여름철 온실 온도환경의 효율적인 제어는 온실의 주년재배와 고도활용을 위한 가장 중요한 당면과제이다. 따라서 본 연구는 우리나라 31개 지역의 기후자료를 분석하여 고온기 온실의 기온관리에 있어서 목표 온도 유지를 위한 지역별 적정 최대환기횟수를 결정함으로서 온실의 기온관리를 위한 기본적인 자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 그 결과 여름철 유리온실의 설정온도 유지를 위한 강제환기는 40% 차광 유리 온실에서 최대환기횟수 1회/min로 35℃ 유지가 가능하였으나 환기만에 의한 한계 최고실온 30℃ 유지는 불가능하였다.

여름철 평지에서도 양질의 시금치를 대량생산할 수 있는 기술 확립을 위해 재배 시기별 차광효과를 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 가. 환경조사 결과 제 4차작기(7월 15-8월 24일)의 무차광 PE온실이 기온과 지온 모두 각각 33.1℃, 28.6℃으로 가장 높았으며 그 다음은 제 3차(7월 1일-8월 5일), 제 2차(6월 16일-7월 22일), 제 5차(8월 5일-9월 12일), 제 1차(5월 24일-6월 28일) 순이었다. 나. 차광자재에 따른 온실의 온도환경은 8월 6일부터 12일까지 7일 동안 12시부터 15시까지 조사한 결과, 은색차광망은 외기 보다 1.1℃, 무차광 보다 3.1℃, 혹색차광망 보다 2.3℃ 기온 상승억제 효과가 인정되었다. 지온에 대한 효과는 은색, 흑색 모두 PE온실과 외기에 비하여 약 2℃정도 온도 하강효과가 있었다. 다. 추대로 인하여 시금치 재배가 어려운 시기인 제 1차 작기에 국내종 2점과 도입종 6점을 재배한 결과 국내종은 무궁화, 도입종은 만추 파루크, 선라이트품종이 수량과 생육에서 우수한 특성을 보였다. 라. 여름철 시금치 재배시 파종시기에 따라 차광효과가 가장 현저하게 나타나는 시기는 7월 1일부터 8월 24일이었다.

방울토마토에 적합한 수경재배방식에 관한 연구 결과, 담액수경에서 주경의 기부직경, 엽장, 엽폭, 화방길이 등의 생육이 가장 좋았으며, 암면재배와 NFT는 유사하였다. 개화시기와 과실의 착색일에 대하여는 각 방식마다 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 과실의 수확량은 담액수경에서 많았다. 건물율, 유기산, 경도, 당도 등은 담액수경에서 낮았고, 당산비와 vitamin C는 높아 담액수경에서 품질이 약간 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 방울토마토의 여름재배에서는 담액수경방식이 바람직한 것으로 평가되었다.

본 시험은 장마후 예취시에 많은 그루터기의 고사가 일어나 초지가 황폐화하는 원인을 구명하기 위하여 장마기간에 목초의 생육에 불리하게 작용할 수 있는 요인인 그루터기내 저장탄수화물 함량의 변화- 토양중의 수분함량 및 온도 초지내의 온도, 습도 빛 광도와 같은 미기 상을 장마기간동안에 조사하였다. 조사는 1984년 6월부터 7월사이에 실시되었으며 얻어진 결과는 다음과 갇다. l 목초의 저장탄수화물 함량은 장마전 예취시 예취후 3일째에 약 2.9%로 떨어졌으

This experiment was carried out to study the biological yields(BY) of varieties by the developmental growth stages and shoot weight(SHW), leaf area(LA), root dry weight(RW), number of tillers(NT), shoot and root ratio(S/R), weight of a tiller(WT) as facto

Horizontal scale and movement of tidal front zone, front in the western regions of Korea in summer are studied in conjunction with numerical model and NOAH-11 satellite data analysis(AVHRR multi -channel sea surface temperature). In numerical model result, tidal mixing is dominant in the southeast region of Hwanghae, near field of Taean, Kyunggi bay, near field of Jangsan cape, Seoan bay, mid-east Chinese coast. But the results of the NOAH infra-red image analysis show that low surface temperature by tidal mixing is clear in the southeast region of Hwanghae, near field of Taean, near field of Jangsan cape but not in the Kyunggi bay, Seoan bay and mid- east Chinese coast in August and September, temperature gradient of frontal zone in the southwest region of Hwanghae is 0.05°∼0.1℃/㎞ and tidal mixing is dominant in the near field of Maenggal kundo and Hajodo and low surface temperature extends southwesrward. Early in August, west-east front(0.2°∼0.6℃/㎞) on the south region of Jindo moves northward and persists at east half on the joining line of Jindo and Sohuksando late September. The axis of front on the west region of Jindo is northeast~sorthwest early in August and moves westward until late September The tidal mixing in the near field of Jangsan cape is dominant in the region between Jangsan cape and Baengyougdo early in August and between Baengyougdo and Daechungkundo in late September. The axis of front on the west region of Jangsan cape is south-north and its temperature gradient is 0.2°∼0.4℃/㎞.

The survey was carried out to obtain some fundmental data to improve the dietary life and to establish the nutritonal education and policy on inhabitants lived in isle area near by demilitarized zone in Korea. For this, 33 families in the area of Kyodong island located at Kanghwa-Gun, Kyungki province were randomly selected. Trained surveyors visited each house to survey the food and nutritional status in summer during 3 days in August, 1987. The results are summarized as follows; The number of foods they were taking totalled 17 categories and 134 kinds of which 104 kinds were vegetable foods. The average amount of food intake was 1465.3g per person per day, animal food occupied 9.6% only. The intake amount of fruit among vegetable foods, and fishes, shells, milk and eggs among animal foods was lower than the national average. Each proportion of carbohydrate, fat and protein to the total energy intake was 70.4%, 9.7% and 19.9%. The foods they used to take a lot were rice, potatoes, cucumbers, cabbage KIMCHIE and YULMOO KIMCHIE in order of their intake amount. The energy intake was 3064㎉ which is higher than nutritional requirements, and the energy ratio of cereals to the total energy in take is 76%. If the amount of fat intake is fixed to 20% of total energy intake, the amount of fat intake is 68g, but the actual amount of fat intake was only 33g. With an increase of total energy intake, supply of calcium and vitamin A should be increased much more.

본 실험은 파종방법, 배수화도 및 여름철 예취관리가 오차드그라스 채초지의 목장건물수량, 고사물량, 초지의 잡초발생 및 피복율에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 심험설계는 주구를 조파와 산파로 하고 세구를 배수랑호구와 배수불랑구로 하였으며, 세세구는 장마전 예취구와 장마후 예취구를 두어 세세구 배치 3반후으로 하여 1983년 9월부터 1984년 10월까지 실시하였던바 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 초지의 목장건물수량은 1회 예취시에는 처리간에 차이가 없

The author tried to clarify the distribution of the total length and body weight of the file h, Navodos modcstus, caught by trawl net during July, 1984 in the southern sea korea. Among the catches of five times fishing operation, 1540 individuals were randomly sampled for the measurement. The results are summarized as follows; " The distribution of total length showed bimodal type, wbich was able to analyzed into two normal distributions N(17.46, 1. 022) and N(22.09, 1. 772). And smaller group was much than older one. The age of the sample estimated from the total length distribution of. smaller group was 1. 5 to 2, and the larger group 2. 5 to 4. The relationship between the total length and the body weight can be presented as following equation: W=0.01726 L2.8507 ' or W= 0.01109 L3.0 or W= 0.01109 L3.0

여름철에 분무(噴霧) 수경재배(水耕栽培)를 통(通)해 옥수수의 청초(靑草) 사료(飼料) 생산(生産)에 관(關)한 실험(實驗)을 하기 위하여 1985년(年) 6월(月) 28일(日)부터 7월(月) 17일(日) 까지 경북대학교내(慶北大學校內) 비닐하우스에서 실시(實施)한 본(本) 실험(實驗)의 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1) 24시간(時間) 침종(浸種)후 48시간(時間) 전처리(前處理)한 다음 치상한 것이 생육(生育)에 좋다고 사료(思料)된다. 2) 육묘(育苗) 상자당(箱子當) 450 g 치상한 것이 생초(生草) 1kg 생육(生育)에 드는 종자(種子)값이 가장 적게 들었다. 3) Hyponex 1,000배, Yogen 300배로 영양제(營養劑)를 매일(每日) 산포(散布)하는 것이 생체중(生體重)이 가장 무거웠고, 2일(日)에 1회(回) 산포시(散布時)는 Yogen 300배로, 3일(日)에 1회(回) 산포시(散布時)는 Hyponex 500배로 산포(散布)하는 것이 좋다고 사료(思料)된다. 그러나 생초(生草) 1 kg 생육(生育)에 드는 최소(最少)의 종자(種子)값만 73만원 정도(程度)의 비용(費用)이 들므로 여름철엔 청초(靑草) 사료(飼料) 구입(購入)이 용이(容易)한 계절(季節)인 관계(關係)로 여름철에 별(別)로 효과적(效果的)인 방법(方法)이 못된다고 사료(思料)된다.

In this study, numerical simulations using community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) were conducted to analyze the change in ozone (O3) concentration due to the reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions in Busan. When the NOx and, VOCs emissions were reduced by 40% and, 31%, respectively, the average O3 concentration increased by 4.24 ppb, with the highest O3 change observed in the central region (4.59 ppb). This was attributed to the decrease in O3 titration by nitric oxide (NO) due to the reduction of NOx emissions in Busan, which is classified as a VOCs-limited area. The distribution of O3 concentration changes was closely related to NOx emissions per area, and inland emissions were highly correlated with daily maximum concentrations and 8-h average O3 concentrations. Contrastingly, the effect of emission reduction depended on the wind direction. This suggests that the emission reduction effects may vary depending on the environmental conditions. Further research is needed to comprehensively analyze the emission reduction effects in Busan.

This research investigated the effect of the eruption of Japan Sakurajima volcano on the concentration of ultrafine particle when the north Pacific high pressure exists in the Busan in summer. As a result of analyzing the forward trajectory using the HYSPLIT model, the air parcel from Sakurajima volcano passed through the sea in front of Busan at 1500 LST on July 17, 24 hours after the volcanic eruption. As a result of analyzing the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the Busan for two days from July 16 to 17, 2018, the Sakurajima eruption in Japan, it can be seen that there was a high increase in PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations compared to the previous day. As a result of analyzing the backward trajectory, the air mass that reached Busan at 1300 LST on July 17, 2018 has moved near the Sakurajima volcano at 1,500 m, 2,000 m, and 3,000 m. The concentration of SO4 2- in PM2.5, the concentration of all three stations in Busan showed a sharp increase from 1000 LST on July 17th. Looking at the NH4 + concentration in PM2.5, it shows a very similar variation trend to SO4 2-, and the correlation coefficient between the two components is 0.96 for Jangrimdong and Yeonsandong, and 0.85 for Busan New Port. Looking at the NO3 - concentration in PM2.5, the same high concentrations as SO4 2- and NH4 + were not observed in the afternoon of July 17th.

The relationship between night cooling rate and meteorological elements was investigated over the past five years (2016-2020), using weather data from the new (Daegu(143)) and old (Shinam(860)) Daegu Regional Meteorological Agency located in the suburban and urban regions, respectively. There was a correlation between the total daily amount of solar radiation (Stot) and the night cooling rate in the both regions. However, a higher correlation was observed at the new Daegu Regional Meteorological Agency station (Daegu(143)). In particular, data from the new Daegu Regional Meteorological Administration's observatory, which experiences a low thermal storage effect caused by artificial structures, showed a higher correlation between nighttime cooling and weather factors. The reason for this is that the lesser the heat storage effect caused by the artificial structures, the better the effect of surface radiation cooling on temperature reduction. These findings confirm that the correlation between night cooling and weather factors can be used to assess the impact of artificial structures in cities.

This study evaluates the quality of surface air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation detection observed by 22 internet of thing (IoT)-based mini-weather stations in Seoul in 2020 summer. The automatic weather station (AWS) closest to each IoT-based station is used as reference. The IoT-based observations show surface air temperature and relative humidity are about 0.2-4.0°C higher and about -1--22% lower than the AWS observations, respectively. However, they exhibit temporal variability similar to the AWS observations on both diurnal and daily time scales, with daily correlations greater than 0.90 for temperature and 0.82 for relative humidity. Given these strong linear relationships, it show that temperature and relative humidity biases can be effectively corrected by applying a simple bias correction method. For IoT-based precipitation detection, we found that precipitation conductivity value (PCV) during precipitation events is well separated from that during non-precipitation events, providing a basis for distinguishing precipitation events from non-precipitation events. When the PCV threshold is set to 250 for precipitation detection, the highest critical success index and the bias score index close to one, suitable for operational precipitation detection, are obtained. These results demonstrate that IoT-based mini-weather stations can successfully measure surface air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation detection with appropriate bias corrections.

This research investigated the characteristics of fine particle concentration and ionic elements of PM2.5 during sea breeze occurrences during summertime in Busan. The PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations of summertime sea breeze occurrence days in Busan were 46.5 ㎍/㎥ and 34.9 ㎍/㎥, respectively. The PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations of summertime non-sea breeze occurrence days in Busan were 25.3 ㎍/㎥ and 14.3 ㎍/㎥, respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 ratios of sea breeze occurrence days and non-sea breeze occurrence days were 0.74 and 0.55, respectively. The SO4 2-, NH4 +, and NO3 - concentrations in PM2.5 of sea breeze occurrence days were 9.20 ㎍/㎥, 4.26 ㎍/㎥, and 3.18 ㎍/㎥ respectively. The sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) of sea breeze occurrence days were 0.33 and 0.05, respectively. These results indicated that understanding the fine particle concentration and ionic elements of PM2.5 during sea breeze summertime conditions can provide insights useful for establishing a control strategy of urban air quality.

This paper has presented not only the spatial coverage change of climate extreme events in summer and winter seasons during the period of 2000-2017, but also their future projections in 2021-2100, South Korea through analysis of a Combined Climate Extreme Index (CCEI). The CCEI quantifies the spatial coverage of climate extreme events based on a set of five indicators. MK (Modified Korean)-PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model)v1.2 (1×1km) and RCP scenario data (1×1km) were applied to CCEI. Results indicated that in average, 21.7% of the areas in the summer and 23.6% in the winter experienced climate extremes from 2000 to 2017 regardless of types of climate extreme events in South Korea. The summer of 2003 and 2009 was relatively cool and humid, while the summer of 2014 and 2015 was cool and dry and the summer of 2016 was warm and dry. The extreme events with much above normal maximum and minimum temperature during the study period were detected but not much below normal maximum and minimum temperature after 2015. For RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, there were statistically significant trends with spatial coverage expansion of climate extreme events in the future. It might be concluded that climate extreme events in the summer and winter seasons were affected simultaneously by two or more indicators than a single indicator in South Korea.

We examined the ocean forcing, associated with the different trends in precipitation between North and South Korea, using GPCC V2018 precipitation and OISST V2 sea surface temperature (SST) for the recent thirty years of 1982-2011. As a result of linear regression, the precipitation trends in the monsoon (June and July) and post-monsoon (August and September) seasons were different between North and South Korea, respectively, with increased and decreased trends, during the both monsoon seasons. During the monsoon season, the results of detrended correlation and composite analysis showed the opposite relationships of precipitation with SSTs in the equatorial Pacific and Arctic Oceans between North and South Korea. It was identified that large-scale atmospheric circulation linked to ENSO can differently affect the Korean Peninsula. On the other hand, during the post-monsoon season, the correlation and composite patterns across the oceans in the Northern Hemisphere were generally similar for the two Koreas. It was suggested that near the ocean of the Korean Peninsula and the land surface forcings might affect the precipitation variability during the post-monsoon season, especially in North Korea.

In this study, the impact of cumulus parameterization usage in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model on reproducing summer precipitation in South Korea is evaluated. Two sensitivity experiments are set up with using cumulus parameterization (ON experiment) and without using cumulus parameterization, which is called Convection Permitting Model (OFF experiment). For the both ON and OFF experiments, the horizontal grid resolution is 2.5km, and initial and lateral boundary conditions are derived from ERA5 reanalysis data. Overall, both of the two experiments can capture the spatial distribution of 2014 summer mean and extreme precipitation but show dry biases in the southern region of Korean Peninsula. Occurrence percentage analyses for different precipitation intensity reveal that OFF experiments show better performance than ON experiment for extreme precipitation. In the case of heavy rainfall over Gyeongnam region for 25 August 2014, OFF experiment shows similar characteristic of rainfall to the observations, although it simulates earlier precipitation peak. On the other hand, ON experiment underestimates the amount of precipitation. Also, vertical distribution of equivalent potential temperature and strong southerly wind which play an important role in developing heavy rainfall on 25 August 2014 are better simulated in OFF experiment.