recently, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular diagnostic method is gaining importance in the fields of agriculture, livestock, and healthcare given the method’s advantages. These include faster results, with greater accuracy and sensitivity than those obtained using conventional diagnostic methods. For the diagnosis of endophytes, the nested PCR method is the only available option developed; however, it is limited by the fact that the level of toxic alkaloid synthesis cannot be estimated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a triplex real-time PCR diagnostic method that can determine the presence or absence of endophyte infection using DNA extracted from seeds within 1 h, while simultaneously detecting easD and LtmC genes, which are related to toxic alkaloid synthesis. This new method was then also applied to real field samples.

This study is a plan on the way to strengthen the survival ability by increasing the use time of air respirator by applying emergency breathing method in the situation where firefighter has to wait for RIT (Rapid Intervention Teams) because it is impossible to escape by himself or emergency escape during isolation during field activities. The research procedure first drew problems by conducting a survey on fire fighters under the Seoul Fire and Disaster Headquarters, and conducted an experiment to compare normal breathing and emergency breathing with 20 members of the Seoul 119 Special Rescue Team, and suggested emergency breathing method and training process modeling that can be applied to each field situation based on the data obtained. The experiment was conducted over 9 weeks, and it was divided into three categories: field activity situation, movement (emergency escape assumption) situation, and place (assume waiting for RIT). In the field activity situation experiment, it was confirmed that the application of skip breathing method was appropriate and the use time of air respirator increased about 1.6 ~ 1.9 times. In the moving situation or the in-situ situation, wheel breathing method was appropriate and the use time of air respirator increased about 1.6 ~ 2.4 times. However, when conducting intense activities in the field activity situation, it is recommended to use it limitedly because it is difficult to apply the emergency breathing method. If emergency breathing is not clearly learned in the body, it is difficult to use in the field, so I think systematic and continuous training is necessary. This study suggests that the application of emergency breathing method is effective enough to strengthen the survival ability of firefighters in the field.

The purpose of this paper was to introduce positive psychology, to the fields of SLA and English education in Korea. Positive psychology investigates how people flourish and seeks the virtues and strengths of humans. It focuses on the factors enabling people and their communities to thrive, instead of focusing on psychological disorders and abnormalities, longstanding issues of general psychology. Its three main research topics include positive emotions, traits, and institutions, all of which have relevance to SLA and L2 education. This paper examined how these topics have been approached in SLA. Much attention has focused on positive emotions, particularly, enjoyment, which has gained momentum in recent years with publications. Empirical studies of the impacts of positive emotions on L2 learning were reviewed with discussion of enjoyment. The paper concludes by discussing directions for future research, applying positive psychology to Korean EFL contexts.

이 사건은 우리나라 해운산업에 큰 영향을 미친 H해운 파산으로 인하여 발생 한 여러 유형의 법적분쟁 중 한 가지이다. 그 중 정기용선계약에 있어 회생절차 의 개시에 따른 계약 해지에 관한 손해배상채권의 준거법 결정과 정기용선계약 에 있어 반선시 잔존유 반환채권의 문제 및 영국법상 상계의 적용 문제 등 다양 한 쟁점이 존재한다. 이와 관련한 주요 쟁점 중 정기용선계약의 반선시 계약서식에 따른 잔존유 반 환채권의 문제에 대해 살펴보고, 준거법이 외국법인 영국법으로 지정된 경우에 있어 상계의 문제에 대해 검토하였다. 우선 NYPE 1946과 1993 서식을 사용하는 경우와 NYPE 2015 서식의 사용에 는 많은 차이가 있으므로 앞의 서식을 사용할 때는 추가약관을 보완할 필요가 있다. 특히 이 사건의 핵심인 정기용선계약의 중도해지에 따른 잔존유 반환채권 의 경우 NYPE 1946 서식에서는 제외되지만, NYPE 2015 서식에서는 포함시키고 있음을 인식할 필요가 있다. 그 다음으로 영국법상 중도해지에 대한 상계의 문제는 보통법상 상계와 형평 법상 상계의 적용에 있다. 영국 법원과 한국 법원의 판단은 실체법적인 성격을 포함하고 있으므로 보통법상 상계가 적용된다는 것이다. 타당한 판단이지만 준 거법으로 영국법이 적용되는 경우 운송계약에 있어 항해용선계약과 정기용선계 약의 청구원인별 상계 허용에 대한 입장은 다른 경우도 있으므로 추가 검토가 필요해 보인다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 향후 실무적으로 참조가 되기를 기대한다.

This study investigated chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) residues in milk of intramuscularly dosed dairy cows and established the withdrawal time (WT) of CPM in milk. Sixteen healthy Holstein cows were injected with 10 (CPM-1) and 20 mL (CPM-2) of the drug containing 4 mg/mL of CPM, respectively. After administration of CPM, milk samples were collected from all cows at 12 hour intervals for 5 days. CPM residue concentrations in milk were determined using LC-MS/MS. The correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was 0.9956, and the limits of detection and quantification (LOQ) were 0.6 and 1.0 μg/kg, respectively. Recoveries ranged between 98.5-115.0%, and coefficient of variations were less than 10.96%. After treatment, CPM in CPM-1 and CPM-2 was detected below the LOQ in all milk samples at 12 hours. According to the European Medicines Agency’s guideline on determination of withdrawal periods for milk, withdrawal periods of both CPM-1 and CPM-2 in milk were established to 12 hours. In conclusion, the developed analytical method is sensitive and reliable for detection of CPM in milk, and the estimated WT of CPM in bovine milk will contribute to ensuring the safety of milk.

This paper explores a college EFL course designed to practice reading for pleasure during the pandemic. Sixty EFL college learners in a required English course read Mark Haddon’s (2004) [The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time] within the structure of a regular reading and writing focused academic English course. Reading for pleasure is often considered unfit for inclusion in regular curriculum. Nevertheless, for digital natives, the act of pleasurable reading especially in L2, should be actively implemented into classroom activities. This study follows a case study which practices reading for pleasure by utilizing weekly quizzes, discussion questions and response paper. Students’ feedback was collected and analyzed in order to share students’ experiences in completing the tasks. The feedback shows how weekly quizzes and class discussions have encouraged them to continue reading the text, influenced their attitude on reading English books and how they were able to empathize with the characters. This paper invokes the need to include reading young adult literature into general English courses for college learners to make them lifelong readers of L2.

Laser welding is used in various industries due to fast welding speed, and prediction with FEM is needed to design. The multi-layered heat source model that can cover various models has been recently proposed to analyze laser welding, but it takes a lot of time because more than 2,000 cases are compared to derive the results. In order to reduce the time, the simplified model should be suggested. In order to derive a simplified model, laser welding heat transfer analysis was performed using the welding direction length and the convection coefficient of the welding direction surface as parameters. As a result, the model whose difference is less than 0.1% compared to reference model is deducted. The analysis time was reduced by about 90% from 48 hours to 5 hours. Also difference of convection coefficient on the welding direction surface does not affect the temperature distribution much.