Urban air quality is usually worse than that of rural counterpart. The contrasting atmospheric properties seem to be direct result of different urban-rural air pollutant emission. Hence, the emission estimation of air pollutants plays an important role to the atmospheric environmental management. The main purpose of this study is to find out the temporal and spatial distribution of air pollutant emission in Daegu area. For the study, the Daegu statistical yearbook and data of waste facilities and the report on traffic survey issued by Daegu metropolitan city and the statistical yearbook on the road capacity issued by the ministry of construction and transportation are used. Each item for the emission estimation is SO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM-10 from point, line and area source. The result were as follow; (1) The air pollutants with the highest amount of emission from the emission source is CO fllowed by NOx, SO2, PM-10, HC in descending order of magnitude. (2) The annually totaled air pollutant emission consists of 81%(73,185 ton/year) of line, 11%(9,589% ton/year) of area and 8%(7,445 ton/year) of point source in Daegu. Air polluant emission was mainly due to line sources. (3) High-emission of the air pollutants of line source appeared ariond Bukgu, Dalseonggun, Dongu and Seogu ; the areas with highway networks.

This study analyzes the surface ozone, NO and NO2 concentration data from 1997 to 1999 in Daegu. It investigates effect on precursor during high-ozone episode days. The high-ozone episode is defined when a daily maximum ozone concentration is higher than 100 ppb(ambient air quality standard of Korea) in at least one station among six air quality monitoring stations. The frequency of episodes is 13 days(33 hours). The frequency is the highest in May and September, and the area with the highest frequency is Nowondong and Manchondong. The average value of daily maximum ozone concentration with high ozone episode is 81.6 ppb, and that of 8-hour average ozone concentration is 58.6 ppb. It means that ozone pollution is continuous and wide-ranging in Daegu. The daily variation of NO, NO2 and O3 in high-ozone episodes are inversely proportional one another. Nowondong an industrial area, is affected by pollutants that are emitted from the primary sources, while Manchondong a residential area, is affected by the advection of O3 or by the primary pollutants like VOCs.

This paper aims to find the characteristics of concentration distribution of coastal urban air pollutants. For this purpose, It was used the daily meteorological data and the hourly concentration data for O3 and NO2 in Busan metropolitan city from 1994 to 1996. It was investigated the annual and monthly distribution of ozone and nitrogen dioxide concentration at each site in Busan, and also investigated the characteristics of concentration change of air pollutants with time under the sea breeze. As a results, the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and ozone tend to be increased every year and nitrogen dioxide concentration is higher than ozone concentration at all sites in Busan. The concentration of ozone is high in summer season and low in winter season, but the concentration of nitrogen dioxide have a reversed trend. The monthly peak concentration of ozone occurred in April and September, while the monthly minimum concentration of nitrogen dioxide occurred in August. Their trend were identified by sites near the coastline than sites stands apart from the coastline. The sea breeze occurred annual mean 81 day in Busan from 1994 to 1996. The main wind direction of sea breeze was classified into southwesterly and southeasterly. In case of southwesterly, It was pronounced the south wind and southwest wind. In case of southeasterly, the occurrence frequency of east wind was high. Especially, the concentrations of urban air pollutants, such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide, were high on time which the sea breeze flow, and the areas that ozone concentration was high moved from outside part to central part of city with time. In costal urban such as Busan, the wind direction of sea breeze is influenced the change of ozone and nitrogen dioxide concentration on time which the sea breeze flow at each site and also influenced the change of air pollutants concentration of sites on the pathway of sea breeze.

The purpose of this study was to investigate spatial distributions of total deposition. A total number 79 samples were collected at 17 sampling sites from September 1999 to January 2000. Total (=wet+dry) atmospheric depositions were collected by filtered deposition sampler at sampling site (the Western Part of Kyongsangnam Province). In addition, the deposition of soluble and insoluble fraction was also investigated to find a suitable simplified collection method for a long-term monitoring of total deposition. The total depositions were measured soluble amount(mm/month), insoluble amount(kg/km2/month), pH, conductivity(E.C.) and eight ionic components. The spatial distribution of deposition flux was to estimated by using a kringing analysis. The 17 sites mean fluxes of water soluble ionic components; SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ were 100.7～315.6kg/km2/month, 30.1～234.3kg/km2/month, 64.4～139.4kg/km2/month, 7.5～68.3kg/km2/month, 10.7～48.7kg/km2/month, 5.6～27.9kg/km2/month, 4.5～17.5kg/km2/month, 27.6～81.7kg/km2/month, respectively.

To investigate air quality away from the coastal urban source region, we used a hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian method which can describe the formation, transport, transformation and deposition processes in complex terrain. with inclusion of shipping sources that were considered to be important emission in the coastal urban region. The result of the Eulerian advection - diffusion prediction was quite similar to that of the Lagrangian particle diffusion prediction. It showed that pollutants emitted from piers can affect the part of inland, especially Dongrae and the coastal area. Those emitted from Sasang and Janglim industrial complexes can affect Hwamyeong and the coastal, respectively. During the daytime the concentration was low due to large deposition flux and terrain effect.

The atmospheric conditions and the transport mechanism of long-range transport of air pollutants from coastal area to inland area were investigated using regular meteorological data and air pollution data obtatined from the southeastern area of Korea. Daytime temperature over the inland area(Taegu) was higher than that over the coastal area(Pusan) and the temperature difference of about 5∼6℃ when the thermal low was most fully developed and the sea level pressure over Taegu was lower than that over Pusan by about 4∼5 hPa at that time. Therefore this low pressure appeared to the thermally induced low. Air mass polluted from the coastal area during the morning period was transported inland area, at first by the sea breeze and by the large scale wind system toward the thermal low generated in the mountainous inland region. This was explained by the fact that the concentration of air pollutants over Taegu increased throughtout the late afternoon.

The effect of major operating parameters in spray drying sorber(=SDS) for automatic control for the simultaneous removal of acidic and organic gaseous pollutants from solid waste incinerator was performed. The field experiment was carried out in pilot scale test for the quantification of major operating parameters of hydrophilic and the hydrophobic pollutants. The removal efficiencies of SO2 and HCI in the 5wt% slurry condition were being increased with the increase of the stoichiometric ratio which is the molecular ratio of lime to the pollutant concentration, and with the decrease of inflow flue gas temperature in the pilot SDS reactor. The removal efficiency along the height of spray drying sorber was closely related to the temperature profile, and more than 90% of total removal efficiency was achieved in an absorption region. For the removal of acidic gas the optimum operating condition considering the economics and a stable operation is the 5wt% of slurry concentration, 1.2 of stoichiometric ratio and 250℃ of inflow flue gas temperature. For the organic gases of benzene and toluene the removal efficiencies were 20 - 60% which is much lower than that of acidic gas. The best removal efficiency was obtained at 1.5 of stoichiometric ratio and 250℃ of inflow flue gas temperature. The organic's removal efficiency along the height of spray drying sorber was quite different from that of acidic gas, that is, more than 60% of the total removal efficiency for benzene and 90% of the total removal for toluene were achieved in the dried adsorption region, which was formed at the lower or exit part of the reactor.

Numerical simulation model using nesting method and considering topographic features was developed to predict atmospheric environments, atmospheric flow, temperature and diffusion of air pollutants in Kwangyang bay where having complex areas of point sources, Korea. In addition, developed simulation model was used tracing of spreading range of pollutants when a gas leaks suddenly from Yeo-cheon industrial complex. By comparing the measured and calculated data on atmospheric flow, temperature and diffusion of air pollutants, the results showed that this model can be well applied and complicated topography affected the diffusion of air pollutants.

Buffer zone selection technique for natural purification of livestock wastewater within a small agricultural watershed was developed using Geographic Information Systems. The technique was applied to 4.12 km2 watershed located in Gosan-myun, Ansung-gun which have 20 livestock farmhouses. As a necessary data for selecting process, feedlot site map, digital Elevation Model (DEM), stream network, soil and land use map were prepared. By using these data, wastewater moving-path tracing program from each feedlot to the stream was developed to get the basic topographic factors; average slope through the paths, distance to the nearest stream and watershed outlet. To identify the vulnerable feedlots for storm event, the grid-based storm runoff model (Kim, 1998; Kim et al., 1998) was adopted. The result helps to narrow down the suitable area of buffer zone, and finally by using subjective but persuasive conditions related to elevation, slope and land use, the suitable buffer zones were selected.

충남 서천군 춘장대에서 채취한 갯벌을 통수칼럼에넣고 오염물질 정화능력을 평가 해 보았다. 각 칼럼에 사용된 시료수는 하수를 G2여과지(6㎛)로 여과한 여액(R1), 생하수를 GF/C여과지(1.2㎛)로 여과 후 하수중의 미생물에 의한 영향을 제거하기 위하여 고압멸균기(autoclaver)로 120℃에서 15분간 멸균한 하수( R2), 여과·멸균된 하수를 membrane filter로 여과한 해수와 1:1(하수:해수)로 혼합한 시료수(R3) 그리고 R3에서 사용된 하수와 해수를 이용해 그 비를 1:2로 혼합한 시료수(R4)를 이용하였다. 4종류로 조제된 시험수를 이용한 통수실험 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 통수실험에 의해 제거된 COD 양은 시료수에 하수의 함유량이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 암모니아질소의 경우 각 칼럼에서 580분 실험한 후 총 누적 제거양은 R1 90.1㎎, R2 81.0㎎, R3 27.6㎎, R4 4.1㎎이었다. R1과 R2에서 총 누적 제거 양이 해수가 1:1로 함유된 R3보다는 약 3배 높았고, 생하수와 해수가 1:2로 함유된 R4보다는 약 20배 높아 시료수에 하수의 함량이 높을수록 COD와 마찬가지로 암모니아질소가 잘 제거되는 것으로 판단되었다. 총인의 경우 각 칼럼에서 580분 실험한 수 제거된 총 누적 양은 R1 3.4㎎, R2 4.2㎎, R3 5.6㎎, R4 2.0㎎이었다. 평균 유입수 농도와 평균 유출수 농도로 구한 Pb의 평균 제거율은 R3와 R4에서 94.6%와 94.9%로 R1과 R2에서의 66.5%와 77.0%보다 약간 높았고, Cd의 평균 제거율도 R3와 R4에서 93.1%와 88.5%로 R1과 R2에서의 61.2%와 82.7%보다 약간 높았다. 이상과 같이 칼럼실험에서 중금속은 해수가 첨가된 시료에서 제거율이 높았다. 하지만 초기 20분간 흡착된 중금속의 양은 580분 동안 흡착된 총 양의 3∼4%로 유사한 값을 나타내었다.

We will calculate concentration of air pollutants using ISCST3, FDM and AERMOD of models recommended in U. S. EPA which are able to predict concentration of short term for point source, complex like industrial complex, power plant and burn-up institution. Before executing model, as analyzing computational result of many cases according to selecting of input data, we will increasing predictable ability of model in limit range of model. Especially, we analyzed three cases - case of considering various emission rate according to time scale and not, case considering effect of atmospheric pollution materials removed by physical process. In our study, after comparing and analyzing results of three model, we choose the atmospheric dispersion model reflected well the characteristic of the area. And we will investigate how large the complex pollutant sources such as industrial complex contribute to atmospheric environment and air quality of the surrounding the area as predicting and estimating chosen model.

This study identified concentrations of air pollutants emitted from idling of vehicles such as cars, taxis, trucks, and buses. In this investigation we analyzed concentrations of SO2, NOx, CO, and CO2 emitted from exhaust pipe of vehicles as a function of vehicle type, mileage, exhaust volume, and fuel type using the GreenLine. Compact or light cars, which have relatively low exhaust volume, showed much higher exhaust concentrations of SO2, CO, and NOx than those emitted from vehicles with high exhaust volume. Vehicles using light oil showed much higher exhaust NOx concentrations than those of vehicles using gasoline. Vehicles using LPG and compact cars showed very high exhaust CO concentration compared to other vehicles. NOx exhaust concentrations were increased with increasing the mileage of vehicles.

This study was performed to determine the optimum coagulant dosing amount for effective treatment of raw water. The removal rate of turbidity and the variations of water qualities according to various dosage of coagulants such as Alum, PAC and PACS were investigated. The optimum coagulant dosing amount to make the lowest turbidity of water were 35㎎/ℓ of Alum, 30㎎/ℓ of PAC and l0㎎/ℓ of PACS in case of 5 NTU of raw water turbidity, and 30㎎/ℓ of Alum, 25㎎/ℓ of PAC and l0㎎/ℓ of PACS in case of 10 NTU of that, respectively. The removal rates of turbidity at 4 min. and 8 min. of settling time were 10 and 72% of Alum, 44 and 62% of PAC and 25 and 55% of PACS in case of 5 NTU, and 52 and 70% of Alum, 90 and 95% of PAC and 10 and 28% of PACS in case of 10 NTU, respectively. Judging from the settling capability of floc., the reaction time of floc. formation and removal efficiency of turbidity, PAC was evaluated as more effective coagulant than Alum and PACS. Also PAC was regarded as the most effective coagulant when the water supply was changed sharply and the fluctuation of the surface loading occured with wide and sharp in seettling basin. pH and alkalinity of the water were decreased with increasing coagulants dosage. But pH and alkalinity were not decreased below 5.8 which is the standard for drinking water quality, and l0㎎/ℓ which is the limit concentration of floc. breakage, respectively. Residual Al of the treated water was decreased with increasing coagulants dosage in case of 5 and 10NTU of raw water turbidity. KMnO_4 consumption of the water was decreased with increasing coagulants dosage. The reduction rate of KMnO_4 consumption at the optimum coagulants dosage were 39% of Alum, 18% of PAC and 11% of PACS in case of 5 NTU of raw water turbidity, and 42% of Alum, 27% of PAC and 36% of PACS in case of 10 NTU of that, respectively. Any relationship was not found between the removal rate of turbidity and KMnO_4 consumption. TOC of the water was a bit decreased with increasing coagulants dosage up to 30㎎/ℓ but not changed above 30㎎/ℓ of coagulants dosage. The degree of TOC reduction was increased in the order of Alum, PAC and PACS treatment. Zeta potential of the colloidal floc. at the optimum coagulants dosage was in the range of -20∼-15mV in case of 5 NTU of raw water turbidity and 0∼0.5mV in case of 10 NTU of that, respectively. Although the kinds and dosages of coagulants were different, zeta potential range were fixed under the conditions of the best coagulation efficiency.

This study is to find out the emission estimation in Kimhae area. For this purpose, the Kimhae statistical yearbook and data of waste facilities issued by Kimhae city and the report on energy census issued by the ministry of trade, industry and energy are used. Each item for the emission estimation is SO_2, CO, HC, NOx, TSP from point, line, area sources. The results were as follows; The air pollutants with the highest amount of emission from the emission sources is CO followed by NOx, SO_2, TSP, HC in descending order of magnitude. The emission consists of 66.15% of line, 24.65% of area and 9.20% of point sources at Kimhae.

We examined whether several reeds, which are found around Ulsan area, could be used for downflow reed-bed to remove pollutants of sewage. Three kinds of reed, such as Phagmites australis, Typha orientalls, and Phalaris aundinacea L., were collected from their habitats near the Taehwa River in Ulsan City. In the minimized model system of downflow reed-bed, P. australis appeared to reduce BOD more than others did but slightly increase total amount of nitrogen(N). When P. australis were placed in the sterilized water, total nitrogen was found to be significantly increased dependent on the number of experimental plant in the sterilized state, but it was rather decreased in the non-sterilized state. With these results, microorganisms attached to P.australis roots can be thought to work for removal of pollutants. Therefore, these microorganisms and their habitat, P. australis reed bed, together can be used for sewage treatment. It was suggested that oxygen is produced by photosynthesis reaction of P. austrails. The increased oxygen may help microorganisms in their habitats to work on the removal of pollutants

To predict diffusion and movement of air pollutants in coastal urban region a numerical simulation shoud be consider atmospheric flow field with land-sea breeze, mountain-valley wind and urban effects. In this study we used Lagrangian particle dispersion method in the atmospheric flow field of Pusan coastal region to depict diffusion and movement of the pollutants emited from particular sources and employed two grid system, one for large scale calculating region with the coarse mesh grid (CMG) and the other for the small region with the fine mesh grid (FMG). It was found that the dispersion pattern of the pollutants followed local circulation system in coastal urban area and while air pollutants exhausted from Sasang moved into Baekyang and Jang moutain, air pollutants from Janglim moved into Hwameong-dong region.

In the Atmosphere under the various physical and chemical condition different chemical reactions occur and there are a number of air pollutants which are generated by photochemical reaction by absorbing solar energy. Therefor various testing simulation was done as foundation work to develop the numerical model for the prediction of concentration of air pollutants. It was shown change of major air pollutants concentration in according to variation of photodissociation speed constant, K_1 and initial condition of air pollutants concentration which plays major role in photochemical reaction. The photochemical reaction model which was used in this study is found to be useful for understanding relationship among the concentration of reacting air pollutants and the prediction of concentration of air pollutants in urban atmosphere

A numerical model has been developed to predict the deposition of air pollutants considering canopy effect. In this model, the deposition velocity is calculated using the deposition resistances(aerodynamic resistance, viscosity resistance, surface resistance). Using the results, a comparative study was made between the model calculation and observation results The calculated daily variation of deposition resistances and in daytime most of the model cases are well agreed with observation results, and a slight difference was found in nighttime. From the results, it is suggested that the present model is capable of estimating the deposition velocity of air pollutants considering characteristics of canopy layer.

A predictive modal is demonstrated for gas removal rates from the atmosphere by dry deposition. Typical deposition velocities are complex functions of surface types, atmospheric stabilities, friction velocities, air pollutants, and so on. In this paper we simulated the calculation of dry deposition velocities near the earth surfaces, simultaneously we estimated real dry deposition velocities using the previous simulation. The measurement taken over a deciduous forest by Padro et al.(1988) were used to verify this model. In the comparison of the value of deposition velocity between numerical computation and observation, there are partially overestimations and underestimations between them, but we can speak that they are in a good accordance.

Meteorological parameters in the atmospheric boundary layer and the vertical and horizontal dispersion parameters were determined by analyzing the data obtained by the special upper-air observations of one clear day for each season from October 1991 to August 1992. The concentration of the atmospheric pollutants over Taegu was analyzed by using the application of the Gaussian diffusion model. In the diurnal variation of diffusion of atmospheric pollutants, vertical diffusion due to turbulence is active in daytime while horizontal diffusion due to wind is active in nighttime. The mean concentration of pollutants in the side of downwind is higher during the daytime than the nighttime. Thus, the height of the mixed-layer at the nighttime considered as the most important parameter of the mean concentration of pollutants. In the seasonal variation of diffusion of atmospheric pollutants, vertical diffusion due to strong solar radiation is active in summer case day, and horizontal diffusion due to strong wind is active in winter case day. In winter case day, the mean concentration of pollutants in the side of downwind is maximum in the daytime. However, in summer case day, that is maximum in the nighttime.