국내 고속도로 콘크리트 중앙분리대는 SB5-B(270kJ)의 충돌등급에 저항하도록 설계되어 있다. 그러나 최근 대형 화물차 량의 충돌사고가 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있어 SB6(420kJ) 등급으로의 상향이 필요하다. 충돌등급 상향을 위한 새로운 중앙분리대 단면을 제시하기 위해서는 실제 충돌시험을 수행하여 기준 통과여부를 결정하며, 충돌시험 수행을 위한 적정 단면을 제시하기 위해서는 충돌해석을 통해 선정한다. 이러한 충돌해석의 정확도 향상을 위해서는 차량 모델, 콘크리트 단면 열화상태, 콘크리트 피복 두께 등 다양한 변수에 대한 정확한 변수 선정이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 공차 중량, 단면 열화, 콘크리트 피복 두께에 대한 변수연구를 수행하여 충돌저항성능 저감을 확인하였다. 전체 중량뿐만 아닌 공차 중 량에 따라 중앙분리대의 충돌저항성능에 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 10cm 이하의 콘크리트 피복 두께에서는 충돌저 항성능이 민감하게 증가 또는 감소한다. 단면 열화가 발생할 경우 중앙분리대의 충돌저항성능의 감소가 발생하여 열화정도 에 따른 보수 및 보강이 이루어져야 하는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 콘크리트 구조물과 차량의 충돌해석을 수행할 경우 트럭 의 공차중량 비율, 콘크리트의 피복두께 및 열화에 대한 영향이 상세하게 고려될 필요가 있음을 확인하였다.

With emphasis on native genetic resource, Korean native chicken is one of the major native breeds in poultry in Korea. The weight-age data from 216 pullets of Korean native chicken were used to fit the growth curve using Gompertz model. Live weights have been recorded every three weeks for 36 weeks for 5 strains. All available weight data from birth to the 6 specific ages of week were used for the estimation of parameters. The variation in estimates of mature weight (A) decreased with the increase of age 21 through 36 weeks for all 5 strains studied. However, the variation of rate of maturing (k) showed a tendancy increase with the increase of age. These results indicate that the fitting of growth curve is getting more stable for asymptotic value (A) and more flexible for curve shape (k) with the increase of weight-age data range. Correlations among estimates of A and among estimates of k at various ages showed the highest range of 0.93 ~ 0.99 between 30 and 36 weeks except for the maturing rate (k) of red brown strains. The correlations between A and k tended to fluctuate and were not significant statistically at various ages. Thus, the estimates of growth curve parameters, A and k suitable for genetic studies in Korean native chicken can be derived from accumulated weight-age data after 30 weeks of age.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fad dieting status and needs of nutrition education on healthy dieting in male and female collegians according to the desired loss weight. The subjects were 611 students (287 males, 324 females) from universities in Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces in Korea. The subjects were divided into the following four groups based on the difference between their current body weight and their desired body weight: no desired weight loss (WL0), desired weight loss less than 5 kg (WL5), desired weight loss 6 to 10 kg (WL10), and desired weight loss more than 11 kg (WL11). The fad dieting status was surveyed using a questionnaire about 11 selected trendy dieting methods. The higher desired weight loss group showed higher current weight and BMI in both males and females. Self weight overestimation was higher in the females than in the males, and in the WL10 group than in the other groups of males. As desired loss weight increased, weight loss trials and experienced trendy dieting types increased in both males and females. In the male subjects, the experience of the half meal diet and the chicken breast diet was significantly associated with the desired loss weight. In females, trials of more trendy diet types including the half meal diet, cereal diet, fasting, and Atkins diet were significantly associated with the higher desired loss weight. The need for nutrition education on healthy dieting was high among all the different desired weight loss groups, showing that a minimum of 60% of subjects in each group answered ‘necessary and strongly necessary’, with the highest in the WL11 group in both males and females. From these results, desired loss weight is associated with higher current weight status, unhealthy weight control practices, and needs for nutrition education in both male and female subjects. Therefore, in the future, nutrition education programs should give greater attention to providing healthy dieting methods for young collegians who desire more weight loss.

In the swine industry, growth related traits are important economic traits directly linked to profitability. Representative growth traits include daily gain, back fat thickness, and carcass weight. This study was conducted to search for positional candidate genes associated with the carcass weight through a genome-wide association study(GWAS) using suggestive levels of statistical thresholds in pigs. As a result of the genome-wide analysis of the associations with carcass weight, the single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) markers with suggestive significance were identified in 1 SNP marker on chromosome 2(ALGA0015365) and 1 SNP marker on chromosome 4(ALGA0023678). We could select positional 2 candidate genes, located close to the SNP markers with suggestive significance levels. The SNP markers in adjacent to the 2 genes(LOC100519538, LOC100737583) may provide basic data regarding the marker-assisted selection for the carcass weight trait in pigs.

Recently, as the number of earthquakes has increased, the building structure standard has been revised in 2016. In order to minimize earthquake damage, steel frame is used as the most economical and efficient lateral resistance system. Also, when the steel braces are subject to Compressive load, which causes unstable behavior of the structure. In order to verify the compressive behavior of the reinforced Braces, structural performance tests were conducted with variables of slenderness ratio and the amount of reinforcement. This study investigates the structural performance of existing double - angle steel braces by reinforcing them with non- welded/assembled light-weight steel frames and proposes a suitable reinforced section.

유기실리콘 계면활성제는 소수성 유기실리콘 그룹에 친수성 극성 그룹이 결합되어 있다. 유 기실리콘의 독특한 특성으로 인하여 유기실리콘 계면활성제는 낮은 계면장력, 윤활성, 퍼짐성, 발수성, 열 안정성, 화학적 안정성 때문에 폴리우레탄 폼, 건설재료, 화장품, 페인트잉크, 농약 등 많은 산업분야 에 사용되고 있다. 특히 저분자 유기실리콘을 소수기로 한 트리실록산 계면활성제는 낮은 표면장력과 우수한 습윤/퍼짐성 때문에 super wetter/super spreader로서 활용되고 있으나 가수분해에 취약한 단점 도 가지고 있다. 트리실록산 계면활성제의 기능향상과 단점개선 등 응용분야에서의 요구사항을 반영하기 위하여 다양한 화학구조를 가진 트리실록산 계면활성제들이 개발되고 있다. 본 총설에서는 소수성 트리 실록산 중추로서의 반응성 트리실록산의 합성방법, 반응성 트리실록산을 친수성 그룹과 결합시키는 규소 수소화반응같은 주요 반응방법, 그리고 폴리에테르, 카보하이드레이트, 제미니, 볼라폼, 더블 트리실록 산 타입 등 주요 저분자 트리실록산 계면활성제들의 합성방법을 논의한다.

본 연구는 난지형 마늘 ‘남도’의 적정 생육 온도 구명과 일 평균온도를 이용한 구중 예측을 위하여 수행되었다. 온도처리는 주간 16시간 야간 8시간 처리로 11/7oC, 14/10oC, 17/12oC, 20/15oC, 23/18oC, 28/23oC 로 설정하였다. 구의 생체중과 건물중은 20oC/15oC 처리구에서 가장 높았으며 고온이나 저온으로 갈수록 감소하였다. 엽수와 총엽면적은 저온인 처리구가 고온처리구보다 생장이 느렸으나, 최종적으로는 최고온도인28/23oC을 제외하고 유사한 경향을 보였다. 구의 생체중으로 6종의 함수를 개발하였으며 이를 통해 ‘남도’ 마늘의 적정 생육온도와 한계온도, 온도에 따른 구생장량을 확인할 수 있었다. 분석 결과 ‘남도’ 마늘의 적정 생육온도는 18~20oC 이며 GDD 기본온도와 한계온도는 7.1oC와 31.7oC로 추정할 수 있었다. 일 평균온도를 이용한 수확기 기준 구 생체중 모델을 검증하기 위하여 온도구배터널의 기상자료를 이용하여 예측하였다. 선형함수를 이용한 예측은 79.0~95.0%, 2차 함수를 이용한 예측은 77.2~92.3%, 로 지스틱분포 함수를 이용한 예측은 80.0~95.8% 예측도를 보였다. 이중 가장 예측력이 좋은 함수는 로지스틱분포 함수이며 생육적정온도와 한계온도도 잘 표현하였다.

본 연구는 농후사료의 급여수준을 달리하여 제주산마 에게 급여하는 경우에 체중 변화, 장내 미생물 조성 및 혈액성상의 변화에 미치는 효과를 구명하기 위하여 수행 되었다. 공시축으로 24-36개월의 제주산마(제주마×더러브 렛) 14두를 공시하였으며, 농후사료의 급여수준을 체중의 1.5%(5두), 2%(4두)와 2.5%(5두)로 급여하여 봄과 겨울 증 체율 및 혈액 특성과 생리적 변화를 조사하였다. 봄에 총 증체량은 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% 급여한 처리구에서 12.6kg, 21.5kg, 29.0kg, 겨울에 총 증체량은 21.6kg, 28.0kg, 42.6kg을 나타냈고, 일당 증체량은 봄에는 0.23kg, 0.39kg, 0.54kg, 겨울에는 0.40kg, 0.52kg, 0.79kg을 나타내어 체중의 2.5%를 섭취한 구에서 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 내독 소는 농후사료 과다 섭취에 의해 그람음성균의 세포벽에 서 방출되는 물질로 봄에 시행한 시험에서 3주차 때 농 후사료를 체중의 2%와 2.5%를 급여한 처리구에서 유의 적으로 낮은 결과를 나타내었으나(p<0.05) 이후에는 점차 모든 처리구에서 수치가 비슷해져 적응하는 경향을 보여 모든 처리구가 농후사료 급여에 적응하는 경향을 보였다. 봄에 실시한 실험에서 8주차에 분 pH는 농후사료를 체 중의 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% 급여한 처리구에서 각각 6.2, 5.8, 5.7로 나타나 농후사료를 체중의 2%와 2.5%를 급여한 처 리구에서 유의적으로 낮은 결과를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 직장온도는 겨울에 실시한 실험에서 8주차에 농후사료를 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%. 급여구에서 각각 37.8℃, 37.9℃, 38.4℃ 를 나타내어 농후사료 2.5% 급여구에서 직장온도가 유의 적으로 높은 수치를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 분내 미생물에 서는 셀룰로오스와 탄수화물(구조 탄수화물) 분해에 관여 하는 미생물로 알려진 Fibrobacter가 체중의 1.5% 급여했 을 경우 총 미생물군에서 2.49%를 차지하였고, 2%와 2.5% 급여구에서는 각각 1.42%와 1.09%를 차지하여 농후 사료 급여량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로 농후사료 2.5%의 급여가 비육마 사육 방법으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

A drop weight impact test was conducted in this study to analyze the mechanical and thermal properties caused by the changes in the ratio of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) to ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) laminations. The ratios of CFRP to EVA were changed from 10:0 (pure CFRP) to 9:1, 8:2, 6:4, and 5:5 by manufacturing five different types of samples, and at the same time, the mechanical/thermal properties were analyzed with thermo-graphic images. As the ratio of the CFRP lamination was increased, in which the energy absorbance is dispersed by the fibers, it was more likely for the brittle failure mode to occur. In the cases of Type 3 through Type 5, in which the role of the EVA sheet is more prominent because it absorbs the impact energy rather than dispersing it, a clear form of puncture failure mode was observed. Based on the above results, it was found that all the observation values decreased as the EVA lamination increased compared with the CFRP lamination. The EVA lamination was thus found to have a very important role in reducing the impact. However, the strain and temperature were inversely propositional.

This study was a report on 60 heads of Hanwoo steers(5 treatments⨯4 heads⨯3 repeats). Their start weights were 361.2±14.39 kg to 380.5±27.33 kg; 12.7 to 13.6 months of age. The aim was to investigate the effect of herbal probiotic supplementation on the weight, blood composition, meat quality and immunity in beef. In case of body weight gain, con. 1 plot(183.8 kg) in the early fattening stage, T3 plot(115.1 kg) in the middle fattening stage, and T2 plot(163.3 kg) in the late fattening stage significantly increased(p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the blood content of T-Cho and IgG: con. 1 plot and T1 plot in the early fattening stage, T3 plot and T2 plots in the middle fattening stage, and con. 2 plot and T1~T3 plots in the late fattening stage had higher blood content than that of other treatment plots (p<0.05). In addition, the carcass weight was highest in the T1 plot and T2 plot among the total treatment plots(p<0.05). However, no statistical significant difference was observed in the different treatments; all individual treatment plots(T1~T3 plots) were somewhat higher than the control plots(con. 1~con. 2 plots) with respect to the carcass quantity and carcass quality. Combining and analyzing all results revealed that the dietary addition of herbal probiotics for Hanwoo steers had a positive effect on the improvement of weight, amount of meat, meat quality and immunity

This study was conducted to estimate growth curve parameters by sex in Korean native Goat. Weight-age data from 148 male goats and 169 female goats raised at Animal Genetic Resources Research Center in Korea were used in this study. Growth curve parameters were estimated from nonlinear regression using Gompertz and Logistic models. Mature weight ( ) and growth rate () of male goats were 50.0 kg, and 0.0038, respectively, when Gompertz model was used. They were 47.9 kg and 0.0062, respectively, when Logistic model was used. In female goats, mature weight ( ) and growth rate () were 35.8 kg and 0.0030, respectively, when Gompertz model was used. They were 34.6 kg and 0.0046 when Logistic model was used. The goodness of fit determined by R2 was higher in the Gompertz model than that in the Logistic model. The growth curve functions estimated from the Gompertz model in Korean-native male and female goats were , respectively. The inflection point () showed that the maximum growth rate and the weight at inflection (  ) estimated from the Gompertz model were 234.8 days and 18.37 kg, respectively, in male goats. They were 235.7 days and 13.16 kg, respectively, in female goats. The growth pattern of Korean-native goats obtained from this study might be useful for determining their feeding and management plans by sex and design breeding strategies.

OBJECTIVES : The objective of this study is to analyze the nonlinear behavior of block pavements using multi-load level falling weight deflectometer (FWD) deflections. METHODS: Recently, block pavements are employed not only in sidewalks, but also in roadways. For the application of block pavements in roadways, the structural capacities of subbase and subgrade are important factors that support the carry traffic load. Multi-load level FWD testing was conducted on block pavements to analyze their nonlinear behavior. The deflection ratio due to the increase in load was analyzed to estimate the nonlinearity of block pavements. Finite element method with nonlinear soil model was applied to simulate the actual nonlinear behavior of the block pavement under different levels of load. RESULTS: The results of the FWD testing show that the center deflections in block pavements are approximately ten times greater than that in asphalt pavements. The deflection ratios of the block pavement due to the increase in the load range from 1.2 to 1.5, indicating that the deflection increased by 20~50%. The material coefficients of the nonlinear soil model were determined by comparing the measured deflections with the predicted deflections using the finite element method. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the nonlinear behavior of block pavements was reviewed using multi-load level FWD testing. The deflection ratio proposed in this study can estimate the nonlinearity of block pavements. The use of nonlinear soil model in subbase and subgrade increases the accuracy of predicting deflections in finite element method.

Endocrine system of hormones is the critical factor for the development of testes. The levels of hormones are orchestrated by a positive or negative feedback system controlled by the hyphothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of unbalanced endocrine system induced by the hemi-castration on testicular development in stallions. Four Thoroughbred stallions (age ranging from 3 to 5 yr) were used in this study. To disturb endocrine system, hemicastration has been performed on the stallions. Several parameters including testicular weight, volume, germ cell population on the cross-sections of round tubule, and the area of seminiferous tubules of stallion testes collected at the 1st hemi-castration and the 2nd hemi-castration (about 1 year after 1st hemi-castration) were compared. Testosterone levels were compared for 3 weeks before, after 1st castration, and before 2nd castration using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) procedure was conducted to compare germ cell populations between after 1st and 2nd castration using VASA antibody. The VASA positive cell population per a cross section of round seminiferous tubule was obtained by monitoring 100 tubules. Interestingly, the weight of testes obtained at 2nd hemi-castration (384±14 g) were significantly higher compared to that of testes collected at the 1st hemi-castration (288±34 g). The volume of testes (306±34 ml) collected at the 2nd hemi-castration was higher than that of testes (169±18 ml) collected at the 1st castration. In contrast, VASA positive germ cell population on the cross section of round tubule (124.9±12.4 vs 142.9±21.6) and the area of round tubule (124±9.7 vs 122.9±1.7 mm2) were not different after 1st castration and 2nd castration. the testosterone levels in the blood collected before, after 1st castration, and before 2nd castration were not significantly different. In conclusion, the hemi-castration induces testicular development to maintain the normal reproductive systems in stallions.

Swine industry has been focusing selection of excellent breeding pigs for post decades. This result is created to superior breeding sows with larger litter size, which are leads to low birth weight piglets (LBW) because of intrauterine growth retardation. The LBW on development of pigs have well known to postpone growth performance and to disrupt body metabolisms than normal birth weight piglets (NBW). However, effect of LBW on reproductive functions is very not documented. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify effect of birth weight on reproductive function in the LBW compared with normal birth weight piglets (NBW) by RNA sequencing and pathway studio. The experimental animals utilized 3d old LBW (0.96±95.07 kg, n=4) and NBW (1.69±83.39 kg, n=4). The differentially expressed genes were approximately 800 genes above 2 fold. The genes were related to steroid hormone synthesis, estrogen receptors signaling and growth and proliferation of cells. These results may be suggested to affect development of reproductive organ. However, our data are restricted using young experimental animals.

Growth traits, such as body weight, directly influence productivity and economic efficiency in the swine industry. In this study, we estimate heritability for body weight traits usinginformation from pedigree and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip data. Four body weight phenotypes were measured in 1,105 F2 progeny from an intercross between Landrace and Jeju native black pigs. All experimental animals were subjected to genotypic analysis using PorcineSNP60K BeadChip platform, and 39,992 autosomal SNP markers filtered by quality control criteria were used to construct genomic relationship matrix for heritability estimation. Restricted maximum likelihood estimates of heritability were obtained using both genomic- and pedigree- relationship matrix in a linear mixed model. The heritability estimates using SNP information were smaller (0.36-0.55) than those which were estimated using pedigree information (0.62-0.97). To investigate effect of common environment, such as maternal effect, on heritability estimation, we included maternal effect as an additional random effect term in the linear mixed model analysis. We detected substantial proportions of phenotypic variance components were explained by maternal effect. And the heritability estimates using both pedigree and SNP information were decreased. Therefore, heritability estimates must be interpreted cautiously when there are obvious common environmental variance components.

온실에서 재배되는 어윈 망고는 그 수관이 복잡하여 생육을 정확하게 진단할 수 있는 생육 지표 결정이 어렵다. 엽면적, 엽생체중과 엽건물중은 생육을 진단할 수 있는 지표이며, 이를 비파괴적으로 추정할 수 있는 모델 확립이 필요하다. 본 연구의 목표는 어윈 망고 (Mangifera indica L. cv. Irwin)의 엽장, 엽폭, 엽병장, SPAD 값 등의 비파괴적 생육지표를 이용하여 엽면적, 엽생체중과 엽건물중을 추정하는 모델을 확립하는 것이다. 6년생 어윈 망고의 성엽에 대하여 엽장, 엽폭, 엽병장과 SPAD 값을 측정하였으며, 이에 따른 엽면적, 엽생체중과 엽건물중을 측정하였다. 기존에 사용되는 모델식 중에서 14종의 모델을 선정하였으며, 회귀분석을 통해 각 모델의 계수를 추정하였다. 이중에서 높은 R2 과 낮은 평균제곱근오차 값을 보이는 세 모델식에 대하여 검증한 결과, R2 값은 각각 0.967과 0.743, 0.567로 나타나 신뢰성이 있다고 판단되었다. 이러한 방법은 작물의 생육 지표로 편리하게 추정하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다.

In order to obtain the goal of the weight reduction of automobile components, the researches about lighter and stronger wheel carriers have been studied without sacrificing the safety of them. In this study, the weight reduction design process of wheel carrier could be proposed based on the variation of von-Mises stress contour by substituting an AA6061 (aluminum 6061 alloy) having tensile strength of 310 MPa grade instead of FCD600 Irons. From the stress analysis results before and after design modification, the stress relaxation was done at every given loading conditions. Therefore, it could be reached that this approach method could be well established and be contributed for light-weight design guide and the optimum design conditions of the automotive wheel carrier development.