Nitrogen-doped microporous carbons were prepared using a polyvinylidene fluoridemelamine mixture. The electrochemical performance of the nitrogen-doped microporous carbons after being subjected to different carbonization conditions was investigated. The nitrogen to carbon ratio and specificsurface area decreased with an increase in the carbon-ization temperature. However, the maximum specificcapacitance of 208 F/g was obtained at a carbonization temperature of 800°C because it produced the highest microporosity.

This study reports on the influenceof N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborat (PYR14BF4) ionic liquid additive on the conducting and interfacial properties of organic solvent based electrolytes against a carbon electrode. We used the mixture of ethylene carbonate/dimethoxyethane (1:1) as an organic solvent electrolyte and tetraethylammo-nium tetrafluoroborate(TEABF4) as a common salt. Using the PYR14BF ionic liquid as additive produced higher ionic conductivity in the electrolyte and lower interface resis-tance between carbon and electrolyte, resulting in improved capacitance. The chemical and electrochemical stability of the electrolyte was measured by ionic conductivity me-ter and linear sweep voltammetry. The electrochemical analysis between electrolyte and carbon electrode was examined by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Commercial activated-carbon used as the electrode material of an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) was posttreated with various acids and alkalis to increase its capacitance. The carbon samples prepared were then heat-treated in order to control the amount of acidic functional groups formed by the acid treatments. Coin-type EDLC cells with two symmetric carbon electrodes were assembled using the prepared carbon materials and an organic electrolyte. The electrochemical performance of the EDLC was measured by galvanostatic charge-discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Among the various activated carbons, the carbon electrodes (CSsb800) prepared by the treatments of coconutshell-based carbon activated with NaOH and H3BO5, and then heat treated at 800˚C under a flow of nitrogen gas, showed relatively good electrochemical performance. Although the specific-surface-area of the carbon-electrode material (1,096m2/g) was less than that of pristine activated-carbon (1,122m2/g), the meso-pore volume increased after the combined chemical and heat treatments. The specific capacitance of the EDLC increased from 59.6 to 74.8 F/g (26%) after those post treatments. The equivalent series resistance of EDLC using CSsb800 as electrode was much lower than that of EDLC using pristine activated carbon. Therefore, CSsb800 exhibited superior electrochemical performance at high scan rates due to its low internal resistance.

Odorous compounds produced from blackwater commonly cause domestic nuisance complaints. In this study, aseries of experiments was conducted to apply an electrolytic oxidation system to abate the odor problems fromblackwater. The electrolytic process removes odorous compounds from the liquid sources using direct and indirectoxidation; therefore, the system performance mainly relies on electrode materials. Four different electrodematerials, SS304, SS316, Ti, Ti/IrO₂, were applied, and the electrolytic oxidation showed that hydrogen sulfideand organic constituents were effectively removed. However, the weights of electrodes, SS304 and SS316, weredecreased by 7.5~8% due to the electrochemical decomposition from the anode surface. In order to improve thedurability and economical feasibility, SS304 was used as the cathode while Ti/IrO₂ was used as the anode. Theelectrode combination with the different materials (Ti/IrO₂:SS304) showed the same odor removal efficiency asthat using the same material (Ti/IrO₂:Ti/IrO₂). Consequentially, the electrolytic reaction to oxidize odorous andorganic constituents in humane manure was strongly affected by the electrode materials, and its combination needsto be carefully selected to achieve better performance.

현재 TSP(Touch Screen Panel)는 스마트폰을 비롯한 태블렛 PC, 대형 광고용 TSP 등으로 점점 대형화되고 있다. 화면이 점점 대면적화되면 기존 ITO(Indium Tin Oxide)전극을 센서 전극으로 사용하면 응답 속도가 늦어지는 문제점이 발생하게 된다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서 센서 전극을 ITO대신에 nano silver paste를 이용하는 기술이 개발되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 새로운 합성법인 전자빔으로 nano silver powder를 개발하였다. 이렇게 개발된 nano silver powder와 이미 개발된 submicron silver powder를 혼합하여 hybrid silver paste를 제조하였다. 제조된 paste를 이용하여 4㎛, 7㎛의 미세패턴을 구현할 수 있었다.

본 논문에서는 배터리 전극 해석을 위한 응력-확산 완전 연계 멀티스케일 해석기법을 고안하였다. 제안된 방법에서는 먼저 리튬농도에 따른 확산계수 및 기계적 물성을 계산하였다. 이를 고려하여 확산에 의한 응력뿐만 아니라 응력에 의한 확산거동 변화까지 모두 고려한 응력-확산 완전연계 연속체 모델을 유한요소 기반으로 구성하였다. 이를 통해 실리콘 나노와이어 음극의 충/방전 전산 모사를 수행하였다. 이러한 해석결과를 통하여 기존의 확산에 의한 응력 연속체 모델보다 더 실제와 가까운 해석결과를 제안된 방법이 보여줌을 확인할 수 있었다.

In this paper, heat treatment on the cutting device for automatic welding electrode is proposed. The electrode can be fed continuously by general automatic welding. When the leading end of wire is bent, it must be cut with the constant length. The wire has been cut by manual method previously but the automatic cutter device is proposed and designed in this study. These new device parts are designed and the heat treatment of cutter is determined analytically. The numerical three-dimensional analysis is carried out by means of DEFORMTM-HT, the common heat-treatment software. The meshes are divided with tetrahedral elements. As the result, the highest hardness is observed at the end edge of cutter and especially the hardness at edge is reached even HRc 64.3. The layer, 90% of which consists of martensite structure, is extended to the end edge of cutter. And the layer, 50% of which consists of the micro-structure, becomes its middle area. Because the mechanical property can be predicted by this analytical approach, it is not necessary to have any onsite heat treatment. The life of cutter can be improved by using this study result.

그라비어 오프셋 인쇄법의 장점을 보완하기 위해서 폴리머 다이렉트 그라비어 인쇄법을 이용하여 터치패널용 미세 전극 패턴형성에 대해서 검토하였다. 분자량이 서로 다른 2종류의 epoxy binder와 3종류의 silver powder 및 carbon powder를 이용하여 Ag paste를 제조하여 전극패턴 형성 및 이에 물성을 검토하였다. 그 결과 flake/spherical hybrid 및 고분자량의 epoxy binder로 제조한 Ag paste가 접착력과 전도성이 더 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 30/30㎛을 구현하기 위해서는 TI치가 3.6정도가 적합함을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 롤투롤 인쇄법인 폴리머 다이렉트 그라비어 인쇄법으로 30/30㎛ 전극패턴 형성이 가능함을 알 수 있었다.

Mo-based thin films are frequently used as back electrode materials because of their low resistivity and high crystallinity in CIGS chalcopyrite solar cells. Mo:Na/Mo bilayer thin films with 1μm thickness were deposited on soda lime glass by varying the thickness of each layer using dc-magnetron sputtering. The effects of the Mo:Na layer on morphology and electrical property in terms of resistivity were systematically investigated. The resistivity increased from 159μΩcm to 944μΩcm; this seemed to be caused by increased surface defects and low crystallinity as the thickness of Mo:Na layer increased from 100 nm to 500 nm. The surface morphologies of the Mo thin films changed from a somewhat coarse fibrous structures to irregular and fine celled structures with increased surface cracks along the cell boundaries as the thickness of Mo:Na layer increased. Na contents varied drastically from 0.03 % to 0.52 % according to the variation of Mo:Na layer thickness. The change in Na content may be ascribed to changes in surface morphology and crystallinity of the thin films.

The purpose of this study is to determine more variables in welding characteristics of ATOS(steel for automobile structure) 80 high tensile steel available in market, and in terms of welding using GMAW(gas metal arc welding), this study seeks to examine how welding characteristics of ATOS 80 may vary depending on protrusion length of wire electrode. The major characteristics of this study can be summed up as follows, this study analyzed welding characteristics of ATOS 80 by changing the protrusion length of wire electrode (10㎜, 15㎜ and 20㎜) in welding section, and also used visual inspection and radiograph test to examine observations of major defects on welding section.

In this study, we present a more electrochemically enhanced electrode using activated carbon (AC)-sulfur (S) composite materials, which have high current density. The morphological and micro-structure properties were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Quantity of sulfur was measured by thermogravimetric analysis analysis. The electrochemical behaviors were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. As a trapping carbon structure, AC could provide a porous structure for containing sulfur. We were able to confirm that the AC-S composite electrode had superior electrochemical activity.

Lead (II) ion selective poly(aniline) solid contact electrode based on Tetramethylthiuram monosulfide ionophore as a sulfur containing sensing material is successfully developed. The electrode exhibits good linear response of 25.6 mV / decade (at 20±0.2℃, r2=0.995) within the concentration range of 1.0×10-1~4.0×10-7 M Pb (II). The composition of this electrode was Ionophore : PVC : dioctylphthalate : potassiumtetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate : Oleic acid = 5.0 : 20.0 : 25.0 : 4.0 : 5.0. When we consider the results of using different composition electrodes based on only one potassiumtetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate or Oleic acid liphophlic additive, poly(aniline) solid contact electrode based on Tetramethylthiuram monosulfide ionophore with potassiumtetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate and Oleic acid liphophlic additive had the best result in response characteristics. The electrode shows good selectivity for lead (II) ion in comparison with alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. This electrode is suitable for use with aqueous solutions of pH 3.0 ~ 7.0 and their standard deviation in the measured emf differences was ±2.94 mV at Tris buffered lead sample solution of 1.0×10-2 M and ±2.82 mV at Tris buffered lead sample solution of 1.0×10-3 M. Their stabilization time was less than 710 s. and response time was less than 16 s.

교류형 플라즈마 디스플레이의 기입기간 중에 공통전극에서의 파형 변화에 따른 광특성을 조사하고 방전특성을 향상시킬 수 있는 최적의 조건을 조사하였다. ACPDP에서구동방식에서 각 서브프레임은 초기화, 기입, 유지기간으로 나누어지는데, 초기화기간 이후 상판의 두 전극에는 음전하가 쌓이게 되고 하판의 기입전극에는 양전하가 쌓인다. 기입기간에 종래의 구동방법에서는 주사 및 기입펄스에 의해 초기화 기간에 쌓인 벽전하를 이용하여 기입방전을 발생시키는데, 본 연구에서는 기입기간 중 공통전극에도 펄스를 인가하여 펄스의 높이 및 인가시각에 따른 기입광파형을 각각 측정하였고그 결과 최적의 조건하에서 기입방전 시간을 종래의 방법보다 약 200ns 단축시켰다.

La1-xSrxMnO3(LSM,0≤x≤0.5) powders as the air electrode for solid oxide fuel cell were synthesized by a glycine-nitrate combustion process. The powders were then examined by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The as-formed powders were composed of very fine ash particles linked together in chains. X-ray maps of the LSM powders milled for 1.5 h showed that the metallic elements are homogeneously distributed inside each grain and in the different grains. The powder XRD patterns of the LSM with x< 0.3 showed a rhombohedral phase; the phase changes to the cubic phase at higher compositions(x≥0.3) calcined in air at 1200˚C for 4 h. Also, the SEM micrographs showed that the average grain size decreases as Sr content increases. Composite air electrodes made of 50/50 vol% of the resulting LSM powders and yttria stabilized zirconia(YSZ) powders were prepared by colloidal deposition technique. The electrodes were studied by ac impedance spectroscopy in order to improve the performance of a solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC). Reproducible impedance spectra were confirmed using the improved cell, which consisted of LSM-YSZ/YSZ. The composite electrode of LSM and YSZ was found to yield a lower cathodic resistivity than that of the non-composite one. Also, the addition of YSZ to the La1-xSrxMnO3 (0.1≤x≤0.2) electrode led to a pronounced, large decrease in the cathodic resistivity of the LSM-YSZ composite electrodes.

This paper presents a statistical analysis method for the selection of electroencephalogram (EEG) electrode positions and spectral features to recognize emotion, where emotional valence and arousal are classified into three and two levels, respectively. T

본 연구에서는 생활오수, 산업폐수, 축산폐수 등에서 발생하는 질산성화합물 및 난분해성 화합물을 효과적으로 처리하기 위해 막분리법과 다공 전극형 전기분해법을 조합한 하 폐수의 고도처리 기술을 제안하였고 제안 시스템의 효율성을 검토하였다. 제안하는 시스템은 활성슬러지 공정, 막분리 공정, 다공 전극형 전기분해공정의 3단계로 구성하였다. 본 연구에서 구성되는 막분리 공정은 부유물질을 제거해줌으로써 전기분해공정의 부하를 최소화할 수 있는 역할을 담당할 수 있게 하여 시스템을 안정하게 운전할 수 있도록 하였다. 전기분해 하이브리드 공정에 있어서는 다공성 전극으로 구성함으로써 비표면적의 확대로 인한 전극의 효율성을 높였다. 아울러 외부전압을 인가함에 따라 처리제의 공급 없이 장치에 유입된 물을 분해시킴으로써 산화 환원 반응을 유도하였다. 즉 중간체로서 수소 자유전자 라디칼과 산소원자 라디칼이 발생되어 난분해성 유기물을 산화 분해하는 역할을 담당하도록 하였다. 이는 전극 내에서 발생하는 중간체를 폐용질의 분해에 사용하기 때문에 친환경적 처리공법이었다. 실험결과들은 제안공정이 활성슬러지공법에 비하여 우수한 공정임을 보여 주었다. SS제거율은 제안공정, 막분리공정, 활성슬러지 단독공정에서 각각 약 100%, 약 100%, 약 90%였고 COD 제거효율은 제안공정 약 92%, 막분리공정 약 84%, 활성슬러지 단독공정 약 75%였으며 T-N의 제거효율은 제안공정 약 88%, 막분리공정 약 67% 활성슬러지 단독공정 약 58%였다. 이결과는 SS의 제거에 있어서 막분리 하이브리드 공정만으로도 부유물질이 충분히 제거됨을 나타내고 있었다. COD의 제거에 있어서 막분리 하이브리드 공정은 SS분의 제거를 통한 COD와 SS이외의 유기물질이 소량제거 되었음을 보였고 전기분해 하이브리드 공정에 있어서는 유기물질의 산화반응을 통한 분해로 높은 제거효율을 보였다. T-N의 제거에 있어서는 막분리 하이브리드 공정은 SS분에 포함된 부분과 소량의 유기물에 포함된 부분이 제거되고 있는 반면 전기분해 공정에 있어서는 유기물질의 산화분해반응으로 인한 높은 제거효율을 나타내고 있었다.

Thin film electrode consisting purely of porous anodic tin oxide with well-defined nano-channeled structure was fabricated for the first time and its electrochemical properties were investigated for application to an anode in a rechargeable lithium battery. To prepare the thin film electrode, first, a bi-layer of porous anodic tin oxides with well-defined nano-channels and discrete nano-channels with lots of lateral micro-cracks was prepared by pulsed and continuous anodization processes, respectively. Subsequent to the Cu coating on the layer, well-defined nano-channeled tin oxide was mechanically separated from the specimen, leading to an electrode comprised of porous tin oxide and a Cu current collector. The porous tin oxide nearly maintained its initial nano-structured character in spite of there being a series of fabrication steps. The resulting tin oxide film electrode reacted reversibly with lithium as an anode in a rechargeable lithium battery. Moreover, the tin oxide showed far more enhanced cycling stability than that of powders obtained from anodic tin oxides, strongly indicating that this thin film electrode is mechanically more stable against cycling-induced internal stress. In spite of the enhanced cycling stability, however, the reduction in the initial irreversible capacity and additional improvement of cycling stability are still needed to allow for practical use.

The electrochemical performances of an asymmetric hybrid capacitor were investigated using LiFePO4 as the positive electrode and active carbon fibers(ACF) as the negative electrode. The electrochemical behaviors of a nonaqueous hybrid capacitor were characterized by constant current charge/discharge test. The specific capacitance using LiFePO4/ACF electrode turned out to be 0.87F/cm2 and the unit cell showed excellent cycling performance. This hybrid capacitor was able to deliver a specific energy as high as 178 Wh/kg at a specific power of 1,068 W/kg.

The power capacitors used as vehicle inverters must have a small size, high capacitance, high voltage, fast response and wide operating temperature. Our thin film capacitor was fabricated by alumina layers as a dielectric material and a metal electrode instead of a liquid electrolyte in an aluminum electrolytic capacitor. We analyzed the micro structures and the electrical properties of the thin film capacitors fabricated by nano-channel alumina and metal electrodes. The metal electrode was filled into the alumina nano-channel by electroless nickel plating with polyethylene glycol and a palladium catalyst. The spherical metals were formed inside the alumina nano pores. The breakdown voltage and leakage current increased by the chemical reaction of the alumina layer and PdCl2 solution. The thickness of the electroless plated nickel layer was 300 nm. We observed the nano pores in the interface between the alumina layer and the metal electrode. The alumina capacitors with nickel electrodes had a capacitance density of 100 nF/cm2, dielectric loss of 0.01, breakdown voltage of 0.7MV/cm and leakage current of 104μA.