본 연구는 노숙인들의 자활증진을 위한 커뮤니티가든 프로그램 시행을 위해 노숙인에 대한 이해와 실태를 정확히 파악하고자 관련 연구동향을 분석하였다. 우리나라 노숙인은 IMF라는 외환위기를 계기로 사회의 관심을 받게 되었으며 경제상황이 좋아지면 사회에 복귀할 것이라는 예상과 달리 노숙인의 수는 줄지 않고 있다. 노숙 인은 일반인에 비해 신체적, 정신적 장애의 유병률이 높은데, 건강 은 자활의지와도 연관이 있어 노숙인의 건강관리는 자활을 위해 매 우 중요하다. 노숙인의 지원 목적은 사회로부터의 격리가 아닌 사 회복귀이며 가장 효과적인 방법은 일자리의 제공과 직업훈련이다. 노숙인에게는 생존권의 보장이라는 측면에서 기초생활유지와 사 회통합을 위한 각종 서비스가 지원되고 있다. 최근 노숙의 근본 원 인을 해결하고자 주거지원 정책이 시행되고 있는 가운데 지원주택 에 지속적인 서비스의 결합이 시도되고 있다. 이와 같은 지원주택에 커뮤티니가든을 도입하는 것은 노숙인들의 자활 증진을 위한 신체 적, 정신적 건강관리와 소통의 공간을 통한 사회성 향상, 직업교육 의 공간 제공 등 종합적인 서비스를 가능하게 할 것으로 기대된다.

Rural villages have many problems such as the collapse of rural village communities with continued over-depopulation and aging, reduced functions of towns and villages, deteriorated services with changes in the structure of settlement class and decreased use of the facilities. they also have difficulties in maintenance in spite of the increase of the roles of rural village community facilities. Various plans for the utilization of community facilities to promote the vitality of rural villages and the revitalization of communities have been needed. Thus, this study aimed to offer basic data to seek for future plans to utilize community facilities and reconstruct communities through an analysis of the current uses of energy and community facilities in rural villages. The results indicated that the consumption of petroleum was highest in mountain villages at an average of 187,475 won/month(137ℓ), followed by fishing villages at an average of 144,142 won/month(104ℓ) and rural villages at an average of 126,070 won/month(93ℓ). The rate of utilization of community facilities was reversely highest in rural villages at 84.3%, followed by fishing villages at 61.1% and mountain villages at 40.7%. This research also found that households saved energy when they used community facilities and areas with a high rate of utilization of community facilities at a lower average temperature in winter. It saved approximately 33% energy compared to other areas. Finally, efficient and economical methods for community facilities in villages to be newly developed and the remodeling of existing facilities should been needed in the future to contribute to reconstructing rural village communities that face a crisis of maintenance or abolition.

This study aims at providing the basic information required for policies on return to countryside for farming or else, through analysing the actual state of settlement and the community of people returning to rural areas. The comparative analysis of people returning toward general village and sub-urban residential complex in rural has been done to figure out the settlement environment. And the status analysis targeting the people returning to rural areas and original residents who live in general village have been done to figure out the actual state of the community. As a result, people returning toward sub-urban residential complex in rural moved for something else, while people returning toward general village in rural moved with the purpose of farming. Like this, the aims of moving into rural areas show difference. There is little conflict between people returning to rural areas and original residents, but some people have an intention to move the other place due to the conflict with original residents. So the community revitalization is needed for the active responses and suitable adaptation of them. On the basis of this study, policy tasks for return to countryside for farming or else were suggested as follows; 1) It is necessary to formulate each policy on return for farming and something else to rural areas discriminatively. 2) The economic support for a stable settlement of people returning to rural areas and the programs activating community with original residents are required. The discussion about the new community formation is needed to respond to the increase of people returning to rural areas.

The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis of rural village's community status and consciousness through a questionnaire survey of community leaders and members. Nine types of rural village communities were selected in Korea through a pre-survey of amenity resources data from the Rural Development Administration. Survey items that could determine characteristics of rural village communities were derived from a literature survey of rural village community systems. A questionnaire survey was conducted for 12 Eup-Myeon in Yesan Gun and responses were gathered from 66 community leaders and 1,222 community members. The results derived from the data collected from the community leaders show that 50% percent of rural village communities have been operating for over 25 years, and that community works such as group purchases are carried out based on emotional sympathies between residents. The results derived from the data collected from community members show that on average, community activities are carried out at places that are between 30 and 60 minutes away. Most members are satisfied with regard to the status of their rural village community. A correlation analysis showed that the rural village community satisfaction depended on travel time, community fee, and activity time.

The concentration of organic compounds was analyzed at each step of BAC process though BDOCtotal/rapid/slow. Further, bacteria communities and biomass concentrations measured FISH and ATP methods were analyzed. The bed volume (BV) of steady state is different from that of based on assessment of organic compounds removal. Bed volumes in DOC, BDOCrapid and BDOCtotal/slow removal at steady state were around 27,500 (185.8 day), 15,000 (101.4 day) and 32,000 (216.2 day), respectively. A biomass didn't change after the bed volume reached 22,500 (152.0 day) according to analyzing ATP concentration of bacteria. The concentration of ATP was 2.14 μg/g in BV 22,500 (152.0 day). The total bacterial number was 4.01±0.4×107 cells/g at the bed volume 1,150 (7.8 day) (the initial operation) and the number of bacteria was 9.27±0.2×109 at the bed volume 58,560 395.7 day) that increased more than 200 times. Bacterial uptrend was reduced and bacterial communities were stabilized since BV 18,720 (126.5 day). When BV were 1,150 (7.8 day), 8,916 (60.2 day), 18,720 (126.5 day), 31,005 (209.5 day), 49,632 (335.3 day), 58,560 (395.7 day), a proportion of total bacteria for the Eubacteria were 60.1%, 66.0%, 78.4%, 82.0%, 81.3% respectively. γ-Proteobacteria group was the most population throughout the entire range. The correlation coefficient (r2) between Eubacteria biomass and ATP concentration was 0.9448.

본 연구는 기존 도시텃밭 이용자의 인식조사를 바탕으로 하여 지역 공동체의 활성화를 위해 수행되었으며, 연구의 방법으로는 대상지를 선정하여 설문조사와 그에 따른 분석으로 이루어졌다. 설문내용은 크게 4개의 분야로 나누어 22개 문항으로 이루어져 시행되었다. 설문조사를 통해 현재 도시텃밭 이용자들의 의견을 분석한 결과 도시 내에서 텃밭이라는 공간이 지역의 공동체를 활성화하고, 화합의 장이 될 수 있는 가능성이 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 대부분의 이용자들이 도시텃밭 내 편의시설의 확충과 다양한 프로그램의 개발 및 진행에 대한 요구도가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이를 위해서는 단순히 도시텃밭만을 조성하여 지역 공동체의 활성을 꾀하는 것이 아니라 텃밭 조성 시 휴게공간 및 교류공간에 대한 충분한 계획이 이루어 져야하며, 이용자들이 편히 찾을 수 있는 정원의 역할도 함께 고려하는 것이 필요하다고 생각된다. 또한 도시텃밭을 활용하여 어린이 교육 프로그램이나 수확물을 지역민이 함께 나눌 수 있는 프로그램, 그리고 사회기관과 연계하여 도움을 줄 수 있는 프로그램 등을 제공한다면 사회적 네트워크 형성이 가능할 것으로 보인다.본 연구를 통해 제시했던 도시 내 텃밭의 도입에 따른 지역 공동체의 활성화를 도모하는 것과 함께 생물의 서식처 마련이나 녹색의 공간 제공 등을 통하여 환경적 역할 또한 감당해 낼 수 있는 좀 더 체계적인 도시텃밭 계획에 관한 연구가 이루어지는 것이 필요하다.

This study characterized the full range of vegetation in a upland wetland (marshland) in Korea. Classified community types were used to describe vegetation at the marshland and adjacent areas. The communities contained 44 species of vascular plants and all species were identified into four plant community types. The Rhododendron yedoense f. poukhanense type and Lespedeza cyrtobotrya type had a high representation infacultative upland species (FU) and obligate upland species (OU), respectively. The monocot type was dominant in marshland by Miscanthuns saccharifloruc and contained 14 species. Together the three areas contained four species, with the strongest indicator species being Ranunculus acris var. nipponicus, Rhododendron yedoense f. poukhanense, Hemerocallis fulva, and Miscanthuns sinensis var. purpurascens. Shannon-Weaver index of diversity also varied among the community types (F = 18.9, df = 2), with the types FU having significantly higher value (3.467) than the others (1.125 for type FW and 1.239 for type OU).

This study was conducted to evaluate the vegetation, distribution and growth pattern of Glehnia littoralis community by the DCA ordination method in eastern coast of Korea. The number of plant species growth with G. littoralis in natural habitat was found 51 taxa, and species of high frequency among 51 taxa was Ixeris repens, Calystegia soldanella, Carex kobomugi, Elymus mollis, Lathyrus japonica and Zoysia macrostachya. Indicator species of Z. macrostachya, Linaria japonica, C. soldanella, I. repens, Carex pumila, Artemisia capillaris, Oenothera biennis, L. japonica and E. mollis in G. littoralis community was differential species of syntaxonomy. C. kobomugi, Z. macrostachya, E. mollis, Cynodon dactylon and L. japonica was the distribution in dryness sand and moisture sandyloam, I. repens, C. soldanella, L. japonica and C. pumila was the distribution in dryness sand. In coastal dune, I. repens, C. soldanella, Salsola komarovi and G. littoralis combined strength of the distribution, and sand of coast was typical of the habitat.

The bacterial community structure in biological activated carbon (BAC) process in drinking water treatment plant was investigated by Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe. Samples were collected at different three points in BAC process every month for one year. They were hybridized with a probe specific for the alpha, beta, gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria, Cytophaga- Flavobacteria group and Gram-positive high G+C content (HGC) group. Total numbers of bacteria in BAC process counted by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining were 5.4×1010 (top), 4.0×1010 (middle) and 2.8×1010 cells/ml (bottom). The number of the culturable bacteria was from 1.0×107 to 3.6×107 cells/ml and the culturability was about 0.05%. The faction of bacteria detectable by FISH with the probe EUB338 was about 83% of DAPI counts. Gamma and alpha subclass of the class Proteobacteria were predominant in BAC process and their ratios were over 20% respectively. In top and middle, alpha, beta and gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria competed with each other and their percentages was changed according to the season. In bottom, gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria was predominant all through the year. It could be successfully observed the seasonal distribution of bacterial community in biological activated carbon process using FISH.

The purpose of this research was to investigate and analyse how Community Forest Initiatives as urban fringe management initiatives made alliances with a variety of interest groups, enrol them in the urban fringe management processes using the Actor Network Theory. The Thames Chase Community Forest Initiative was selected and its area of operation included a 97 km2 area of green-belt area in East London. It was a instrument far improving and protecting the unique characteristics of the countryside landscape from urban developments as well as evaluating the impact of forestry inclusion in land use planning in the urban fringe. It was operated through a tiered structure comprising the Thames Chase Joint Committee and the management team. They employed a variety of devices to speak with one voice to bring about an effective operation process and to secure the enrolment of a variety of interest groups in its operational processes. Of note, the initiative's actor network impacted on improvement to and management of the countryside landscape despite not owning any land itself. As a result, when urban fringe management initiatives will be launched in South Korea to achieve a more effective and efficient urban fringe management, local councillors and representatives from public and non-government bodies should be more responsive to local communities' views and needs and work more vigorously on their behalf through lobbying, seeking media support, and so on. Moreover, better understanding and communication between local authorities' officers and management initiatives' teams are essential to avoid duplication of work practice.

The purposes of this study were to identify leadership competences of rural leaders and to analyze leadership competency of leaders. The study carried out by questionnaire and focus group interview on expert panels. To analyze leadership competency, the data was collected from 273 rural leaders by stratified random sampling. SPSSWIN/ver10 program was used for analyzing data with t-test and IPA method. The study suggests twenty low types of leadership competences which were information, vision, decision making, motivation communication, education residents, managing residents, loaming, flexibility, problem solving, presentation program management, customer orientation service knowledge, making relationship, creative idea, business understanding, brand development, conflict resolution negotiation, assessment, business management, coaching and feed back. Whereas leaders with middle school educational career required developing program management, maintaining achievement and benchmarking, leaders with high school were morel likely to develope self-learning, to benchmark their knowhow and brand development competency. Whereas leader with less low years experiences as leader have been considered as developing coaching/feedback brand development and program development, leaders with more five years as leader should consider developing benchmarking, resident education, and brand development. The study suggests that the extension agents on public should develop leadership program according to the competency differences of leaders.

정보 기술과 인터넷의 발달은 물리적인 공간이나 시간에 구애받지 않는 온라인 커뮤니티의 등장을 가능하게 하였다. 이러한 온라인 커뮤니티는 개인 및 기업의 의사 결정에 중요한 수단이 되고 있고 목적에 따라 여러 유형으로 나누어진다. 이 유형 중 온라인 게임커뮤니티는 온라인 게임 내에서 제공되는 커뮤니티와 해당 온라인 게임 관련 커뮤니티로 나누어 질 수 있다. 온라인 게임 관련 커뮤니티는 게시판과 이메일을 이용하여 게임 진행, 게임 관련 자료 등의 다양한 정보를 교환하며, 온라인 게임 내에서 제공되는 커뮤니티는 팀 구성, 아이템 거 래, 채팅등의 형태로 구성되고 있다. 이러한 온라인 게임 커뮤니티의 중요성은 날로 부각되고 있으나 온라인 게임 관련 커뮤니티와 게임 내에서 제공되는 커뮤니티는 그 중요성에 비해 차별화되어 있지 않다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 신세대의 취향에 적합하고 한국적인 커뮤니티로 차별화된 커뮤니티를 구축한 싸이월드의 사례를 분석하고 이를 온라인 게임에 적용하는 방안을 연구하였다. 본 논문은 온라인 게임 관련 커뮤니티와 온라인 게임 내에서 차별화된 커뮤니티 요소를 구축하고자하는 업체에게 도움을 줄 수 있다.

As the modern societies have become complicated and diverse, people's interest in "leisure time" has been higher than ever before, especially in relation to 5 day work a week. The increasing weekend trip and the travlers' demand for the better service and the convenient accomodations gave birth to "Pension" as one of accomodations in Korea. This study focuses on the attempt to plan and design the establishment of the competitive "Pension" which are popular between travelers in their twenties and thirties living in cities. This study also attempts to find the solution of the problems in relation to the actual conditions of the pensions which are built and under construction, and to suggest a new revised concept of pension. The summary is as follows: 1. This study focuses on the special theme of building Mo-Hyun Myon pension community with originality and new style of management. 2. This study includes the introduction of the special agency which makes reservations, promotes, and manages for the convenience of customers and buyers. 3. It pianos to secure the public area for various events and rests. 4. The geographical features of the site where the complex stands will be fully utilized to maximize the beauties of nature.

Environmental problems emerged as common global problems awaiting solution. Active collaborative efforts are required of nations and communities in order to solve environmental problems effectively. International collaboration occurs much more commonly these days than before, and European Community(EC) mumber countries are no exceptions. EC has established and executed the five-year programs on Environmental Policy Implementation, which explicated basic principles for environmental policy development, since 1973. EC programs tend to emphasize that the direction of the policies should reflect a change from a remedial approach to a preventive approach. Those programs have brought an awareness of the importance of Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) to EC member countries. France installed an EIA system in 1976, which was the first among member countries. Several other member countries also established a system. EC decided that a common guideline was necessary, and therefore formulated the "European Community Guideline for Environmental Impact Assessment" in 1985. All member countries were required to legislate an EIA system within three years, according to the Guideline. This study will conduct a comparative analysis of the current EIA systems of different EC member countries. The findings of this study will provide helpful information on how to improve the efficacy of the Korean system.