This experiment was conducted to evaluate individual difference of chewing speed and chews per bolus duing the rumination using twenty three heads of grazing cattle and thirty six heads of barn feeding cattle. Rumination behaviour was measured and recorde

한국연안어장에서 어군의 행동특성을 정확하게 파악할 수 있는 기초재료를 제공하고져 초음파표식을 제작하여 그 표식의 성능과 축양조내에서와 정치망어장내에서의 단체어(공식어:방어)의 행동특성을 분석, 검토한 결과, 제작한 40KHz 초음파표식과 VEMCO사의 50KHz 초음파표식은 무지향특성으로 각각 200m, 500m거리에서 추적이 가능하였다. 축양조내에서는 방류초기에는 불규칙적인 행동을 하였으나 시간이 경과함에 따라 안정된 속도로 행동함으로서 정치망내에서의 행동특성을 관측하는데 유용할 것으로 기대된다. 정치망어장에서 방류하여 추적한 결과, 어장내에서의 이동경로, 유영속도 등을 정확하게 측정할 수 있어 어군의 어도를 정확하게 파악할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

In order to investigate the characteristics of the effects of various emission sources such as ships around the Busan North Port area, PM2.5 samples were analyzed by SEM/EDS (scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer). In the port city Busan, the main emission source of PM2.5 is ships, and soot was observed as the main exhaust particles of a ship diesel engine. As a result of the individual particle analysis of PM2.5 at the sampling site, carbonaceous particles such as soot and water droplet-shaped, which are considered to be exhausted from ships, were constantly observed. And some spherical Fe-rich particles also appeared.

목적: 본 연구는 정서조절과 긍정심리자본의 관계를 실증적으로 밝히기 위하여 IZOF 모형에서 제시한 적정기능 역 원칙을 적용하였으며, 이를 통해 긍정심리자본과 정서조절의 관계를 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 방법: 남자 학생 선수 123명을 판단표본추출방법으로 선정하였으며, 자기평가기입법으로 설문지에 응답하도록 한 후 회수하였다. 전체 123명의 설문조사 중 응답내용이 부실한 18명의 자료는 제외하고, 총 105명의 자료만을 유효표본으로 하여 분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 정서조절-최적기능역과 긍정심리자본은 모두 정적인 관계를 나타내었고, 정서조절-비기 능역과 긍정심리자본은 모두 부적인 관계를 나타내고 있었다. 또한 정서조절-최적기능역에 희망, 낙관주의, 자기 효능감 순서로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 정서조절-비기능역에는 회복탄력성과 희망이 영향을 미치는 것 으로 나타났다. 결론: 희망요인은 최적기능역과 비기능역에 모두 영향을 미치고 있으며, 정서조절을 위해서는 희 망 요인에 대한 조절이 중요하다고 생각된다. 후속연구에서는 정서에 영향을 주는 변인을 조절하는 연구를 해야 할 것이며, 그렇게 한다면 운동수행을 설명하는데 더 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것이다.

This empirical research is aimed at testing the relationship of the big five personality traits namely openness to experience, extraversion, consciousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, and risk aversion with the investment intention of individual investors belonging to Balochistan, Pakistan. The primary data is collected through a self-administered questionnaire (a structured form that consists of a series of closed-ended and open-ended questions) from a sample of 397 active individual investors belonging to different districts of the province. The data is empirically analyzed by applying the Partial Least Square (PLS) path modeling technique by using the estimation package available in Smart-PLS. The findings of this study suggest that all the variables are statistically significant with investors’ investment intention with risk aversion as the strongest predictor. Moreover, openness to experience, extraversion, consciousness, agreeableness, and risk are significantly and positively related to an investor’s investment intention, whereas neuroticism is negatively related to an investor’s investment intention. The results extended by this study can be used by financial planners and investment bankers to channelize the available financial resources in diversified portfolios. The results will help financial planners to make available diverse investment alternatives for investors in Balochistan, thus catering to their unique needs. Academia must offer courses on contemporary finance paradigm based on behavioral finance to enable future business graduates to make wise financial decisions.

This study tests and analyzes the influence of empowering leadership on employee creativity which is mediated by psychological empowerment. Researchers conduct survey method on state-owned bank employees (ABC Bank) in Pacitan, East Java, Indonesia. Purposive sampling is selected with Likert scale as measurement. The population of this study is 166 respondents, who are permanent employees of the ABC Bank. The data analysis technique used is SPSS 24. The results of this study find that: (1) there is an influence of empowering leadership on psychological empowerment, (2) there is an influence of empowering leadership on individual creativity, (3) there is an influence of psychological empowerment on individual creativity, and (4) the influence of empowering leadership on individual creativity is mediated by psychological empowerment. This study ignores other types of leadership. Further study is needed to examine other types of leadership besides empowering leadership. The level of analysis of this study is individual, so further study could examine empowering leadership conceptualized at the group level because followers will be influenced not only by the dyadic relationship with the leader, but also by the dynamics of the members of the empowered group. This study provides theoretical enrichment from the aspect of empowering leadership, especially at the individual level. Leaders can increase employee creativity by empowering them to do their jobs. Additionally, by creating a work environment that ensures employees feel empowered psychologically.

The study examines the influence of individual characteristics, training content, and manager support on the effectiveness of on-the-job (OJT) training in the banking and finance industry. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the samples. Questionnaires were distributed to respondents in order to obtain the data. Using cross-sectional data obtained from 396 respondents in Bank A in Malaysia, the multiple regression results show that self-efficacy, motivation to learn, training content, and manager support have positive influence on OJT training effectiveness. Among all these factors, manager support is very highly correlated with OJT training effectiveness. The findings have given fruitful insight of the crucial roles of OJT training in the respective bank, particularly to bring forward the roles of systematic design and implementation of OJT training. This study is not only expanding knowledge in OJT and training, but offers managers practical insights in developing good OJT training program by considering employees need, capabilities, skills and job requirement. Furthermore, this study also provides a valuable framework in identifying the effectiveness of OJT training program for certain jobs. Further discussion of the research findings and its implications to theoretical knowledge of training and managers are promised at the end of the article.

목적: 본 연구는 국내 여자프로배구단 선수 전체를 대상으로 이루어진 팀 교육과 개인별 호소문제 해결을 위한 개인 상담을 병행하여 적용하고 그 효과를 확인하는데 목적이 있다. 방법: 연구대상은 A 여자프로배구단 선수(n= 17)였으며, 복합심리기술훈련(팀교육, 개인상담)은 시즌 전 단계(2019년 8월∼9월)와 시즌 중 단계(2020년 1월∼2 월)로 구분되어 진행되었다. 복합심리기술훈련의 효과를 확인하기 위하여 시즌 전 기초선단계 및 중재와 철회, 그리고 시즌 중 중재로 이루어진 ABAB 단일사례설계로 연구를 진행하였다. 중재 전후의 변화를 확인하기 위하여 승패와 라운드 승률을 분석하였고, 수행프로파일검사를 활용하였으며, 개방형 설문과 인터뷰자료, 언론보도 등의 자료를 사용하여 양적연구를 통해 확인된 결과들을 보충하였다. 결과: 복합심리기술훈련을 통해 선수 개인별 심 리요인(현재집중, 감정/생각조절, 긴장조절 등), 체력요인(순발력, 점프력, 코어 등), 포지션별 기술요인(세터, 라이 트, 레프트, 센터, 리베로)에 긍정적인 영향이 나타났다. 팀 경기력 측면에서도 KOVO 컵대회 준우승과 정규시즌 4위라는 결과가 확인되었다. 결론: 팀 교육과 개인 상담의 복합심리기술훈련은 선수의 개인별 심리기술, 기술자신 감, 체력 수준에 긍정적인 영향을 준 것으로 나타났고, 시즌 전과 시즌 중의 2차에 걸친 복합심리기술훈련 중재는 팀 경기력(승률)을 직접적으로 향상시켰다.

The study seeks to explore the factors affecting the access to credits by individual customers at commercial banks in Tra Vinh province, Vietnam. Based on these results, the author proposes solutions to further improve the ability to serve individual customers at commercial banks in the province in the future. The study was conducted with a method of collecting primary data of 300 individual customers including 150 people with access to credits and 150 people without accessing to credits at six commercial banks in Tra Vinh Province, Viet Nam – Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bank for Foreign Trade Commercial Bank, Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam, Asia Commercial Bank in Tra Vinh, Sai Gon Commercial Joint Stock Bank, and Bank of East Asia. The author has used binary regression methods, and the study found that seven factors affecting the ability of individual customers to access capital, namely, career, qualifications, collaterals, incomes, documents, loan and business plans, and experience. In particular, occupation, experience, and documents are the most influential factors. From the above results, the author proposes policy implications to improve individual customers’ access to credits at commercial banks in Tra Vinh province in the near future.

Capital mobilization is a traditional business of commercial banks and is one of the core foundations for the development of a bank. Capital mobilization is the main input in the operation of a bank, and this is also the basis for generating output for credit activities as well as other banking activities. This study aims to determine the main factors that affect the decisions of individual customers to put savings deposit in Vietnamese commercial banks. Survey data collected from 403 individual customers were analyzed to provide evidence. The results from the multiple regression analysis by using SPSS software revealed that all scales in this study were reliable, and there were six components impacting the savings deposit decision of individual customers from the strongest to the weakest in the following order: the form of promotion, bank brand, service quality, interest rate policy, and employee knowledge and attitude. Besides, the finding showed customers who have high income tend to have a stronger decision on savings deposits in commercial banks. The main findings of this article provide some empirical implications for marketers in banks and serve as a suggestion to improve these factors in order to retain and attract individual customers’ savings deposit decisions.

The paper examines the impact of information about cash flow from operating activities of firms listed on Vietnam’s stock market to the decision making of individual investors. Data were collected from interviews with 160 individual investors about their investment decisions based on information on profit growth and cash flow growth from operating activities. T-test was conducted to research on Vietnam’s stock market - a market considered as information that is not really public, transparent and ineffective. The research results show that: (1) investors do not care about cash flow from operating activities when making investment decisions if the company’s profits grow positively, (2) information about cash flow from operating activities only affects the decisions of individual investors once profit growth is negative, and (3) conflicting information between profit growth and cash flow growth from business activities significantly affects the confidence and comfort of investors in Vietnam’s stock market when they make investment decisions. Then, the study points out the mistake of investors when making investment decisions, and offers recommendations to investors when making investment decisions, not only concerned with profit growth, but also paying special attention to cash flow growth, especially cash flow from the company’s business operations.

Purpose: This study examines the impact of individual reciprocal preferences on coalition formation. The reciprocal model considers a player’s own payoff, the player’s perception of others’ payoffs, and others’ perceptions of the player’s payoff. Research design, data and methodology: A reciprocal model is built to illustrate how reciprocity influences individual decisions in a coalition game and its formation. The prediction is examined with experimental evidences from a dictator game and a membership game. Results: The theoretical result suggests that the coalition formation could be unstable due to negative reciprocal kindness. The experimental findings support that negative reciprocal kindness could lead players participating in a coalition, no matter their dominant strategies are. When subjects were essential to make contributions to a coalition, they were more likely to cooperate if they were treated badly. In contrast, when subjects were unnecessary, the reciprocal kindness could enhance cooperative tendencies. Conclusions: This study reveals that the reciprocal behavior could influence individual decisions and reshape the coalition formation. In terms of policy implications, this study has shown that coalition formation could be reshaped by reciprocal prefe rences. Due to the strategic and complicated decision process in an interactive environment, a comprehensive investigation of factors would be required in a climate coalition in practice.

This study presents a more comprehensive approach to investigate how Emotional Intelligence (EI) is associated with performance. Previous research has revealed that EI is related to positive outcomes such as better performance, life satisfaction and career success. However, in most research of EI, this factor has been investigated independently from the effect of contextual factors and other individual characteristics. This study extended the research on the impact of EI on student performance by simultaneously examining the impact of EI, individual factors - (1) Perseverance of Effort, (2) Goal Consistency and (3) Goal Clarity and learning environment factors - Program Fit in one study. The results based on the data collected from 1,117 students in Vietnam largely support the hypothesis that that EI was an important but not the only factor affecting the student performance. MANOVA and post-hoc analysis indicated that both individual and environmental factors better predicted performance than EI could. These results suggest that the impact of EI on individual performance is more complicated than what we have already known. Future study is encouraged to investigate both the mechanism through which EI impact individual performance and the interaction between EI and other factors that moderate the EI – performance relationship.

This study investigates the influence of individual blockholder on accounting quality. Prior studies investigating Korean blockholders' influence focus on the influence of controlling shareholders or institutional investors; however, they rarely examine individual blockholders’ influence. This paper investigates how individual blockholders in Korean stock markets affect accounting quality of firms listed in Korean Stock Exchange. I analyze individual blockholders' influence on proxies of accounting quality using multivariate regression with hand-collected individual blockholder data. Korean law requires public firms to disclose the list of shareholders having no less than 5% of ownership. From the list of blockholders, individuals who have no explicit personal relation with controlling shareholders were classified as individual blockholders. My empirical results show that firms having individual blockholder(s) use more income-decreasing accruals than those having no individual blockholder. Furthermore, accounting information of firms having individual blockholders(s) is more conservative than that of firms having no individual blockholders. However, the presence of individual blockholder increases the tendency of loss avoidance and earnings management using overproduction and reduction of discretionary expenditure. This paper contributes to the literature by presenting the first evidence of the monitoring role of an individual blockholder on financial reporting of firms listed in the Korean stock markets.

The differential susceptibility of the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae and its predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis against extracts of Gleditsia japonica var. koraiensis, Camellia sinensis, Cinnamomum cassia, Lantana camara and their mixtures was evaluated. The plant extracts tested were much less toxic to P. persimilis than to T. urticae. The plant extracts tested had little effect on the survival of P. persimilis adult females. Moreover, reproduction of P. persimilis adult females and eclosion of eggs deposited by treated predators were not seriously affected. The treatments of the plant extracts tested showed no serious toxic effect on P. persimilis eggs and exhibited 84∼100% hatchability. The treatments with mixtures 3 and 1 were effective against the adult females of T. urticae and yielded 76.0% and 72.7% adulticidal activity at 7 days after treatment, respectively. The treatment of mixture 2 revealed 63.3% adulticidal activity. Generally, the acaricidal activity of the individual treatment of each plant extract was lower than the mixtures. The adult females of T. urticae treated with mixtures 3 and 1 produced only 29.5∼31.3% as many eggs as the control females did. All the plant extracts tested exhibited no noticeable toxic effect to the eggs of T. urticae. These results suggest that mixtures 3 and 1 might be used for the control of T. urticae, and expected to be promising candidates for use in integrated mite management program with P. persimilis.

오늘날 시몽동(G.Simondon) 주목받는 이유는 바로 인간중심주의와 기술만능주의 양극단을 벗어난 인간과 기술의 관계에 대한 새로운 시각을 제시하고, 인간과 기계의 대립이 아니라 상호협력 하는 기술을 희망했기 때문이다. 일반적으로 개체화는 준 안정적 시스템에 내재하는 불일치와 양립 불가능성 그리고 긴장과 갈등의 문제를 개체 발생으로 해결하는 변환 작동에 해당된다. 개체화는 개별적인 것이 아니라 각각의 개체가 속한 환경과의 관계를 형성하는 “연합환경”이 요구되며 발생한 개체들을 통해 새로운 개체를 다른 차원으로 증폭시켜나가는 변화작용임을 의미한다. 따라서 개체화의 의미는 사물 생성에 대한 근원적 사고에 해당되며, 디자인 또한 기술적 대상으로서의 개체이기 때문에 이에 근거하여 그 실체를 이해할 필요가 있는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 시몽동의 사유의 개념인 “개체화” 즉, 사물의 변환과 생성에 작용하는 요인들에 대한 내용을 중심으로 디자인 개발의 본질에 대하여 개진하였다. 2장에서는 개체화의 정의와 그 관계 항들과 3단원에서는 개체화의 대상으로서의 디자인과의 관계에 대하여 고찰하였다. 이를 통해 “지금 여기에”라는 현실성 보다 디자인의 존재론적 의미에 대한 이해와 디자인의 생성과 개발의 본질에 대한 설명이 가능할 것으로 기대한다.

T. S. 엘리엇은 20세기 현대 문학 이론과 비평의 큰 분기점이 된 ｢전통과 개인의 재능｣에서, 몰개성화 과정을 통한 유기적으로 통합된 문학적 전통 질서의 중요성을 강조한다. 이러한 시론을 바탕으로 그는 『D. H. 로렌스와 인간 존재』라는 책의 서문에서, 로렌스가 작가로서의 자질 뿐만 아니라 그의 작품에 대해 변덕스럽고 논리적이지 못하다고 혹평한다. 즉 로렌스는 제대로 교육을 받지 못하고 그로 인한 “무지와 편견”으 로 인해서 작가로서의 임무나 역할을 이해하지 못하는 무지의 위험에 빠져 있다는 것이다. 이와 같은 엘리엇의 로렌스 비판과는 대조적으로, F. R. 리비스와 레이몬드 윌리엄스는 로렌스가 당시 학계의 주류를 이 루던 교육의 편협함에서 벗어나 오히려 탁월한 내면적 통찰력과 “우월한 지성”으로써, 당시 영국의 사회와 앞으로의 미래 그리고 그 이면의 본질을 포착하여 작품 속에 훌륭히 형상화하고 있다고 극찬한다. 본 논문은 이들의 의견에 공감하면서, 엘리엇의 ｢전통과 개인의 재능｣의 문학적 전통과 몰개성화 이론을 바탕으로 엘리엇과 로렌스의 사상과 문학 이론의 유사점과 차이점을 조금 더 심도 있게 고찰하고자 한다.

본 연구의 목적은 아들러 개인심리학에 기반하여 수행된 연구 동향을 분석하여 아들러 개인심리학 연구의 방향을 설정하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 1976년 1월부터 2018년 8월까지 발표 된 학술지 170편, 학위논문 224편을 연구시기, 연구대상, 연구내용, 연구방법, 핵심개념, 연구변인으로 분류하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 시기별로는 2008년부터 연구가 급증하였다. 연구대상자별로는 학생들(초등학생, 청소년, 대학생·대학원생)을 대상으로 주로 연구되었고, 특히 청소년을 대상으로 가장 많이 연구되었다. 연구내용별로는 개인심리학 핵심개념과 다른 변인간의 관계를 밝히는 관련요인 연구가 가장 많이 이루어졌고, 다음으로 효과연구, 이해연구, 프로그램개발연구 순으로 많이 이루어졌다. 연구방법별로는 조사연구가 가장 많이 이루어졌고, 다음으로 실험연구, 혼합연구 순으로 많이 이루어졌다. 핵심개념별로는 격려가 가장 많이 연구되었고, 다음으로 개인심리학, 사회적 관심, 생활양식, 열등감 순으로 많이 연구되었다. 연구변인별로는 핵심개념이 독립변인으로 사용된 연구가 가장 많았고, 다음으로는 종속변인, 매개변인 순으로 많이 이루어졌다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 논의하고 후속연구를 제안하였다.